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  • 1.
    Backlund, Sandra
    et al.
    Naturvårdsverket, Sweden.
    Thollander, Patrik
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Paramonova, Svetlana
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Rohdin, Patrik
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Karlsson, Magnus
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    A regional method for increased resource-efficiency in industrial energy systems2014In: eceee Industrial Summer Study Proceedings, 2014Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The impact of global climate change as a result of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), primarily from the use of fossil fuels, is demanding actions from all sectors of society. The industry sector is one of the world’s largest energy using sectors and GHG emitters. Improved energy efficiency in industry is one of the foremost means of improving energy efficiency and reducing GHG emissions. Research shows that despite large untapped potentials for improved energy efficiency in industry, cost-efficient energy efficiency measures are not always implemented, explained by the existence of barriers to energy efficiency, e.g. information imperfections and asymmetries. Moreover, research shows that a major energy efficiency potential lies in the energy system and the way it is governed. For regional governments, the industrial energy use is difficult to affect as they only have indirect power to influence the decisions in those organizations. This underlies the importance of developing methods on how a region can support and effectively contribute to energy efficiency improvements in the local industry. So far, methods are limited related to regional governance of industrial energy systems. The aim of this paper is to present a structured methodology for improved regional resource efficiency in the local industry from a regional perspective, inspired by the Triple Helix Model. Results display the county administrative board of administration’s current method how to target industry, and ends with a proposal for how the methods could be improved.

  • 2.
    Blomqvist, Stefan
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Amiri, Shahnaz
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. Division of Building, Energy and Environment Technology, Department of Technology and Environment, University of Gävle, Gävle, Sweden.
    Rohdin, Patrik
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Ödlund, Louise
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Analyzing the Performance and Control of a Hydronic Pavement System in a District Heating Network2019In: Energies, E-ISSN 1996-1073, Vol. 12, no 11, article id 2078Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A hydronic pavement system (HPS) is an alternative method to clear snow and ice, which avoids the use of salt, sand, and fossil fuel in conventional snow clearance, and minimizes the risk of accidents. The aim is to analyze the performance of different control strategies for a 35,000 m2 HPS utilizing heat from a district heating and cooling (DHC) system. The key performance indicators are (1) energy performance of the HPS, and (2) primary energy use, (3) electricity production and (4) greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the DHC system. The methodology uses a simulation model of the HPS and an optimization model of the DHC system. Three operational strategies are analyzed: A reference scenario based on the current control strategy, and scenarios where the HPS is shut down at temperatures below −10 °C and −5 °C. The study shows that the DHC return temperature is suitable for use. By operational strategies, use during peak demand in the DHC system can be avoided, resulting in reduced use of fossil fuel. Moreover, the energy use of the HPS could be reduced by 10% and the local GHG emissions by 25%. The study emphasizes that the HPS may have positive effects on global GHG emissions, as it enables electricity production from renewable resources.

  • 3.
    Blomqvist, Stefan
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Andersson, Arvid
    Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems.
    Spinos, Oscar
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Tonelid, Johannes
    Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems.
    Rohdin, Patrik
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Ödlund, Louise
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Analysing Conflicting Energy and Climate Targets between Municipalities, Energy Utilities and Housing Companies in Sweden2021Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    To achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), it is important that the SDGs are integrated atboth national and municipal levels, and that the business sector is involved in this work. This paper analyses howwell the SDGs are integrated as well if there are any conflicting energy and climate targets among municipalities,energy utilities and housing companies in Sweden, and in relation to national and EU targets. The targets arecategorized as; climate impact, efficient energy use, and share of renewable resources. Three key indicators arein focus; timeline and level of targets, terminology, and system boundaries. The study focuses on the Linköpingand Norrköping region, which has 300,000 inhabitants and is located 150 km southwest of Stockholm, Sweden.By using directives, company annual reports and interviews, the companies’ decision-making processes andtargets have been mapped.The results identify differences in system boundaries and timelines as reasons to potential conflictsregarding climate targets. Ambitious targets at the municipal level are identified as a driving force, but with targetfulfilment two decades or more before national and EU targets. Regarding the category of efficient energy use,the level of targets and terminology differs. Lastly, regarding renewable resources, terminology and timelinediffer. Furthermore, it is concluded that the SDGs are not integrated to a large extent in the business sector orat a local level. Overall, this may create challenges in communication, collaboration and exchange of knowledgein order to succeed and achieve the SDGs. 

  • 4.
    Blomqvist, Stefan
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Glad, Wiktoria
    Linköping University, Department of Thematic Studies, Technology and Social Change. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Rohdin, Patrik
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Ten years of energy efficiency—Exploring the progress of barriers and drivers in the swedish residential and services sector2022In: Energy Reports, E-ISSN 2352-4847, Vol. 8, p. 14726-14740Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Making buildings more energy efficient is an important part of achieving the European Union's energy and climate goals, which several directives, policies, and measures has addressed over the years. This paper aims to study changes over a 10-year period in perception on barriers to and drivers for energy efficiency in the Swedish building sector and identifying success factors. The data collection consists of surveys conducted in 2010 and 2020 among organizations that mainly build, own, and manage multi-dwelling buildings. Besides the overall result, special focus is given to changes depending on type of ownership, size of organization, and organizational hierarchy. Lack of time or other priorities and slim organizations remain the most important barriers, which is most evident among small organizations. Reducing cost remains the major driver. The uncertainty surrounding a rising energy price has diminished and cost-effective solutions are more adaptable. More capital for energy efficiency is available, particularly in the private sector. Furthermore, the result acknowledges the impact of regulatory measures. The study recognizes a connection between organizational development and the integration of energy efficiency in an organizations’ agenda. Future challenges are related to hidden costs and knowledge acquisition.

  • 5.
    Blomqvist, Stefan
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    La Fleur, Lina
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Amiri, Shahnaz
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Rohdin, Patrik
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Ödlund (Trygg), Louise
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    The Impact on System Performance When Renovating a Multifamily Building Stock in a District Heated Region2019In: Sustainability, E-ISSN 2071-1050, Vol. 11, no 8, article id 2199Article in journal (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    In Sweden, 90% of multifamily buildings utilize district heat and a large portion is in need of renovation. The aim is to analyze the impact of renovating a multifamily building stock in a district heating and cooling system, in terms of primary energy savings, peak power demands, electricity demand and production, and greenhouse gas emissions on local and global levels. The study analyzes scenarios regarding measures on the building envelope, ventilation, and substitution from district heat to ground source heat pump. The results indicate improved energy performance for all scenarios, ranging from 11% to 56%. Moreover, the scenarios present a reduction of fossil fuel use and reduced peak power demand in the district heating and cooling system ranging from 1 MW to 13 MW, corresponding to 4–48 W/m2 heated building area. However, the study concludes that scenarios including a ground source heat pump generate significantly higher global greenhouse gas emissions relative to scenarios including district heating. Furthermore, in a future fossil-free district heating and cooling system, a reduction in primary energy use will lead to a local reduction of emissions along with a positive effect on global greenhouse gas emissions, outperforming measures with a ground source heat pump.

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  • 6.
    Blomqvist, Stefan
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Rohdin, Patrik
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Ödlund, Louise
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Hållbar Region: Ett forskningsprojekt för ökad samverkan mellan energi- och fastighetsbolag. Etapp 2 2016-20182018Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Det är i samverkan mellan energibolag och slutanvändare som effektiva energisystem kan skapas. Med ett systemperspektiv mellan tillförsel- och användarsidan inom energisystemet kan forskningsprojektet Hållbar Region bidra med en pusselbit till framtidens energisystem, med ökad energieffektivitet och minskad klimatpåverkan som resultat.

    Forskningsprojektets syfte är att genom samverkan mellan universitet, energi- och fastighetsbolag arbeta för att skapa en hållbar och resurseffektiv region. Detta delvis genom att utbyta kunskap kring utmaningar och på så vis öka förståelsen för varandras verksamheter, både inom och mellan branscherna.

    Under etapp 1 utvecklades simulerings- och optimeringsmodeller gällande renoveringspaket av fastigheter och energisystemet. Arbetet fortskrider löpande med ytterligare beräkningar och scenarioanalyser. Under etapp 2 har många delstudier genomförts och som vardera ger input och kunskap för vidare utveckling. Några av resultaten uppkomna under etapp 2 är:

    Betong bättre än trä?

    En fallstudie påvisar att ett flerbostadshus med betongstomme har lägre miljöpåverkan än en liknande huskropp av träkonstruktion. Se mer i avsnitt 5.1

    Vikten av utökad och förbättrad kundkontakt!

    En studie av den framtida värmemarknaden visar på vikande efterfrågan. Nya tillämpningsområden, ökad och förbättrad kommunikation är viktiga aspekter för att möta utmaningen. Se mer i avsnitt 5.2

    Tillvarata överskottsvärme!

