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  • 1.
    Ahlström, Christer
    et al.
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Physiological Measurements.
    Johansson, Anders
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Physiological Measurements.
    Hult, Peter
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Physiological Measurements.
    Ask, Per
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Physiological Measurements.
    Chaotic dynamics of respiratory sounds2006In: Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, ISSN 0960-0779, E-ISSN 1873-2887, Vol. 29, no 5, p. 1054-1062Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    There is a growing interest in nonlinear analysis of respiratory sounds (RS), but little has been done to justify the use of nonlinear tools on such data. The aim of this paper is to investigate the stationarity, linearity and chaotic dynamics of recorded RS. Two independent data sets from 8 + 8 healthy subjects were recorded and investigated. The first set consisted of lung sounds (LS) recorded with an electronic stethoscope and the other of tracheal sounds (TS) recorded with a contact accelerometer. Recurrence plot analysis revealed that both LS and TS are quasistationary, with the parts corresponding to inspiratory and expiratory flow plateaus being stationary. Surrogate data tests could not provide statistically sufficient evidence regarding the nonlinearity of the data. The null hypothesis could not be rejected in 4 out of 32 LS cases and in 15 out of 32 TS cases. However, the Lyapunov spectra, the correlation dimension (D2) and the Kaplan-Yorke dimension (DKY) all indicate chaotic behavior. The Lyapunov analysis showed that the sum of the exponents was negative in all cases and that the largest exponent was found to be positive. The results are partly ambiguous, but provide some evidence of chaotic dynamics of RS, both concerning LS and TS. The results motivate continuous use of nonlinear tools for analysing RS data. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  • 2.
    Ahlström, Christer
    et al.
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Physiological Measurements.
    Johansson, Anders
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Physiological Measurements.
    Länne, Toste
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Care, Clinical Physiology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Heart Centre, Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery.
    Ask, Per
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Physiological Measurements.
    A respiration monitor based on electrocardiographic and photoplethysmographic sensor fusion2004In: IEEE Engineering in Medical and Biological Society,2004, Piscataway, N.J. USA: IEEEEMBS , 2004, p. 2311-Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 3.
    Ahlström, Christer
    et al.
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Physiological Measurements.
    Johansson, Anders
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Physiological Measurements.
    Länne, Toste
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Care, Physiology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Heart Centre, Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery.
    Ask, Per
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Physiological Measurements.
    Monitorering av andning and blodtrycksförändringar baserat på EKG och hjärtljud2007In: Medicinteknik dagarna,2007, 2007Conference paper (Other academic)
  • 4.
    Ahlström, Christer
    et al.
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Physiological Measurements.
    Johansson, Anders
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Physiological Measurements.
    Uhlin, Fredrik
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Care, Nephrology.
    Länne, Toste
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Care, Clinical Physiology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Heart Centre, Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery.
    Ask, Per
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Physiological Measurements.
    Noninvasive investigation of blood pressure changes using the pulse wave transit time: A novel approach in the monitoring of hemodialysis patients2005In: Journal of Artificial Organs, ISSN 1434-7229, E-ISSN 1619-0904, Vol. 8, no 3, p. 192-197Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Severe blood pressure changes are well known in hemodialysis. Detection and prediction of these are important for the well-being of the patient and for optimizing treatment. New noninvasive methods for this purpose are required. The pulse wave transit time technique is an indirect estimation of blood pressure, and our intention is to investigate whether this technique is applicable for hemodialysis treatment. A measurement setup utilizing lower body negative pressure and isometric contraction was used to simulate dialysis-related blood pressure changes in normal test subjects. Systolic blood pressure levels were compared to different pulse wave transit times, including and excluding the cardiac preejection period. Based on the results of these investigations, a pulse wave transit time technique adapted for dialysis treatment was developed and tried out on patients. To determine systolic blood pressure in the normal group, the total pulse wave transit time was found most suitable (including the cardiac preejection period). Correlation coefficients were r = 0.80 ± 0.06 (mean ± SD) overall and r = 0.81 ± 0.16 and r = 0.09 ± 0.62 for the hypotension and hypertension phases, respectively. When applying the adapted technique in dialysis patients, large blood pressure variations could easily be detected when present. Pulse wave transit time is correlated to systolic blood pressure within the acceptable range for a trend-indicating system. The method's applicability for dialysis treatment requires further studies. The results indicate that large sudden pressure drops, like those seen in sudden hypovolemia, can be detected. © The Japanese Society for Artificial Organs 2005.