    Studien undersöker alternativ för att nyttiggöra överskottsvärme i fjärrvärmenätet, som möjliggörs genom samarbete med närliggande verksamheter. Att nyttogöra värmen genom en absorptionsdriven värmepump är det som förordas. Se mer i avsnitt 5.3

    Beräkningar av primärenergifaktorer!

    En studie analysera premiärenergifaktorer för svensk fjärrvärme utifrån flertalet perspektiv och metoder. De beräknade faktorerna blir betydande mindre än Boverkets. Se mer i avsnitt 5.4

    Prismodellens roll för incitament till energieffektivisering!

    Flertalet prismodeller analyseras utifrån ett klimatperspektiv. En modell med säsongsvarierande prissättning förordas och där effektuttaget lyfts fram som en nyckel. Se mer i avsnitt 5.5

    Nyttan av en dynamisk framledningstemperatur!

    Studien undersöker effekt- och flödesutjämnande körstrategier för att möta dygns- och säsongsvariationer av efterfrågan på värme. Studien påvisar ökad elverkningsgrad och ett högre temperaturspann möjliggör bättre effekt- och flödesutjämning. Se mer i avsnitt 5.6

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    Hållbar region : Ett forskningsprojekt för ökad samverkan mellan energi- och fastighetsbolag. ETAPP 2, 2016-2018
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  • 7.
    Blomqvist, Stefan
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Ödlund, Louise
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Rohdin, Patrik
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Understanding energy efficiency decisions in the building sector – A survey of barriers and drivers in Sweden2022In: Cleaner Engineering and Technology, ISSN 2666-7908, Vol. 9, article id 100527Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A sustainable building sector with a more energy-efficient and decarbonized building stock is important for mitigating climate change. This paper contributes to knowledge on how to increase energy efficiency investments by presenting a nationwide survey on the perception of barriers and drivers for energy efficiency among 216 professionals in the Swedish building sector. This study explores economic, behavioral, and organizational conditions and analyzes the conventional dependencies on (1) type of ownership and (2) size of the organization, but also adds analysis on (3) degree of urbanization, (4) climate zones and (5) profession. Together these dependencies enhance a custom design of policies and measures. The findings show that hidden costs and bounded rationality were prominent barriers due to problems to acquire and analyze information, which needs to be addressed. In addition to the economic driver to reduce cost, several behavioral and organizational drivers were emphasized. There were distinct economic differences depending on the type of ownership and size of the organizations. Well-developed organizational structures were important factors for energy efficiency, which policies and measures should address. Differences were seen between organizations operating in rural areas and more densely populated areas. An improved indoor climate was important in northern climate zones.

  • 8.
    Broström, Tor
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Sweden .
    Eriksson, Petra
    Uppsala University, Sweden .
    Liu, Linn
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Rohdin, Patrik
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Ståhl, Fredrik
    SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden.
    Moshfegh, Bahram
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    A Method to Assess the Potential for and Consequences of Energy Retrofits in Swedish Historic Buildings2014In: The Historic Environment: Policy & Practice, ISSN 1756-7505, E-ISSN 1756-7513, Vol. 5, no 2, p. 150-166Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The Swedish research project Potential and Policies for Energy Efficiency in Swedish Historic Buildings aims to investigate the interdependency between political energy targets and effects on the built heritage. The first part of this paper presents an iterative and interactive method to assess the potential for and consequences of improving the energy performance in a stock of historic buildings. Key elements in the method are: categorisation of the building stock, identifying targets, assessment of measures, and life-cycle cost optimisation. In the second part of the paper, the method is applied to a typical Swedish building. The selected case study shows how the method allows for an interaction between the quantitative assessment of the techno-economic optimisation and the qualitative assessment of vulnerability and other risks. Through a multidisciplinary dialogue and iteration it is possible to arrive at a solution that best balances energy conservation and building conservation in a given decision context.

  • 9.
    Broström, Tor
    et al.
    Gotland University.
    Eriksson, Petra
    Gotland University.
    Rohdin, Patrik
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Ståhl, Fredrik
    A method to assess the effect of energy saving interventions in the Swedish stock of historic buildings2012In: HERITAGE 2012, Green Lines Institute, 2012Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 10.
    Ellegård, Kajsa
    et al.
    Linköping University, The Tema Institute, Technology and Social Change. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Thoresson, Josefin
    Linköping University, The Tema Institute, Technology and Social Change. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Rohdin, Patrik
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Tid för brukarengagemang2014Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Det går åt mycket energi i offentliga lokaler; förvaltningar, skolor, vård- och omsorgsboenden, sjukhus med mera. Små förändringar som minskar energiåtgången ger sammantaget stora resultat när de görs av många människor. Det finns mycket att spara, både i skattepengar och miljö. För att det ska bli möjligt krävs att personalen som arbetar i lokalerna får den tid och kunskap som behövs för att de ska kunna engagera sig i miljö- och energisparfrågor. Denna skrift handlar om förutsättningarna för att engagera brukarna i de offentliga fastighetsorganisationernas energieffektiviseringsarbete.

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  • 11.
    Joudi, Ali
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. Energy and Environmental Technology, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden.
    Cehlin, Mathias
    Building, Energy & Environmental Engineering, University of Gävle, Gävle, Sweden.
    Svedung, Harald
    SSAB Europe, Borlänge, Sweden.
    Rohdin, Patrik
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Moshfegh, Bahram
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Influence of reflective interior surfaces on indoor thermal environment and energy use using a coupling model for energy simulation and CFD2015Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The importance of reducing the building energy use and maintaining the desired indoor climate has long inspired creative solution such as optimized optical properties for building surfaces. This paper aims to address the influence of interior thermal reflective surfaces on both indoor thermal environments with high spatial resolution and energy use. To do so, this work employs a coupling method using building energy simulation (BES) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The results indicate increase in the mean radiation temperature (MRT) and reduction in the floor heating energy use by the use of interior reflective surfaces. The study yields analysis of operative temperatures and interior surface heat fluxes. Overall, the interior reflective surfaces can contribute to improved building thermal performance and energy saving.

  • 12.
    Karlsson, Fredrik
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Rohdin, Patrik
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Persson, Mari-Louise
    The Ångström Laboratory, Department of Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 534, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden.
    Measured and predicted energy demand of a low energy building: Important aspects when using Building Energy Simulation2007In: Building services engineering research and technology, ISSN 0143-6244, Vol. 28, no 3, p. 223 -235Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Three different simulation tools were used to simulate a low energy terraced house in the south of Sweden. The software tools all use dynamic models to calculate, for example, the energy demand for heating and the indoor temperatures. The aim of this paper is to discuss the relative importance to the annual energy demand of different energy aspects of a Swedish low-energy house. Both measured and simulated values are considered and compared. The focus is on the impact of choice of software, the habits of the tenants, and the relative impact of different design parameters such as ventilation rates.The measured values for total electricity demand range from about 6000 kWh to over 12 000 kWh, the average demand being 8020 kWh. The annual predicted total energy demand using three different simulation software tools deviated by about 2%. The energy use deviation due to airflow control was about 10%, and the deviation due to differences in heat exchanger efficiency was about 20% and the deviation in annual energy use due to differences in internal gains due to differences in tenant habits, assumed in the models, was 7%.Furthermore, when comparing the predicted energy use during the design process of the low-energy building with actual measurements after the tenants have moved in, these differ about 50% in average for this specific case.Practical application: Building energy simulation software is often used to make predictions of how different construction materials, design principles and operation influence the energy balance and indoor thermal comfort. It is therefore important that the output of these software tools is trustworthy and accurate. This paper discusses the importance of accurate input data during the design process in order to achieve a valid prediction of energy use with emphasis on tenants' behaviour. It was shown that the deviations in a parametric study were larger than the deviations in the comparison between the results from the three simulation tools. This indicates a need for more accurate models for modelling tenant behaviour and habits rather than more accurate building component models.

  • 13.
    Karlsson, Magnus
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Rohdin, Patrik
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Energy Systems.
    Karlsson, Fredrik
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Energy Systems.
    Moshfegh, Bahram
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Energy Systems.
    Energikonsekvenser av strukturerat energieffektivitetstänkande för Arla Foods2005Report (Other academic)
  • 14.
    Karlsson, Magnus
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Svensson, Inger-Lise
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Rohdin, Patrik
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Mardan, Nawzad
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Thollander, Patrik
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Moshfegh, Bahram
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Systemdesign för energieffektivitet - AstraZeneca och Scania i Södertälje i samarbete med Telge Nät (SEAST) – Slutrapport2011Report (Other academic)
  • 15.
    Karlsson, Magnus
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Thollander, Patrik
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Rohdin, Patrik
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Impact and process evaluation of the Swedish national energy audit program for small and medium-sized industries2012In: eceee 2012 Industrial Summer Study: Conference proceedings, European Council for an Energy Efficient Economy (ECEEE), 2012, Vol. 1, p. 73-80Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In April 2006 the EU adopted the so-called Energy End-Use efficiency and Energy Services Directive that gives energy audit programs a central role for promoting energy efficiency. As a consequence Sweden launched a program to support implementations of energy audits in Swedish companies, the so-called energy audit checks, in April 2010. The program is constructed so that a company that performs an energy audit gets subsidy of 50 % of the audit cost, up to a maximum value of 3300 EUR, when performed an approved energy audit. The program targets small and medium sized companies, as the maximum subsidy indicates. The aim of this paper is to present an evaluation of the initial phase of this Swedish energy audit program. The results include bottom-up data on potentials and outcome of the program and comparison with other previous programs. Expected results, in addition to bottom-up data, will include the need to involve regional and municipal actors in the program, a need for formulation of program goals and a need for a standardized energy audit tool. The energy efficiency potential for the 300 energy audits approved so far in the program is estimated to around 20 %. 1000-2000 energy audits are estimated to be approved within the program, which makes it by far the largest Energy audit program in Sweden. The already funded energy audits indicate an implementation rate of the proposed measures of 20-40 %.

  • 16.
    La Fleur, Lina
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Moshfegh, Bahram
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Rohdin, Patrik
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Energy Performance of a Renovated Multi-Family Building in Sweden2017In: Mediterranean Green Buildings & Renewable Energy / [ed] Sayigh, Ali, Springer International Publishing , 2017, p. 531-539Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Increased attention is being directed towards reducing energy use in buildings, and implementing energy-saving measures when renovating buildings has become of central importance. The aim of this chapter is to study the effects on heat demand of a deep renovation of a Swedish post-war, multi-family building. The studied building was renovated in 2014, and the renovation measures included thermal improvement of the climate envelope and installation of a mechanical supply and exhaust air ventilation system with heat recovery. The effect on heat demand is studied through a whole-building energy simulation, using IDA Indoor Climate and Energy. The IDA model is empirically validated with regard to its ability to predict indoor temperature and energy use. The results indicate a technical potential for a 50.3 % reduction of heat demand from implemented renovation measures, but measured data indicate that actual energy use is around 15 % higher than the technical potential. The reasons for this gap could be overestimated heat recovery efficiency or airing.

  • 17.
    Liu, Linn
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. University of Gavle, Sweden.
    Rohdin, Patrik
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Moshfegh, Bahram
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. University of Gavle, Sweden.
    Evaluating indoor environment of a retrofitted multi-family building with improved energy performance in Sweden2015In: Energy and Buildings, ISSN 0378-7788, E-ISSN 1872-6178, Vol. 102, p. 32-44Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The building sector within both the EU and Sweden accounts for about 40% of total energy use. It is therefore important to introduce energy efficiency measures in this sector in order to meet the national implementation of the Building Performance Directive. Retrofits that result in improved energy performance are important in order to meet national energy targets, but the impact on the indoor environment has to be considered. Properly chosen energy efficiency measures may affect the indoor environment positively. One retrofitted multi-family building, located in the city of Linkoping, Sweden, was chosen as the study object. The building represents a common type of construction in Sweden. This study presents an evaluation of both the indoor environment and energy use of the retrofitted building in comparison with a similar non-retrofitted building from the same area. The results show that the building has potential to reach a 39% reduction of space heating demand. The indoor environment has been improved compared to the non-retrofitted building. Adding external blinds from 15 May to 15 September between 10am-12pm on the east side and 12pm-3pm on the west side seems to be the best option for improving the indoor climate during summer. (c) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  • 18.
    Milic, Vlatko
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. Univ Gavle, Sweden; Univ Gavle, Sweden.
    Rohdin, Patrik
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Screening of thermal characteristics and assessment of comparative energy efficiency potential in a residential district2023In: Advances in Building Energy Research, ISSN 1751-2549, E-ISSN 1756-2201, Vol. 17, no 3, p. 255-276Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    By identifying buildings with poor thermal performance and prioritizing these in terms of energy efficiency potential, a sustainable transformation of the building stock may be accelerated. However, there is currently a lack of thermal characteristics (TCs) differentiating total energy use from hot water circulation (HWC), hot tap water (HTW) and space heating in large building portfolios. This research demonstrates a methodology based on a change-point model for identifying and prioritizing TCs, which also enables prediction of the Comparative Energy Efficiency Potential (CEEP). The change-point model allows for the differentiation of various processes, i.e. space heating, HWC and HTW, using only heating supply data and outdoor temperature. The studied district consists of 70 multi-family buildings in the Vasastaden district in Linkoping, Sweden. The findings demonstrate that the proposed methodology allows for identifying and prioritizing TCs connected to HWC, HTW and space heating. The highest CEEP is in space heating, corresponding to a maximum of 2,016 MWh (16% of the districts energy use), followed by HWC, 699 MWh (6% of the districts energy use) and HTW, 520 MWh (4% of the districts energy use). Consequently, a total decrease of 3,235 MWh (26%) is made possible according to the studied energy efficiency targets.

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  • 19.
    Milic, Vlatko
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Rohdin, Patrik
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Moshfegh, Bahram
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. Division of Building, Energy and Environment Technology, Department of Technology and Environment, University of Gävle, Gävle, Sweden.
    Further development of the change-point model - Differentiating thermal power characteristics for a residential district in a cold climate2021In: Energy and Buildings, ISSN 0378-7788, E-ISSN 1872-6178, Vol. 231, article id 110639Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The building and service sector accounts for nearly 40% of total energy use in Sweden. The existing, historic building stock accounts for large part of this energy use and comprises an important part of the national pursuit to increase energy efficiency. One main problem for decreasing energy use in the existing building stock is the lack of data describing thermal performance characteristics. This paper presents a novel development of the change-point model for predicting the thermal performance of buildings using selected time periods based on time-dependent variations in climate and user behavior. The predicted thermal power characteristics include total specific heat losses (Q(total)), energy use for hot water circulation (HWC) and hot tap water (HTW), and balance temperature. A residential district with 73 historic buildings in Linkoping, Sweden, has been used as the study object. The developed model is shown to be effective and robust for describing building thermal performance. The average R-2 was 0.70 for predictions of specific heat losses. The sensitivity analyses conclude that the selected time steps and months correspond to the highest R-2 value. The average variation width for prediction of the balance temperature is 0.9 degrees C for buildings in the interquartile range based on a three-year comparison of hourly heating power supply data. Moreover, from a property owner perspective, the model is shown to be useful for identifying deviating thermal power characteristics and can easily be used to get an overview of a district. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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  • 20.
    Molin, Andreas
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Rohdin, Patrik
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Moshfegh, Bahram
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Investigation of energy performance of newly built low-energy buildings in Sweden2011In: Energy and Buildings, ISSN 0378-7788, E-ISSN 1872-6178, Vol. 43, no 10, p. 2822-2831Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Energy use in the built environment represents a large part of total energy use in Sweden and is oneimportant sector where energy conservation needs to be significantly improved in order to meet thenational implementation of the European goals. One key question that needs to be investigated in relationto these goals is the performance and implementation of passive or low-energy houses. This paperpresents results and an evaluation of a newly built house in an area with passive houses in Linköping,Sweden. Nine passive houses were built with the aim to be energy efficient, with an annual space heatingdemand of 21kWh/m2, and at the same time to have the same visual appearance as any other buildingin the surrounding area.This study evaluates the energy performance of a residential area with low-energy buildings basedon Building Energy Simulation (BES) (IDA ICE 4), and measurements from the real object. Both annualand hourly validation is performed using room by room modeling and internal heat gains. A novelapproach to internal heat gain modeling is presented using time-use data (TUD). The resultsshowpossibleimprovements in the design, the building envelope and in the heating control.

  • 21.
    Molin, Andreas
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Rohdin, Patrik
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Moshfegh, Bahram
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Positive power market value for grid-connected roof-top solar power in Sweden2010In: World Renewable Energy Congress XI25-30 September 2010, Abu Dhabi, UAE, 2010Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Grid-connected PV-systems receive extensive investment subsidies in Sweden. Due to lack of net debiting or other production credits, it is still not feasible to invest in PV-system, resulting in long economic payback time. This study shows the positive value of the periodic intermittency of solar power, based on daily production and electricity market price profiles. A rooftop PV-system was modelled with PVSYST-software and evaluated hourly, monthly and annually using historical prices 1996–2009 in the Swedish, Spanish and German electricity markets. The daily profile value is always positive for solar power, due to daytime production when electricity prices are higher, while the monthly profile value is usually negative. The total market value of solar power in all three countries is higher than for constant production of the same energy amount. The results show that annual net debiting would facilitate zero energy buildings and still be beneficial for the Power Company.