  • 5.
    Ahlström, Christer
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Physiological Measurements. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Länne, Toste
    Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, Physiology . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Heart Centre, Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery.
    Ask, Per
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Physiological Measurements. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Johansson, Anders
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Physiological Measurements. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    A method for accurate localization of the first heart sound and possible applications2008In: Physiological Measurement, ISSN 0967-3334, E-ISSN 1361-6579, Vol. 29, no 3, p. 417-428Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We have previously developed a method for localization of the first heart sound (S1) using wavelet denoising and ECG-gated peak-picking. In this study, an additional enhancement step based on cross-correlation and ECG-gated ensemble averaging (EA) is presented. The main objective of the improved method was to localize S1 with very high temporal accuracy in (pseudo-) real time. The performance of S1 detection and localization, with and without EA enhancement, was evaluated on simulated as well as experimental data. The simulation study showed that EA enhancement reduced the localization error considerably and that S1 could be accurately localized at much lower signal-to-noise ratios. The experimental data were taken from ten healthy subjects at rest and during invoked hyper- and hypotension. For this material, the number of correct S1 detections increased from 91% to 98% when using EA enhancement. Improved performance was also demonstrated when EA enhancement was used for continuous tracking of blood pressure changes and for respiration monitoring via the electromechanical activation time. These are two typical applications where accurate localization of S1 is essential for the results.

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  • 6.
    Eneling, Martin
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Physiological Measurements. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Wickström, M
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering.
    Johansson, Anders
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Physiological Measurements. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Hult, Peter
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Physiological Measurements. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Vätternrundan.  Fjärr-registrering av fysiologiska parametrar under idrottsutövning.2006Conference paper (Other academic)
  • 7.
    Johansson, Anders
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Physiological Measurements.
    A neural network for photoplethysmografic respiratory rate monitoring2001In: ECBO,2001, 2001Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

       

  • 8.
    Johansson, Anders
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Physiological Measurements.
    A neural network for photoplethysmographic respiratory rate monitoring2001In: Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering, ISSN 0277-786X, E-ISSN 1996-756X, Vol. 4434, p. 109-118Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The photoplethysmographic signal (PPG) includes respiratory components seen as frequency modulation of the heart rate (respiratory sinus arrhythmia, RSA), amplitude modulation of the cardiac pulse, and respiratory induced intensity variations (RIIV) in the PPG baseline. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of these components in determining respiratory rate, and to combine the components in a neural network for improved accuracy. The primary goal is to design a PPG ventilation monitoring system. PPG signals were recorded from 15 healthy subjects. From these signals, the systolic waveform, diastolic waveform, respiratory sinus arrhythmia, pulse amplitude and RIIV were extracted. By using simple algorithms, the rates of false positive and false negative detection of breaths were calculated for each of the five components in a separate analysis. Furthermore, a simple neural network (NN) was tried out in a combined pattern recognition approach. In the separate analysis, the error rates (sum of false positives and false negatives) ranged from 9.7% (pulse amplitude) to 14.5% (systolic waveform). The corresponding value of the NN analysis was 9.5-9.6%.

  • 9.
    Johansson, Anders
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Neural network for photoplethysmographic respiratory rate monitoring2003In: Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing, ISSN 0140-0118, E-ISSN 1741-0444, Vol. 41, no 3, p. 242-248Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The reflection mode photoplethysmographic (PPG) signal was studied with the aim of determining respiratory rate. The PPG signal includes respiratory synchronous components, seen as frequency modulation of the heart rate (respiratory sinus arrhythmia), amplitude modulation of the cardiac pulse and respiratory-induced intensity variations (RIIVs) in the PPG baseline. PPG signals were recorded from the foreheads of 15 healthy subjects. From these signals, the systolic wavefrm diastolic waveform, respiratory sinus arrhythmia, pulse amplitude and RIIVs were extracted. Using basic algorithms, the rates of false positive and false negative detection of breaths were calculated separately for each of the five components. Furthermore, a neural network was assessed in a combined pattern recognition approach. The error rates (sum of false positive and false negative breath detections) for the basic algorithms ranged from 9.7% (pulse amplitude) to 14.5% (systolic waveform). The corresponding values for the neural network analysis were 9.5–9.6%. These results suggest the use of a combined PPG system for simultaneous monitoring of respiratory rate and arterial oxygen saturation (pulse oximetry).

  • 10.
    Johansson, Anders
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Photoplethysmography in multiparameter monitoring of cardiorespiratory function2000Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Photoplethysmography (PPG) is an optical, non-invasive method to assess tissue blood volume/perfusion. When measured on human skin, the PPG signal includes both cardiac synchronous variations (AC) and respiratory induced intensity variations (RIIV). This makes the PPG signal appropriate for cardiorespiratory monitoring, as a single non-invasive sensor extracts both cardiac and respiratory information.

    In this thesis, the origin of the RIIV signal is discussed, and invasive measurements of pressures in the circulatory system support the hypothesis of a venous origin. Important factors are intrathoracic and intra-abdominal pressure fluctuations, affecting venous return from the extrathoracic veins and the peripheral venous bed.

    Previous reports have demonstrated a possibility to extract the RIIV signal for assessing respiratory rates. A more effective and reliable monitoring would be achieved if tidal volumes could be estimated from the PPG signal in addition to respiratory rates. This would provide a possibility to calculate and detect ventilatory trends. A relationship between the RIIV amplitude and the tidal volume was hypothesised, demonstrated in healthy subjects and verified in a theoretical (Windkessel) model of the circulatory system. Other factors than tidal volume influence intrathoracic and intra-abdominal pressures. Effects of thoraco-abdominal separation, posture and respiratory rate were observed, and their influence in tidal volume/ventilation monitoring was discussed.

    Monitoring the cardiorespiratory function is essential in the postoperative and neonatal care environments. Studies have been performed in clinical settings including comparisons between the PPG method and more established monitoring systems. PPG was found to be suitable for monitoring heart and respiratory rates in these environments.

    The arterial blood pressure contains respiratory related information, including heart rate fluctuations (respiratory sinus arrhythmia, RSA) and respiratory variations in cardiac stroke volume. These phenomena are seen in the PPG signal as frequency and amplitude modulation of the AC signal. An algorithm based on pattern recognition (neural networking) is presented, in which these respiratory components are extracted and combined with the RIIV signal. As the respiratory components are of different origins, the neural network algorithm is robust and more accurate for breath detection than algorithms utilising the components separately.

    The main purposes of cardiorespiratory monitoring are to detect pathologic minute ventilation, apnoea, hypoxaemia, cardiac arrest, arrhythmia, and trends in heart rate. By using PPG, simultaneous information about heart rate, respiratory rate and tidal volume is obtained. Furthermore, as the measurement of arterial oxygen saturation by PPG is well established, a good coverage of the cardiorespiratory function can be obtained from a single non-invasive sensor.

    List of papers
    1. Estimation of respiratory volumes from the photoplethysmographic signal. Part 1: experimental results
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Estimation of respiratory volumes from the photoplethysmographic signal. Part 1: experimental results
    1999 (English)In: Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing, ISSN 0140-0118, E-ISSN 1741-0444, Vol. 37, no 1, p. 42-47Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    To evaluate the possibility of respiratory-volume measurement using photoplethysmography (PPG), PPG signals from 16 normal volunteers are collected, and the respiratory-induced intensity variations (RIIV) are digitally extracted. The RIIV signals are studied while reepiratory volume is varied. Furthermore, respiratory rate, body posture and type of respiration are varied. A Fleisch pneumotachograph is used as the inspired volume reference. The RIIV and pneumotachography signals are compared, and a statisical analysis is performed (linear regression and t-tests). The key idea is that the amplitude of the RIIV signal is related to the respiratory volume. The conclusion from the measurements is that there exists a relationship between the amplitude of the RIIV signal and the respiratory volume (R=0.842, s=0.428, p<0.005). Absolute measurements of the respiratory volume are not possible from the RIIV signal with the present set-up. The RIIV signal also seems to be affected by respiratory rate and type. More knowledge about respiratory parameters and improved sensor and filter design are required to make absolute measurements of volumes possible.

    National Category
    Medical and Health Sciences
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-32556 (URN)10.1007/BF02513264 (DOI)18469 (Local ID)18469 (Archive number)18469 (OAI)
    Available from: 2009-10-09 Created: 2009-10-09 Last updated: 2017-12-13
    2. Estimation of respiratory volumes from the photoplethysmographic signal. Part 2: a model study
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Estimation of respiratory volumes from the photoplethysmographic signal. Part 2: a model study
    1999 (English)In: Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing, ISSN 0140-0118, E-ISSN 1741-0444, Vol. 37, no 1, p. 48-53Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    A Windkessel model has been constructed with the aim of investigating the respiratory-volume dependence of the photoplethysmographic (PPG) signal. Experimental studies show a correlation between respiratory volume and the peak-to-peak value of the respiratory-induced intensity variations (RIIV) in the PPG signal. The model compartments are organised in two closed chambers, representing the thorax and the abdomen, and in a peripheral part not directly influenced by respiration. Cardiac pulse and respiration are created by continuous adjustment of the pressures in the affected compartments. Together with the criteria for heart and venous valves, the model is based on a set of 17 differential equations. These equations are solved for varying thoracic and abdominal pressures corresponding to different respiratory volumes. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis is performed to evaluate the properties of the model. The PPG signals are created as a combination of peripheral blood flow and pressure. From these signals, the respiratory synchronous parts are extracted and analysed. To study some important limitations of the model, respiratory type and rate are varied. From the simulations, it is possible to verify our earlier experimental results concerning the relationship between respiratory volume and the peak-to-peak value of the RIIV signal. An expected decrease in the amplitude of the respiratory signal with increased respiratory rate is also found, which is due to the lowpass characteristics of the vessel system. Variations in the relationship between thoracic and abdominal respiration also affect the RIIV signal. The simulations explain and verify what has been found previously in experimental studies.