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

  • 22.
    Molin, Andreas
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Schneider, Simon
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Rohdin, Patrik
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Moshfegh, Bahram
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Assessing a regional building applied PV potential - Spatial and dynamic analysis of supply and load matching2016In: Renewable energy, ISSN 0960-1481, E-ISSN 1879-0682, Vol. 91, p. 261-274Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Electricity production by PV is growing world-wide, and grid parity of PV-electricity can be found in many countries, even in low sunlight countries, such as Sweden (at latitude 58 degrees). High installation-rate of PV-systems poses a challenge to the grid-operator. Building-integrated PV-supply potential analysis was performed for Linkoping municipality in Sweden based on GIS-data for all the buildings in the municipality. The Linkoping model provides a high spatial resolution (>180 000 buildings). The data are sorted based on azimuth and tilt, categorized in steps of 10 degrees, and then used to construct hourly power supply data. The supply data are fed into the existing electricity load-profile of Linkoping municipality. The strength and novelty of the method is that it provides the possibility of varying the installation-rate in different spatial directions to better match the load-profile. The results indicate a solar supply-rate of 19, 43 and 88% respectively if using the tilted roofs (>900 kWh/m(2) x yr), the flat-roofs optimized with tilted panels for a winter solar supply and the fully available PV-area on existing buildings (8.1 km(2)). Nevertheless, in approximately 70,1400 and >3000 h/yr, respectively, surplus-power is created, which could be used to match a future load in a wider electromobility scenario. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  • 23.
    Nilsson, Emil
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Andersson, Elias
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Rohdin, Patrik
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Thollander, Patrik
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Benchmarking of space heating demand for a sample of foundries in Nordic climate2018In: Eceee Industrial Summer Study Proceedings, 2018-June, pp. 345-352., European Council for an Energy Efficient Economy (ECEEE), 2018, p. 345-352Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 24.
    Osbeck, Sofie
    et al.
    Swerea IVF AB, Mölndal, Sweden.
    Bergek, Charlotte
    Swerea IVF AB, Mölndal, Sweden.
    Klässbo, Anders
    Swerea IVF AB, Mölndal, Sweden.
    Thollander, Patrik
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Harvey, Simon
    Department of Energy and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden.
    Rohdin, Patrik
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Energy efficiency opportunities within the powder coating industry2011In: Proceedings of the World Renewable Energy Congress 2011 (WREC 2011), 9-13 May, Linköping., Linköping University Electronic Press, 2011, Vol. 7, p. 1700-1707Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A new challenge to reduce energy usage has emerged in Swedish industry because of increasing energy costs. Energy usage in the Swedish powder coating industry is about 525 GWh annually. This industry has a long and successful record of working towards reduced environmental impact. However, they have not given priority to energy saving investments. Electricity and LPG, for which end-user prices are predicted to increase by as much as 50 – 60% by 2020, are the main energy carriers used in the plants. This paper presents the results of two detailed industrial energy audits conducted with the aim of quantifying the energy efficiency potential for the Swedish powder coating industry. Energy auditing and pinch analysis methods were used to identify possible energy housekeeping measures and heat exchanging opportunities. The biggest users of energy within the plants are the cure oven, drying oven and pre-treatment units. The energy use reduction by the housekeeping measures is 8 – 19% and by thermal heat recovery an additional 8 – 13%. These measures result in an average energy cost saving of 25% and reduction of carbon dioxide emissions of 30%. The results indicate that the powder coating industry has a total energy efficiency potential of at least 20%.

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  • 25. Order onlineBuy this publication >>
    Rohdin, Patrik
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Energy efficiency and ventilation in Swedish industries barriers, simulation and control strategy2008Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The energy issue is presently in focus worldwide. This is not only due to increasing environmental concern regarding energy related emissions, but also due to the trend of increasing energy prices. Energy usage in the industrial sector in Sweden today represents about one third of the national energy use. A substantial part of that is related to support processes such as heating, ventilation and cooling systems. These systems are important as they are related both to energy cost and indoor climate management as well as to the health of the occupants.

    The purpose of this thesis is to reach a more comprehensive view on industrial energy efficiency and indoor environment issues related to industrial ventilation. This has been studied in three themes where the first part addresses barriers to energy efficiency in Swedish industries, the second theme discuss simulation as decision support, and the third studies the variable air volume system in industrial facilities.

    In the first theme three different studies were made: the first studies non-energy intensive companies in Oskarshamn in Sweden, the second studies the energy intensive foundry industry and the third study was part of an evaluation of a large energy efficiency program called Project Highland. These studies had several findings in common, such as the importance of a strategic view on the energy issue and the presence of a person with real ambition with power over investment decisions related to energy issues at the company. The studies also show that several information related barriers are important for decision makers at the studied companies. This shows that information related barriers are one reason in why energy efficient equipment is not implemented.

    In the second theme the use of simulation in the form of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and Building Energy Simulation (BES) are used as decision support for industrial ventilation related studies at two different industries, one foundry is investigated and one dairy. BES has mainly been used to simulate energy and power related parameters while CFD was used to give a detailed description of the indoor and product environment. Together these methods can be used to better evaluate the energy, indoor and product environment and thus enable the implementation of more efficient heating, ventilation and air-conditioning systems.

    In the third theme the use of Variable Air Volume (VAV) systems was evaluated, and was found to be an efficient way to reduce energy use at the studied sites. At the studied foundry the VAV system is predicted to reduce space heating and electricity use by fans by about 30%, and in the dairy case by about 60% for space heating and 20% for electricity.

    List of papers
    1. Barriers to and driving forces for energy efficiency in the non-energy-intensive manufacturing industry in Sweden
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Barriers to and driving forces for energy efficiency in the non-energy-intensive manufacturing industry in Sweden
    2006 (English)In: Energy, ISSN 0360-5442, E-ISSN 1873-6785, Vol. 31, no 12, p. 1836-1844Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    The manufacturing industry is facing tougher competition which increases the demand to implement cost-effective energy efficiency measures. However, studies have indicated that obvious cost-efficient measures are not always undertaken. This is explained by the existence of barriers to energy efficiency. The aim of this study is to investigate the existence and importance of different barriers to the implementation of energy efficiency measures in the Swedish non energy intensive manufacturing industry. Results from this study highlight a number of factors that inhibit the degree of implementation, such as the cost and risk associated with production disruptions, lack of time and other priorities, lack of sub-metering in larger organizations, etc. The study also finds a number of drivers, such as the existence of people with real ambition and a long-term energy strategy at site level.

    Keywords
    Energy efficiency, Barriers, Driving forces, Industry
    National Category
    Engineering and Technology
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-12510 (URN)10.1016/j.energy.2005.10.010 (DOI)
    Note
    Original publication: P. Rohdin and P. Thollander, Barriers to and Driving Forces for Energy Efficiency in the Non-Energy Intensive Manufacturing Industry in Sweden, 2006, Energy, (31), 12, 1836-1844. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2005.10.010. Copyright: Elsevier B.V., http://www.elsevier.com/ Available from: 2008-09-30 Created: 2008-09-10 Last updated: 2017-12-12Bibliographically approved
    2. Barriers to and drivers for energy efficiency in the Swedish foundry industry
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Barriers to and drivers for energy efficiency in the Swedish foundry industry
    2007 (English)In: Energy Policy, ISSN 0301-4215, E-ISSN 1873-6777, Vol. 35, no 1, p. 672-677Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    Despite the need for increased industrial energy efficiency, studies indicate that cost-efficient energy conservation measures are not always implemented, explained by the existence of barriers to energy efficiency. This paper investigates the existence of different barriers to and driving forces for the implementation of energy efficiency measures in the energy intensive Swedish foundry industry. The overall results from a questionnaire show that limited access to capital constitutes by far the largest barrier to energy efficiency according to the respondents. A comparison between group-owned and privately owned foundries shows that, except for limited access to capital, they face different high-ranked barriers. While barriers within group owned companies are more related to organizational problems, barriers within private foundries are more related to information problems. This study also found that energy consultants or other actors working with energy issues in foundries are of major importance in overcoming the largest barriers, as the foundries consider them trustworthy. They may thus help the foundries overcome organizational problems such as lack of sub-metering and lack of budget funds by quantifying potential energy efficiency investments. The two, by far, most important drivers were found to be people with real ambition and long-term energy strategies.

    Keywords
    Barriers, Drivers, Industrial energy efficiency
    National Category
    Engineering and Technology
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-12511 (URN)10.1016/j.enpol.2006.01.010 (DOI)
    Note
    Original publication: Patrik Rohdin, Patrik Thollander, Petter Solding, Barriers to and drivers for energy efficiency in the Swedish foundry industry, 2006, Energy Policy, (35), 1, 672-677. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2006.01.010. Copyright: Elsevier B.V., http://www.elsevier.com/ Available from: 2008-09-30 Created: 2008-09-10 Last updated: 2017-12-12Bibliographically approved
    3. Measured and predicted energy demand of a low energy building: Important aspects when using Building Energy Simulation
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Measured and predicted energy demand of a low energy building: Important aspects when using Building Energy Simulation
    2007 (English)In: Building services engineering research and technology, ISSN 0143-6244, Vol. 28, no 3, p. 223 -235Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    Three different simulation tools were used to simulate a low energy terraced house in the south of Sweden. The software tools all use dynamic models to calculate, for example, the energy demand for heating and the indoor temperatures. The aim of this paper is to discuss the relative importance to the annual energy demand of different energy aspects of a Swedish low-energy house. Both measured and simulated values are considered and compared. The focus is on the impact of choice of software, the habits of the tenants, and the relative impact of different design parameters such as ventilation rates.The measured values for total electricity demand range from about 6000 kWh to over 12 000 kWh, the average demand being 8020 kWh. The annual predicted total energy demand using three different simulation software tools deviated by about 2%. The energy use deviation due to airflow control was about 10%, and the deviation due to differences in heat exchanger efficiency was about 20% and the deviation in annual energy use due to differences in internal gains due to differences in tenant habits, assumed in the models, was 7%.Furthermore, when comparing the predicted energy use during the design process of the low-energy building with actual measurements after the tenants have moved in, these differ about 50% in average for this specific case.Practical application: Building energy simulation software is often used to make predictions of how different construction materials, design principles and operation influence the energy balance and indoor thermal comfort. It is therefore important that the output of these software tools is trustworthy and accurate. This paper discusses the importance of accurate input data during the design process in order to achieve a valid prediction of energy use with emphasis on tenants' behaviour. It was shown that the deviations in a parametric study were larger than the deviations in the comparison between the results from the three simulation tools. This indicates a need for more accurate models for modelling tenant behaviour and habits rather than more accurate building component models.

    Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
    SAGE Journals Online, 2007
    National Category
    Engineering and Technology
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-14155 (URN)10.1177/0143624407077393 (DOI)
    Available from: 2008-11-14 Created: 2008-11-14 Last updated: 2009-05-04Bibliographically approved
    4. Energy policies for increased industrial energy efficiency: Evaluation of a local energy programme for manufacturing SMEs
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Energy policies for increased industrial energy efficiency: Evaluation of a local energy programme for manufacturing SMEs
    2007 (English)In: Energy Policy, ISSN 0301-4215, E-ISSN 1873-6777, Vol. 35, no 11, p. 5774-5783 Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    The most extensive action targeting the adoption of energy efficiency measures in small- and medium-sized manufacturing industries in Sweden over the past 15 years was project Highland. This paper presents an evaluation of the first part of this local industrial energy programme, which shows an adoption rate of more than 40% when both measures that have already been implemented and measures that are planned to be implemented are included. A comparison between this programme and another major ongoing programme for the Swedish energy-intensive industry indicates that the approach used in project Highland aimed at small- and medium-sized industries is an effective way to increase energy efficiency in the Swedish industry. The major barriers to energy efficiency among the firms were related to the low priority of the energy efficiency issue.

    Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
    Elsevier, 2007
    Keywords
    Energy efficiency, Energy audits, Industrial energy programmes
    National Category
    Engineering and Technology
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-12512 (URN)10.1016/j.enpol.2007.06.013 (DOI)
    Note
    Original publication: Patrik Thollander, Maria Danestig and Patrik Rohdin, Energy policies for increased industrial energy efficiency - Evaluation of a local energy programme for manufacturing SMEs, 2007, Energy Policy, (35), 11, 5774-5783. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2007.06.013. Copyright: Elsevier B.V., http://www.elsevier.com/Available from: 2008-09-30 Created: 2008-09-10 Last updated: 2017-12-12Bibliographically approved
    5. Numerical predictions of indoor climate in large industrial premises: A comparison between different k–ε models supported by field measurements
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Numerical predictions of indoor climate in large industrial premises: A comparison between different k–ε models supported by field measurements
    2007 (English)In: Building and Environment, ISSN 0360-1323, E-ISSN 1873-684X, Vol. 42, no 11, p. 3872-3882Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    This paper explores the benefits of using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) as a tool for prediction of indoor environment in large and complex industrial premises, in this case a packaging facility. This paper also presents a comparison between three eddy-viscosity turbulence models, i.e. the standard k–ε, the RNG k–ε, and the realizable k–ε, used for predictions of the flow pattern and temperature distribution in this large industrial facility. The predictions are compared with field measurements and the RNG k–ε model has been found to be the one most concurrent with the measured values.

    The paper also shows that a 50% reduction in the supply airflow rate can be an efficient energy efficiency measure, for the studied packaging facility, without compromising either product safety or thermal comfort. When implementing this efficiency measure it is predicted to lead to a reduction of the use of electricity and district heating by 85%, respectively, 61%. The energy use is calculated using IDA ICE 3.0. The ventilation effectiveness for heat removal (εt) and percentage dissatisfied (PD-index) are used to evaluate the indoor climate

    Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
    Elsevier, 2007
    Keywords
    CFD, Industrial ventilation, Indoor climate, Energy
    National Category
    Engineering and Technology
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-15522 (URN)10.1016/j.buildenv.2006.11.005 (DOI)
    Available from: 2008-11-14 Created: 2008-11-14 Last updated: 2017-12-14
    6. Numerical Predictions of Indoor Climate in a Light Alloy Casting Facility
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Numerical Predictions of Indoor Climate in a Light Alloy Casting Facility
    2006 (English)In: Proceedings of the 13th international heat transfer conference, IHTC-13, August 13-18, Sydney, Australia, 2006Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Indoor comfort, human health, and energy demand are important issues when designing industrial premises, such as a casing facility. This paper evaluates the use of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) combined with energy simulations as a tool to obtain detailed information in order to design more efficient installations to meet work environment, product environment, and energy requirements. The CFD model is compared with temperature and velocity measurements, and the mean deviation between measured and simulated values was 0.6°C and 0.05 m/s respectively. This indicates significant potential application when designing this type of highly complex facility. The paper also investigates the potential of a flow reduction, which is shown to be an efficient way to increase comfort and reduce energy usage, when changing the production process. The ventilation effectiveness for heat removal (εt), Percentage Dissatisfied (PD-index), and mean age of air were used to evaluate the indoor air quality. Results show that the supply airflows can be reduced in the premises without compromising the indoor environment.

    National Category
    Engineering and Technology
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-15523 (URN)10.1615/IHTC13.p15.30 (DOI)
    Available from: 2008-11-14 Created: 2008-11-14 Last updated: 2009-05-12
    7. CFD and BES as Decision Support When Implementing a Variable Air Volume System in a Foundry
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>CFD and BES as Decision Support When Implementing a Variable Air Volume System in a Foundry
    2007 (English)In: Proceedings of Clima 2007 WellBeing Indoor Congress, 10-14 June, Helsinki, Finland., 2007Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The focus on implementing cost efficiency energy efficiency measures will in all probability increase in the future, but it has been shown that trustworthy, site specific information are key features is increasing the adoption of such measures.

    This study shows that Building Energy Simulation (BES) software gives trustworthy predictions of energy use and average temperature in the studied case, making it possible to study different HVAC control strategies. When coupled with CFD, it is also possible to study thermal comfort, ventilation efficiency, ventilation effectiveness and draught, giving an even wider range of decision support.

    This study also shows that a VAV system is an interesting HVAC control technique for the studied foundry. In this case, the technical potential for reducing energy use in terms of both heat and electricity is predicted to be 30.3% and 28.9% respectively.

    National Category
    Engineering and Technology
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-15528 (URN)
    Available from: 2008-11-14 Created: 2008-11-14 Last updated: 2009-03-16
    8. Variable Air Volume-Flow Systems: A Possible Way to Reduce Energy Use in the Swedish Dairy Industry
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Variable Air Volume-Flow Systems: A Possible Way to Reduce Energy Use in the Swedish Dairy Industry
    2007 (English)In: The International Journal of Ventilation, ISSN 1473-3315, E-ISSN 2044-4044, Vol. 5, no 4, p. 381-392Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    Growing concern about negative effects on the environment and increasing energy prices stress the importance of energy efficiency. Support processes such as heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) use large amounts of energy in the dairy industry. In this paper the energy aspects of the support processes at two large dairies, built at three different points in time, are analyzed and compared with energy use throughout the rest of the company. Significant differences in the use of energy and the resulting indoor climate were found. One way to reduce the impact of increasing energy used by HVAC is to use Variable Air Volume-flow (VAV) systems. The potential for using VAV systems in the dairy industry is studied using a whole-site simulation for one of the sites. The simulations predict a potential for reducing space heating by 60%, and the amount of electricity used to run fans and compressors for air-cooling systems by 21%. This remarkable potential for reducing heat use is due to the dynamics of the process during the heating season. The indoor climate and energy simulation was carried out using the commercial code IDA ICE. The model has been validated with extensive measurements over an entire year. The predicted indoor air temperatures are in good agreement with the measured values. The use of VAV systems is concluded to be an effective energy efficiency measure for reducing the energy used by HVAC systems in the dairy industry.