    National Category
    Medical and Health Sciences
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-32557 (URN)10.1007/BF02513265 (DOI)18470 (Local ID)18470 (Archive number)18470 (OAI)
    Available from: 2009-10-09 Created: 2009-10-09 Last updated: 2017-12-13
    3. Monitoring of heart and respiratory rates in newborn infants using a new photoplethysmographic technique
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Monitoring of heart and respiratory rates in newborn infants using a new photoplethysmographic technique
    1999 (English)In: Journal of clinical monitoring and computing, ISSN 1387-1307, E-ISSN 1573-2614, Vol. 15, no 7-8, p. 461-467Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    Objective.A new photoplethysmographic (PPG) device for respiratoryand heart rate monitoring has been evaluated in the neonatal care units at theUniversity Children's Hospital of Uppsala, Sweden. The purpose of thisstudy was to compare this new device with more established techniques, i.e.,transthoracic impedance plethysmography (TTI) for monitoring of respiratoryrate and ECG for heart rate monitoring.

    Methods.Data were acquiredcontinuously for 8-hours in each of 6 neonates. The signals were analysed forperiods of 30 seconds, in which the heart and respiratory signals from the PPGdevice were compared with the ECG and the impedance plethysmogram.

    Results.The ECG recordings were of high quality in 77% of the analysed periods.In these periods, excluding periods (6%) disturbed by offset-adjustement ofthe PPG signal, the PPG heart signal included 1.1% (±0.7% SD) falsenegative beats and 0.9% (±0.6%) false positive beats. In periods withan impedance signal of high quality (29% of total time), the part of the PPGsignal synchronous with respiration included 2.7% (±1.1%) falsenegative breaths and 1.5% (±0.4%) false positive breaths. Here, 2% ofthe periods were discarded because of offset-adjustment. From the periods oflow signal quality, two other conclusions were drawn: 1) The impedance signalcontains more power in the respiratory range than the corresponding PPGrespiratory signal. 2) The breaths are easier to identify in the PPGrespiratory signal than in the impedance signal (subjective measure).

    Conclusions.Electrode and motion artefacts seem to disturb the ECGsignals and, particularly, the impedance signals. During periods of highquality ECG and impedance signals, the new optical device produces signals ofequal quality to these traditional methods, and is in some cases even better.The new device is non-invasive and has a small optical probe. These factors indicate further advantages of the photoplethysmographic method.

    National Category
    Medical and Health Sciences
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-32558 (URN)10.1023/A:1009912831366 (DOI)18471 (Local ID)18471 (Archive number)18471 (OAI)
    Available from: 2009-10-09 Created: 2009-10-09 Last updated: 2017-12-13
    4. The influence of breathing pattern in ventilation monitoring using photoplethysmography
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>The influence of breathing pattern in ventilation monitoring using photoplethysmography
    (English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Objective. The present study aimed at determining the relative influences of tidal volume and thoraco-abdominal separation (relative thoracic and abdominal contribution to the tidal volume) on the respiratory induced intensity variations (RIIV) of the photoplethysmographic (PPG) signal. The effects were studied in two body positions.

    Methods. Respiratory inductive plethysmography (RIP) was used for quantifying thoracoabdominal separation and for assessing tidal volumes. 10 subjects were trained to perform widely varying degrees of thoraco-abdominal separations at different tidal volumes. The relationship between the RIIV signal peak-to-peak value (measured at the forearm), and the tidal volume and separation was investigated in two body positions with the use of multiple linear regression.

    Results. Larger tidal volume and more thoracic contribution to respiration were found to increase the RIIV peak-to-peak value (p<0.0005). In the supine position, tidal volume had a stronger influence than separation, and in the sitting position, the opposite was seen.