    Keywords
    Building energy simulation, energy efficiency, dairy industry, VAV systems, indoor climate, comparison with measurements
    National Category
    Engineering and Technology
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-15525 (URN)
    Available from: 2008-11-14 Created: 2008-11-14 Last updated: 2017-12-14
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  • 26.
    Rohdin, Patrik
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Using an epidemiological approach as a supporting tool for energy auditing of culturally and historically valuable buildings2011In: Proceedings of the conference on Energy Efficiency in Historic Buildings, Visby, Sweden, February 9-11, 2011., 2011Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 27.
    Rohdin, Patrik
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Dalewski, Mariusz
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark.
    Moshfegh, Bahram
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Indoor Environment and Energy Use in Historic Buildings - Comparing Survey Results with Measurements and Simulations2012In: The International Journal of Ventilation, ISSN 1473-3315, E-ISSN 2044-4044, Vol. 10, no 4, p. 371-382Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Increasing demand for energy efficiency places new requirements on energy use in historic buildings. Efficient energy use is essential if a historic building is to be used and preserved, especially buildings with conventional uses such as residential buildings and offices. This paper presents results which combine energy auditing with building energy simulation and an indoor environment survey among the occupants of the building. Both when comparing simulations with measurements as well as with survey results good agreement was found. The two efficiency measures that are predicted to increase energy and thermal performance the most for this group of buildings were reduced infiltration and increasing heat-exchanger efficiency.

  • 28.
    Rohdin, Patrik
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Glad, Wiktoria
    Linköping University, Department of Thematic Studies, Technology and Social Change. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Palm, Jenny
    Linköping University, Department of Thematic Studies, Technology and Social Change. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Low-energy buildings – scientific trends and developments2010In: Energy efficiency / [ed] Jenny Palm, Kroatien: Sciyo , 2010, 1, p. 103-124Chapter in book (Other academic)
  • 29.
    Rohdin, Patrik
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Johansson, Magnus
    Löfberg, Johan
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Automatic Control. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Ottosson, Mattias
    University West, Sweden.
    Energy efficient process ventilation in paint shops in the car industry: experiences and an evaluation of a full scale implementation at Saab Automobile in Sweden2012Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Support processes in industrial energy systems, such as heating, ventilation and cooling systems, are important processes in industrial premises as they are related to energy cost, product quality as well as the indoor environment.

     

    In the vehicle production process the paint shop is the most energy intensive part, and about 75% of the energy is used in the ovens and spray booths. The spray booth line, which includes paint application and the oven, uses large quantities of air in order to keep the air quality in an optimal range to achieve the desired paint quality. The approach used in paint shops has up to now been to keep as much of steady state conditions as possible to avoid paint defects due to disturbances in the balance. This means that these high air flows are used also at low and non production hours. There is thus a large potential to increase energy efficiency by controlling the air flow and heating without losing the critical balances. This paper will present an initial post-implementation evaluation of the energy efficiency potential and experiences after running this type of system. CFD has been used to investigate the control strategy.

  • 30.
    Rohdin, Patrik
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Molin, Andreas
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Moshfegh, Bahram
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Experiences from nine passive houses in Sweden - Indoor thermal environment and energy use2014In: Building and Environment, ISSN 0360-1323, E-ISSN 1873-684X, Vol. 71, p. 176-185Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper presents experiences from a recently built area with passive houses in Linkoping, Sweden and compares them with conventional buildings, mainly from an indoor environment perspective, but also based on energy use. The built area consists of 39 recently constructed terraced houses, of which nine are built according to the passive house standard. The aspects of thermal comfort as well as local discomfort are studied. The methodology is based on on-site measurements and two types of simulations - CFD and Building Energy Simulation. In addition a post-occupancy evaluation was made using a standardized questionnaire to relate the occupants perception of the indoor environment one year after the buildings were completed. The thermal comfort for these newly built passive houses is well within the limits in the local building code. However, some interesting findings related to local comfort such as cold floors are found in the post-occupancy evaluation as well as in the predictions. The occupants of the passive houses experience cold floors to a higher degree than in the conventional buildings. It was also shown that there are a higher number of complaints related to high temperatures during summer in the passive houses. It is worth noting that the buildings do not have external shading installed by default. The effect of varying temperatures was also observed in the passive houses to a higher degree than in the more conventional buildings, especially related to cooking and other heat-generating activities, which is normal in a more well insulated and airtight building.

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  • 31.
    Rohdin, Patrik
    et al.
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems.
    Moshfegh, Bahram
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems.
    A study of variable air volume systems in foundries2007In: Clima 2007 WellBeing Indoors,2007, 2007Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

       

  • 32.
    Rohdin, Patrik
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Moshfegh, Bahram
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    CFD and BES as Decision Support When Implementing a Variable Air Volume System in a Foundry2007In: Proceedings of Clima 2007 WellBeing Indoor Congress, 10-14 June, Helsinki, Finland., 2007Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The focus on implementing cost efficiency energy efficiency measures will in all probability increase in the future, but it has been shown that trustworthy, site specific information are key features is increasing the adoption of such measures.

    This study shows that Building Energy Simulation (BES) software gives trustworthy predictions of energy use and average temperature in the studied case, making it possible to study different HVAC control strategies. When coupled with CFD, it is also possible to study thermal comfort, ventilation efficiency, ventilation effectiveness and draught, giving an even wider range of decision support.

    This study also shows that a VAV system is an interesting HVAC control technique for the studied foundry. In this case, the technical potential for reducing energy use in terms of both heat and electricity is predicted to be 30.3% and 28.9% respectively.

  • 33.
    Rohdin, Patrik
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Moshfegh, Bahram
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Impinging jet – A new ventilation strategy for industries:  a case study of a light alloy foundry2009In: Proceedings of the 9th international conference on industrial ventilation (Ventilation 2009), ETH Zürich Switzerland, October 18-21, 2009., 2009Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper present results from a test implementation of a impinging jet (IJ) ventilation system in a foundry facility in Sweden. The studied object is a light alloy casting facility, where aluminium and magnesium is processed. The aim of the paper is to present results from the implementation of this impinging jet (IJ) ventilation system. However, the paper also contains a comparison with the previously used displacement ventilation system. The comparison is made it terms of contaminant removal efficiency and thermal comfort parameters, and includes measurements and computational fluid dynamic (CFD) predictions of contaminants in the air as well as the temperature and velocity field in the facility. The CFD predictions is made using a commercial code, Fluent, and uses the renormalized group k-e (RNG) turbulence model with a standard wall function (SWF). It is shown that the predictions are in good agreement with measured values of the temperature and velocity field in the facility. Furthermore, the results show that the IJ system has a higher efficiency in terms of contaminant removal, especially far field from the supply device, which is expected due to the higher supply momentum when compared with displacement systems. In terms of draught rating, the area where there is a risk of draught is larger, but this is less of a problem for this particular facility with high thermal loads and where workers are entitled to wear heavy protective clothing. This is also supported by the results from the PPD predictions in the facility. Together this shows that the IJ system may be a viable option for this kind of special environment.

  • 34.
    Rohdin, Patrik
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Moshfegh, Bahram
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Numerical modelling of industrial indoor environments: A comparison between different turbulence models and supply systems supported by field measurements2011In: Building and Environment, ISSN 0360-1323, E-ISSN 1873-684X, Vol. 46, no 11, p. 2365-2374Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Ventilation, heating and cooling systems in industrial premises are important issues as they are related to both energy cost and indoor climate management and the health of the premises’ occupants. The present paper has two aims: (1) to evaluate the performance of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) for planning new or renovating existing industrial ventilation systems, and (2) to evaluate the performance of two different supply principles in a contaminant-intensive process with temperature and density stratification.

    The comparisons between measurements and simulations show good agreement, with an average deviation of 1.1 °C for temperature and 0.11 m/s for velocity when using the most accurate model. Of the compared two-equation models (RNG, SKE and RKE), the RNG model produced the results most in agreement with the measurements. Good agreement was also found when measured and predicted values for contaminant removal efficiency were compared.

    When the mixing and displacement ventilation systems at the facility were compared, an increase in contaminant removal efficiency by a factor of 6 was found during winter for the displacement system, and the performance in terms of heat removal effectiveness increased by a factor of 3 for the same case. One drawback, however, was the slightly higher predicted discomfort and risk of draughts in the winter cases. In the summer cases, the difference in performance between the two systems was smaller. The overall performance of the displacement system decreased due to the diminishing stack effect as the temperature difference between supply air and the air in the room decreased.