    Conclusions. The effects on the RIIV signal from changes in thoraco abdominal separation and tidal volume are of similar magnitude. In the supine position, the influence of separation is less than in the sitting position, but the regression model fit is reduced. PPG is a promising technique for monitoring tidal volumes. However, in situations where the relative thoracic and abdominal contributions are likely to vary, the tidal volume information is less reliable.

    National Category
    Engineering and Technology
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-88950 (URN)
    Available from: 2013-02-19 Created: 2013-02-19 Last updated: 2021-12-28
    5. Neural network for photoplethysmographic respiratory rate monitoring
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Neural network for photoplethysmographic respiratory rate monitoring
    2003 (English)In: Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing, ISSN 0140-0118, E-ISSN 1741-0444, Vol. 41, no 3, p. 242-248Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    The reflection mode photoplethysmographic (PPG) signal was studied with the aim of determining respiratory rate. The PPG signal includes respiratory synchronous components, seen as frequency modulation of the heart rate (respiratory sinus arrhythmia), amplitude modulation of the cardiac pulse and respiratory-induced intensity variations (RIIVs) in the PPG baseline. PPG signals were recorded from the foreheads of 15 healthy subjects. From these signals, the systolic wavefrm diastolic waveform, respiratory sinus arrhythmia, pulse amplitude and RIIVs were extracted. Using basic algorithms, the rates of false positive and false negative detection of breaths were calculated separately for each of the five components. Furthermore, a neural network was assessed in a combined pattern recognition approach. The error rates (sum of false positive and false negative breath detections) for the basic algorithms ranged from 9.7% (pulse amplitude) to 14.5% (systolic waveform). The corresponding values for the neural network analysis were 9.5–9.6%. These results suggest the use of a combined PPG system for simultaneous monitoring of respiratory rate and arterial oxygen saturation (pulse oximetry).

    National Category
    Medical and Health Sciences
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-24477 (URN)10.1007/BF02348427 (DOI)6593 (Local ID)6593 (Archive number)6593 (OAI)
    Available from: 2009-10-07 Created: 2009-10-07 Last updated: 2017-12-13
  • 11.
    Johansson, Anders
    et al.
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Physiological Measurements.
    Ahlström, Christer
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Physiological Measurements.
    Länne, Toste
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Care, Physiology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Heart Centre, Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery.
    Ask, Per
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Physiological Measurements.
    Pulse wave transit time for monitoring respiration rate2006In: Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing, ISSN 0140-0118, E-ISSN 1741-0444, Vol. 44, no 6, p. 471-478Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this study, we investigate the beat-to-beat respiratory fluctuations in pulse wave transit time (PTT) and its subcomponents, the cardiac pre-ejection period (PEP) and the vessel transit time (VTT) in ten healthy subjects. The three transit times were found to fluctuate in pace with respiration. When applying a simple breath detecting algorithm, 88% of the breaths seen in a respiration air-flow reference could be detected correctly in PTT. Corresponding numbers for PEP and VTT were 76 and 81%, respectively. The performance during hypo- and hypertension was investigated by invoking blood pressure changes. In these situations, the error rates in breath detection were significantly higher. PTT can be derived from signals already present in most standard monitoring set-ups. The transit time technology thus has prospects to become an interesting alternative for respiration rate monitoring. © International Federation for Medical and Biological Engineering 2006.

  • 12.
    Johansson, Anders
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Physiological Measurements. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Hök, Bertil
    Sensors for respiratory monitoring2004In: Sensors Applications, Sensors in Medicine and Health Care / [ed] P. Ake Oberg, Tatsuo Togawa & Francis A. Spelman, Weinheim, Germany: WileyVCH Verlag , 2004, 3, p. 161-186Chapter in book (Other academic)
  • 13.
    Johansson, Anders
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Physiological Measurements. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Kuiper, Jan-Herman
    Keele University, England Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaed Hospital, England .
    Sundqvist, Tommy
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical Microbiology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Persson, Fredrik
    BioOptico AB, Sweden .
    Speier, Craig
    ConMedical Linvatec, CA USA .
    DAlfonso, David
    ConMedical Linvatec, CA USA .
    Richardson, James B
    Keele University, England Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaed Hospital, England .
    Öberg, Åke
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Physiological Measurements. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Spectroscopic Measurement of Cartilage Thickness in Arthroscopy: Ex Vivo Validation in Human Knee Condyles2012In: Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopy And Related, ISSN 0749-8063, E-ISSN 1526-3231, Vol. 28, no 10, p. 1513-1523Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Purpose: To evaluate the accuracy of articular cartilage thickness measurement when implementing a new technology based on spectroscopic measurement into an arthroscopic camera. Methods: Cartilage thickness was studied by ex vivo arthroscopy at a number of sites (N = 113) in human knee joint osteoarthritic femoral condyles and tibial plateaus, removed from 7 patients undergoing total knee replacement. The arthroscopic image spectral data at each site were used to estimate cartilage thickness. Arthroscopically derived thickness values were compared with reference cartilage thickness as measured by 3 different methods: needle penetration, spiral computed tomography scanning, and geometric measurement after sample slicing. Results: The lowest mean error (0.28 to 0.30 mm) in the regression between arthroscopic and reference cartilage thickness was seen for reference cartilage thickness less than 1.5 mm. Corresponding values for cartilage thickness less than 2.0 and 2.5 mm were 0.32 to 0.40 mm and 0.37 to 0.47 mm, respectively. Cartilage thickness images-created by pixel-by-pixel regression model calculations applied to the arthroscopic images-were derived to demonstrate the clinical use of a camera implementation. Conclusions: On the basis of this investigation on osteoarthritic material, when one is implementing the spectroscopic method for estimating cartilage thickness into an arthroscopic camera, errors in the range of 0.28 to 0.30 mm are expected. This implementation does not, however, influence the fact that the spectral method performs less well in the cartilage thickness region from 1.5 to 2.5 mm and cannot assess cartilage thicker than 2.5 mm. Clinical Relevance: Imaging cartilage thickness directly in the arthroscopic camera video stream could serve as an interesting image tool for in vivo cartilage quality assessment, in connection with cartilage diagnosis, repair, and follow-up.

  • 14.
    Johansson, Anders
    et al.
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Physiological Measurements.
    Larsby, Birgitta
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Technical Audiology.
    Tamura, Toshiyo
    Öberg, Åke
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Physiological Measurements.
    Fallförebyggande sensor för äldre2005In: National Medical Convent,2005, 2005Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 15.
    Johansson, Anders
    et al.
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Physiological Measurements.
    Nilsson, Lena
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Care, Anaesthesiology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Anaesthesiology and Surgical Centre, Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care VHN.
    Kalman, Sigga
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Care, Anaesthesiology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Anaesthesiology and Surgical Centre, Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care VHN.
    Öberg, Åke
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Physiological Measurements.
    Respiratory monitoring using photoplethysmography - evaluation in the postoperative care unit1998In: Annual International Conference of th IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society,1998, 1998Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 16.
    Johansson, Anders
    et al.
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Physiological Measurements.
    Strömberg, Tomas
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation.
    Influence of tidal volume and thoraco-abdominal separation on the respiratory induced variation of the photoplethysmogram2000In: Journal of clinical monitoring and computing, ISSN 1387-1307, E-ISSN 1573-2614, Vol. 16, no 8, p. 575-581Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Objective. The present study was aimed at determining the relative influences of tidal volume and thoraco-abdominal separation (relative thoracic and abdominal contribution to the tidal volume) on the respiratory induced intensity variation (RIIV) of the photoplethysmographic signal. The effects were studied in two body positions. Methods. Respiratory inductive plethysmography was used or quantifying thoraco-abdominal separation and for assessing tidal volumes. 10 subjects were trained to perform widely varying degrees of thoraco-abdominal separation at different tidal volumes. The relationship between the RIIV signal peak-to-peak value (measured at the forearm), and the tidal volume and thoraco-abdominal separation was investigated in two body positions with the use of multiple linear regression. Results. Larger tidal volume and more thoracic contribution to respiration were found to increase the RIIV peak-to-peak value (p < 0.0005). In the supine position, the tidal volume influence was stronger than that of thoraco-abdominal separation, and in the sitting position, the opposite was seen. Conclusions. The effects on the RIIV signal following changes in thoraco-abdominal separation and tidal volume are of the same order of magnitude. In the supine position, the influence of thoracic versus abdominal contribution to the tidal volume is not as significant as in the sitting position. Photoplethysmography is a promising technique for combined monitoring of several respiratory parameters, including tidal volume. In situations where the relative thoracic and abdominal contribution are likely to vary, the tidal volume information becomes less reliable.

  • 17.
    Johansson, Anders
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Strömberg, Tomas
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    The influence of breathing pattern in ventilation monitoring using photoplethysmographyManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Objective. The present study aimed at determining the relative influences of tidal volume and thoraco-abdominal separation (relative thoracic and abdominal contribution to the tidal volume) on the respiratory induced intensity variations (RIIV) of the photoplethysmographic (PPG) signal. The effects were studied in two body positions.