  • 35.
    Rohdin, Patrik
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Moshfegh, Bahram
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Numerical Predictions of Indoor Climate in a Light Alloy Casting Facility2006In: Proceedings of the 13th international heat transfer conference, IHTC-13, August 13-18, Sydney, Australia, 2006Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Indoor comfort, human health, and energy demand are important issues when designing industrial premises, such as a casing facility. This paper evaluates the use of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) combined with energy simulations as a tool to obtain detailed information in order to design more efficient installations to meet work environment, product environment, and energy requirements. The CFD model is compared with temperature and velocity measurements, and the mean deviation between measured and simulated values was 0.6°C and 0.05 m/s respectively. This indicates significant potential application when designing this type of highly complex facility. The paper also investigates the potential of a flow reduction, which is shown to be an efficient way to increase comfort and reduce energy usage, when changing the production process. The ventilation effectiveness for heat removal (εt), Percentage Dissatisfied (PD-index), and mean age of air were used to evaluate the indoor air quality. Results show that the supply airflows can be reduced in the premises without compromising the indoor environment.

  • 36.
    Rohdin, Patrik
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Moshfegh, Bahram
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Numerical predictions of indoor climate in large industrial premises: A comparison between different k–ε models supported by field measurements2007In: Building and Environment, ISSN 0360-1323, E-ISSN 1873-684X, Vol. 42, no 11, p. 3872-3882Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper explores the benefits of using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) as a tool for prediction of indoor environment in large and complex industrial premises, in this case a packaging facility. This paper also presents a comparison between three eddy-viscosity turbulence models, i.e. the standard k–ε, the RNG k–ε, and the realizable k–ε, used for predictions of the flow pattern and temperature distribution in this large industrial facility. The predictions are compared with field measurements and the RNG k–ε model has been found to be the one most concurrent with the measured values.

    The paper also shows that a 50% reduction in the supply airflow rate can be an efficient energy efficiency measure, for the studied packaging facility, without compromising either product safety or thermal comfort. When implementing this efficiency measure it is predicted to lead to a reduction of the use of electricity and district heating by 85%, respectively, 61%. The energy use is calculated using IDA ICE 3.0. The ventilation effectiveness for heat removal (εt) and percentage dissatisfied (PD-index) are used to evaluate the indoor climate

  • 37.
    Rohdin, Patrik
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Moshfegh, Bahram
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Variable Air Volume-Flow Systems: A Possible Way to Reduce Energy Use in the Swedish Dairy Industry2007In: The International Journal of Ventilation, ISSN 1473-3315, E-ISSN 2044-4044, Vol. 5, no 4, p. 381-392Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Growing concern about negative effects on the environment and increasing energy prices stress the importance of energy efficiency. Support processes such as heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) use large amounts of energy in the dairy industry. In this paper the energy aspects of the support processes at two large dairies, built at three different points in time, are analyzed and compared with energy use throughout the rest of the company. Significant differences in the use of energy and the resulting indoor climate were found. One way to reduce the impact of increasing energy used by HVAC is to use Variable Air Volume-flow (VAV) systems. The potential for using VAV systems in the dairy industry is studied using a whole-site simulation for one of the sites. The simulations predict a potential for reducing space heating by 60%, and the amount of electricity used to run fans and compressors for air-cooling systems by 21%. This remarkable potential for reducing heat use is due to the dynamics of the process during the heating season. The indoor climate and energy simulation was carried out using the commercial code IDA ICE. The model has been validated with extensive measurements over an entire year. The predicted indoor air temperatures are in good agreement with the measured values. The use of VAV systems is concluded to be an effective energy efficiency measure for reducing the energy used by HVAC systems in the dairy industry.

  • 38.
    Rohdin, Patrik
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Thollander, Patrik
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Barriers to and driving forces for energy efficiency in the non-energy-intensive manufacturing industry in Sweden2006In: Energy, ISSN 0360-5442, E-ISSN 1873-6785, Vol. 31, no 12, p. 1836-1844Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The manufacturing industry is facing tougher competition which increases the demand to implement cost-effective energy efficiency measures. However, studies have indicated that obvious cost-efficient measures are not always undertaken. This is explained by the existence of barriers to energy efficiency. The aim of this study is to investigate the existence and importance of different barriers to the implementation of energy efficiency measures in the Swedish non energy intensive manufacturing industry. Results from this study highlight a number of factors that inhibit the degree of implementation, such as the cost and risk associated with production disruptions, lack of time and other priorities, lack of sub-metering in larger organizations, etc. The study also finds a number of drivers, such as the existence of people with real ambition and a long-term energy strategy at site level.

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  • 39.
    Rohdin, Patrik
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Thollander, Patrik
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Energy and indoor environment audits2011Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The purpose of this volume is to present the basics of our methods used within the Energy Systems Programme and to introduce how we have combined methods in earlier research. A research-oriented learning experience includes a formal and informal process of gaining and utilizing knowledge in an area of interest. In our short description of the methods, we end up with a rather formal description of the essence of each method; however, this should be seen as an introduction to methods as a whole, where the reader can deepen their understanding of a method by looking at the reference literature given. We also hope that our book will contribute to vibrant discussions within your research environment concerning the pros and cons of different methods, and the possibilities and limitations when combining different methods. We also encourage the reader to contact people familiar with a method to discuss their experiences and understand that there are lessons to be learned from them.

    In this chapter, we will introduce the methods presented here. However, we will start by introducing the system perspective and explain how to do a system analysis.

  • 40.
    Rohdin, Patrik
    et al.
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Energy Systems.
    Thollander, Patrik
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Energy Systems.
    Hinder och drivkrafter för energieffektivisering i svensk gjuteriindustri2005Report (Other academic)
  • 41.
    Rohdin, Patrik
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Thollander, Patrik
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Solding, Patrik
    Swedish Foundry Association.
    Barriers to and drivers for energy efficiency in the Swedish foundry industry2007In: Energy Policy, ISSN 0301-4215, E-ISSN 1873-6777, Vol. 35, no 1, p. 672-677Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Despite the need for increased industrial energy efficiency, studies indicate that cost-efficient energy conservation measures are not always implemented, explained by the existence of barriers to energy efficiency. This paper investigates the existence of different barriers to and driving forces for the implementation of energy efficiency measures in the energy intensive Swedish foundry industry. The overall results from a questionnaire show that limited access to capital constitutes by far the largest barrier to energy efficiency according to the respondents. A comparison between group-owned and privately owned foundries shows that, except for limited access to capital, they face different high-ranked barriers. While barriers within group owned companies are more related to organizational problems, barriers within private foundries are more related to information problems. This study also found that energy consultants or other actors working with energy issues in foundries are of major importance in overcoming the largest barriers, as the foundries consider them trustworthy. They may thus help the foundries overcome organizational problems such as lack of sub-metering and lack of budget funds by quantifying potential energy efficiency investments. The two, by far, most important drivers were found to be people with real ambition and long-term energy strategies.

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  • 42.
    Rosenqvist, Jakob
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Thollander, Patrik
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Rohdin, Patrik
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Söderström, Mats
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Industrial Energy Auditing for Increased Sustainability - Methodology and Measurements2012In: Sustainable Energy: recent research / [ed] Alemayehu Gebremedhin, Rijeka: InTech Publisher , 2012, 1Chapter in book (Refereed)
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  • 43.
    Svensson, Klas
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Rohdin, Patrik
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Moshfegh, Bahram
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    A computational parametric study on the development of confluent round jet arrays2015In: European journal of mechanics. B, Fluids, ISSN 0997-7546, E-ISSN 1873-7390, Vol. 53, p. 129-147Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this study, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and response surface methodology is employed in a parametrical investigation of an in-line array of confluent round jets. Confluent round jet arrays are common within several fields of engineering, as detailed knowledge of the flow field development of confluent round jets is of great importance to design engineers working with, for example, chemical mixing, multiple jet burners, waste water disposal systems or ventilation supply devices. In this paper, five independent factors affecting flow field development are investigated with a multi-variable approach using a Box–Behnken design method.

    The results include decay of maximum velocity, turbulence intensity, location of merging and combined points and development of volumetric flow rate. Dimensionless nozzle spacing, S/d0S/d0, is an important design parameter and has a large impact on several properties, such as merging and combined points, decay of maximum velocity, and development of turbulence intensity. Other factors, such as the number of jets per row and inlet velocity, are also of importance. The analysis of decay in maximum velocity led to the definition of a new zone of development, referred to as the Confluent Core Zone (CCZ), as its behaviour is reminiscent of the potential core of a single jet. The CCZ has uniform velocity, lacks considerable decay in streamwise velocity and has a rather low turbulence intensity. The CCZ has a characteristic footprint in confluent round jet arrays, and its properties are investigated in detail.

    The development of volumetric flow can be divided into two regions. The initial region, close to the nozzles, features a high entrainment but decreasing entrainment rate. As the jets combine, the entrainment rate is lower, but rather constant. While S/d0S/d0 is generally an important design parameter, there is no direct correlation between S/d0S/d0 and entrainment rate of the combined jet.