    Methods. Respiratory inductive plethysmography (RIP) was used for quantifying thoracoabdominal separation and for assessing tidal volumes. 10 subjects were trained to perform widely varying degrees of thoraco-abdominal separations at different tidal volumes. The relationship between the RIIV signal peak-to-peak value (measured at the forearm), and the tidal volume and separation was investigated in two body positions with the use of multiple linear regression.

    Results. Larger tidal volume and more thoracic contribution to respiration were found to increase the RIIV peak-to-peak value (p<0.0005). In the supine position, tidal volume had a stronger influence than separation, and in the sitting position, the opposite was seen.

    Conclusions. The effects on the RIIV signal from changes in thoraco abdominal separation and tidal volume are of similar magnitude. In the supine position, the influence of separation is less than in the sitting position, but the regression model fit is reduced. PPG is a promising technique for monitoring tidal volumes. However, in situations where the relative thoracic and abdominal contributions are likely to vary, the tidal volume information is less reliable.

  • 18.
    Johansson, Anders
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Sundqvist, Tommy
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical Microbiology.
    Kuiper, J.-H.
    Keele University School of Medicine, Keele, UK .
    Öberg, Åke
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    A spectroscopic approach to imaging and quantification of cartilage lesions in human knee joints2011In: Physics in Medicine and Biology, ISSN 0031-9155, E-ISSN 1361-6560, Vol. 56, no 6, p. 1865-1878Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We have previously described a technology based on diffuse reflectance of broadband light for measuring joint articular cartilage thickness, utilizing that optical absorption is different in cartilage and subchondral bone. This study is the first evaluation of the technology in human material. We also investigated the prospects of cartilage lesion imaging, with the specific aim of arthroscopic integration. Cartilage thickness was studied ex vivo in a number of sites (n = 87) on human knee joint condyles, removed from nine patients during total knee replacement surgery. A reflectance spectrum was taken at each site and the cartilage thickness was estimated using the blue, green, red and near-infrared regions of the spectrum, respectively. Estimated values were compared with reference cartilage thickness values (taken after sample slicing) using an exponential model. Two-dimensional Monte Carlo simulations were performed in a theoretical analysis of the experimental results. The reference cartilage thickness of the investigated sites was 1.60 ± 1.30 mm (mean ± SD) in the range 0–4.2 mm. Highest correlation coefficients were seen for the calculations based on the near-infrared region after normalization to the red region (r = 0.86) and for the green region (r = 0.80).

  • 19.
    Johansson, Anders
    et al.
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Physiological Measurements.
    Sundqvist, Tommy
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Medical Microbiology.
    Kuiper, J-H
    Inst of Science and Technology in Medicine Keele University Medical School, UK.
    Öberg, Åke
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Physiological Measurements.
    IN VITRO Imaging of human cartilage - contrast improvement by optical wavelength selection2005In: Nordic Baltic Conference Biomedical Engineering and Medical Physics,2005, Umeå: IFMBE , 2005, p. 172-Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 20.
    Johansson, Anders
    et al.
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Physiological Measurements.
    Öberg, Åke
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Physiological Measurements.
    Estimation of respiratory volumes from the photoplethysmographic signal1997In: World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering,1997, 1997Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 21.
    Johansson, Anders
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Öberg, Åke
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Estimation of respiratory volumes from the photoplethysmographic signal. Part 1: experimental results1999In: Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing, ISSN 0140-0118, E-ISSN 1741-0444, Vol. 37, no 1, p. 42-47Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    To evaluate the possibility of respiratory-volume measurement using photoplethysmography (PPG), PPG signals from 16 normal volunteers are collected, and the respiratory-induced intensity variations (RIIV) are digitally extracted. The RIIV signals are studied while reepiratory volume is varied. Furthermore, respiratory rate, body posture and type of respiration are varied. A Fleisch pneumotachograph is used as the inspired volume reference. The RIIV and pneumotachography signals are compared, and a statisical analysis is performed (linear regression and t-tests). The key idea is that the amplitude of the RIIV signal is related to the respiratory volume. The conclusion from the measurements is that there exists a relationship between the amplitude of the RIIV signal and the respiratory volume (R=0.842, s=0.428, p<0.005). Absolute measurements of the respiratory volume are not possible from the RIIV signal with the present set-up. The RIIV signal also seems to be affected by respiratory rate and type. More knowledge about respiratory parameters and improved sensor and filter design are required to make absolute measurements of volumes possible.