  • 44.
    Svensson, Klas
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Rohdin, Patrik
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Moshfegh, Bahram
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    On the influence of array size and jet spacing on jet interactions and confluence in round jet arrays2016In: Journal of Fluids Engineering, ISSN 0098-2202, E-ISSN 1528-901X, Vol. 138, no 8, article id 081206Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Arrays of unconfined confluent round jets exist in a number of engineering applications, including ventilation supply devices, sewage disposal systems, combustion burners, chemical mixing, and chimney stacks. Interacting confluent round jets are also interesting from a purely scientific point of view, as jet interactions and confluence bring additional complexity to the flow field. Yet little scientific attention has been paid to unconfined confluent round jets and detailed scientific investigations are scarce.

    The present work uses computational models to study the effects of confluence and jet-to-jet interactions in four different confluent jet arrangements, reporting on the influence of jet array size and dimensionless jet spacing, 𝑆⁄𝑑0. The results show that both jet spacing and jet array size largely influence the jet-to-jet interactions and flow field development in confluent jet arrays. The jet interactions in the investigated setups result in regions of negative static pressure between jets, jet deformation, high spanwise velocity and jet displacement. Generally smaller jet spacing and larger array size results in stronger influence of jet interactions.

    After the jets have combined the confluent jets form a zone with constant maximum streamwise velocity and decay of turbulence intensity, called a Confluent Core Zone (CCZ). During the CCZ the combined jet will have asymmetric spreading rates leading to axisswitching. The entrainment rate of the CCZ is constant, but the volumetric flow of the combined jet is substantially affected by the degree of entrainment before the jets have combined.

  • 45.
    Svensson, Klas
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Rohdin, Patrik
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Moshfegh, Bahram
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Tummers, Mark J.
    Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands.
    Numerical and experimental investigation of the near zone flow field in an array of confluent round jets2014In: International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, ISSN 0142-727X, E-ISSN 1879-2278, Vol. 46, p. 127-146Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Numerical simulations, using three different turbulence models (i.e., standard kε, RNG kε and Reynolds Stress Model [RSM]) is performed in order to predict mean velocity field as well as turbulence characteristics in the near zone of a 6 × 6 in-line array of unconfined confluent round jets. The numerical results are compared with experimental data acquired by Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV).

    All the turbulence models used are able to reproduce the mean velocity field and the development of turbulent kinetic energy of the confluent round jets, but in general, the standard kε and RSM model show better agreement with experimental data than the RNG model. In terms of mean velocity the second-order closure model (RSM) is not found to be superior to the less advanced standard kε model in spite of the mean flow curvature present in the flow field. The RSM model, however, provides information on individual Reynolds stresses. RSM show satisfactory agreement of streamwise normal Reynolds stress and shear stress, but generally underpredicts the normal Reynolds stress in the spanwise direction.

    In comparison with plane twin jets, confluent round jets show a longer merging region. Within the merging region the maximum velocity of the confluent jets decay linearly. As the jets enter the combined region confluent jets have hardly any velocity decay, which leads to a higher maximum velocity for a combined confluent jet than a single round jet.

    The jet’s position within the configuration has a substantial impact on the velocity decay, length of the potential core, and the lateral displacement of the confluent jets. Side jets show faster velocity decay, shorter potential core and higher turbulence level compared to central jets. Side jets are also deformed and has a kidney shaped cross-section in the merging region. Corner jets interact less with neighboring jets compared to side jets, thereby extending the potential core and reducing the velocity decay in the merging region compared to side jets.

  • 46.
    Thollander, Patrik
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Danestig, Maria
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Rohdin, Patrik
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Energy policies for increased industrial energy efficiency: Evaluation of a local energy programme for manufacturing SMEs2007In: Energy Policy, ISSN 0301-4215, E-ISSN 1873-6777, Vol. 35, no 11, p. 5774-5783 Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The most extensive action targeting the adoption of energy efficiency measures in small- and medium-sized manufacturing industries in Sweden over the past 15 years was project Highland. This paper presents an evaluation of the first part of this local industrial energy programme, which shows an adoption rate of more than 40% when both measures that have already been implemented and measures that are planned to be implemented are included. A comparison between this programme and another major ongoing programme for the Swedish energy-intensive industry indicates that the approach used in project Highland aimed at small- and medium-sized industries is an effective way to increase energy efficiency in the Swedish industry. The major barriers to energy efficiency among the firms were related to the low priority of the energy efficiency issue.

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  • 47.
    Thollander, Patrik
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Glad, Wiktoria
    Linköping University, The Tema Institute, Technology and Social Change. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Rohdin, Patrik
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Exploring Transactional Analysis in Relation to Post-Graduate Supervision—A Balancing Process2014In: Creative Education, ISSN 2151-4755, E-ISSN 2151-4771, Vol. 5, no 4, p. 185-196Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The PhD student supervision process is an important process, and the need for PhD students, who often form the backbone of the research community, to receive professional, inspiring and efficient supervision cannot be understated. This paper explores the benefits and values of Transactional Analysis (TA) as a way to further understand and work with PhD supervision. Using TA and the legitimacy ladder applied on PhD education, a modified model for increased understanding of the PhD student supervision process is presented, and is then related to empirical findings from a questionnaire among PhD students. The model shows for example the need for the supervisor to balance his or her role towards the PhD student, and suggests that professional PhD student supervision means moving from a Parent to Child relationship between the supervisor and the PhD student, towards a more mature Adult to Adult relationship.

  • 48.
    Thollander, Patrik
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Karlsson, Magnus
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Rohdin, Patrik
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Rosenqvist, Jakob
    Tranås Energi AB.
    Energieffektivisering: energikartläggning, energiledning och styrmedel2019 (ed. 1:1)Book (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Effektiv energianvändning i svensk tillverkningsindustri är en nyckelfaktor för att svenska företag, branscher och industrin som helhet även fortsättningsvis ska vara konkurrenskraftiga på en global marknad med knappare resurser. Denna bok är ett led i den riktningen.



    Boken är uppdelad i tre delar: Del I har sin utgångspunkt i energi­effektiviseringsgapet och fokuserar på energikartläggning och energieffektivisering av företag, framför allt ur ett tekniskt perspektiv. Del II har sin utgångspunkt i energiledningsgapet och fokuserar på energiledning samt hinder och incitament för energieffektivisering i svensk tillverkningsindustri. Del III har sin utgångspunkt i styrmedelsgapet och inriktas mot styrmedel för energieffektivisering och hur dessa kan designas, implementeras och utvärderas. 


    De två första delarna riktar sig framför allt till studenter vid svenska läro­­säten samt till energi- och miljöansvariga, teknikkonsulter, kommunala tillsynstjänstemän och andra offentliga aktörer vid exempelvis regionala energikontor. Del III riktar sig i första hand till aktörer som administrerar och ansvarar för styrmedel på nationell, regional och lokal nivå. Denna del kan även vara till nytta för koncerner som vill ta ett helhetsgrepp på energifrågan samt till företag som vill minska energianvändningens negativa miljöpåverkan i hela värdekedjan, inklusive underleverantörer.

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  • 49.
    Thollander, Patrik
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Karlsson, Magnus
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Rohdin, Patrik
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Wollin, Johan
    Volvo construction equipment, Bryssel.
    Rosenqvist, Jakob
    Tranås energi.
    Introduction to industrial energy efficiency: energy auditing, energy management, and policy issues2020 (ed. 1)Book (Other academic)
  • 50.
    Thollander, Patrik
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Kimura, Osamu
    Central Research Institute Elect Power Ind, Japan.
    Wakabayashi, Masayo
    Central Research Institute Elect Power Ind, Japan.
    Rohdin, Patrik
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Energy Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    A review of industrial energy and climate policies in Japan and Sweden with emphasis towards SMEs2015In: Renewable & sustainable energy reviews, ISSN 1364-0321, E-ISSN 1879-0690, Vol. 50, p. 504-512Article, review/survey (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The threat of increased global warming resulting from the use of fossil fuels stresses decision-makers to formulate and adopt policies towards different sectors of the economy. In light of the great earthquake in Japan 2011, energy efficiency also plays an important role in meeting the challenge of power supply shortage. Energy policies towards industry are of particular importance as a major part of the energy in the economy is used in industrial production. The number of papers investigating and presenting experience from energy end-use policies are scarce. Furthermore, for those present, they often only include a very brief analysis. From a public point of view, evaluations of energy programs are of major importance to measure the performance of the programs. From an energy policy designer point of view, it is of major importance to not only see the cost-effectiveness of the policy but also to understand the fundamental mechanisms for the success or failure of an industrial energy program, in order to learn how to improve future programs. The aim of this paper is to present a review of energy end-use policy instrument in Japan and Sweden towards the industrial sector from 1990 to 2014, with special emphasis on industrial SMEs. From the results presented some general-conclusions can be made, (1) results show that the cost-effectiveness differs substantially between the evaluated programs, and (2) that from a governmental point of view, subsidies towards energy audit programs seem like the most cost-effective policy. In addition to this (3) the results from the review also stress the importance of a clear strategy for every energy program on how the program is going to be evaluated, ex-ante or ex-post, and how the performance of the program is to be measured. This structure should be included from the start of the program. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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