  • 22.
    Johansson, Anders
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Öberg, Åke
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Estimation of respiratory volumes from the photoplethysmographic signal. Part 2: a model study1999In: Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing, ISSN 0140-0118, E-ISSN 1741-0444, Vol. 37, no 1, p. 48-53Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A Windkessel model has been constructed with the aim of investigating the respiratory-volume dependence of the photoplethysmographic (PPG) signal. Experimental studies show a correlation between respiratory volume and the peak-to-peak value of the respiratory-induced intensity variations (RIIV) in the PPG signal. The model compartments are organised in two closed chambers, representing the thorax and the abdomen, and in a peripheral part not directly influenced by respiration. Cardiac pulse and respiration are created by continuous adjustment of the pressures in the affected compartments. Together with the criteria for heart and venous valves, the model is based on a set of 17 differential equations. These equations are solved for varying thoracic and abdominal pressures corresponding to different respiratory volumes. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis is performed to evaluate the properties of the model. The PPG signals are created as a combination of peripheral blood flow and pressure. From these signals, the respiratory synchronous parts are extracted and analysed. To study some important limitations of the model, respiratory type and rate are varied. From the simulations, it is possible to verify our earlier experimental results concerning the relationship between respiratory volume and the peak-to-peak value of the RIIV signal. An expected decrease in the amplitude of the respiratory signal with increased respiratory rate is also found, which is due to the lowpass characteristics of the vessel system. Variations in the relationship between thoracic and abdominal respiration also affect the RIIV signal. The simulations explain and verify what has been found previously in experimental studies.

  • 23.
    Johansson, Anders
    et al.
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Physiological Measurements.
    Öberg, Åke
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Physiological Measurements.
    Uppskattning av andningsvolym med fotopletysmografi1996In: National Medical Convent,1996, 1996Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 24.
    Johansson, Anders
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Öberg, Åke
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Sedin, Gunnar
    Department of Pediatrics, University Children´s Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Monitoring of heart and respiratory rates in newborn infants using a new photoplethysmographic technique1999In: Journal of clinical monitoring and computing, ISSN 1387-1307, E-ISSN 1573-2614, Vol. 15, no 7-8, p. 461-467Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Objective.A new photoplethysmographic (PPG) device for respiratoryand heart rate monitoring has been evaluated in the neonatal care units at theUniversity Children's Hospital of Uppsala, Sweden. The purpose of thisstudy was to compare this new device with more established techniques, i.e.,transthoracic impedance plethysmography (TTI) for monitoring of respiratoryrate and ECG for heart rate monitoring.

    Methods.Data were acquiredcontinuously for 8-hours in each of 6 neonates. The signals were analysed forperiods of 30 seconds, in which the heart and respiratory signals from the PPGdevice were compared with the ECG and the impedance plethysmogram.

    Results.The ECG recordings were of high quality in 77% of the analysed periods.In these periods, excluding periods (6%) disturbed by offset-adjustement ofthe PPG signal, the PPG heart signal included 1.1% (±0.7% SD) falsenegative beats and 0.9% (±0.6%) false positive beats. In periods withan impedance signal of high quality (29% of total time), the part of the PPGsignal synchronous with respiration included 2.7% (±1.1%) falsenegative breaths and 1.5% (±0.4%) false positive breaths. Here, 2% ofthe periods were discarded because of offset-adjustment. From the periods oflow signal quality, two other conclusions were drawn: 1) The impedance signalcontains more power in the respiratory range than the corresponding PPGrespiratory signal. 2) The breaths are easier to identify in the PPGrespiratory signal than in the impedance signal (subjective measure).

    Conclusions.Electrode and motion artefacts seem to disturb the ECGsignals and, particularly, the impedance signals. During periods of highquality ECG and impedance signals, the new optical device produces signals ofequal quality to these traditional methods, and is in some cases even better.The new device is non-invasive and has a small optical probe. These factors indicate further advantages of the photoplethysmographic method.

  • 25.
    Johansson, Anders
    et al.
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Physiological Measurements.
    Öberg, Åke
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Physiological Measurements.
    Sedin, Gunnar
    Uppsala .
    Monitoring of the heart and respiratory rates using photoplethysmography - Evaluation on neonates1998In: BIOS Europe98,1998, 1998Conference paper (Other academic)
  • 26.
    Johansson, Anders
    et al.
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Physiological Measurements.
    Öberg, Åke
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Physiological Measurements.
    Sedin, Gunnar
    Akademiska sjukhuset Uppsala.
    New perspectives in biooptical assessment of ventilation in neonatal care2000In: Int Conf on Fetal Neonatal physiological Measurement,2000, 2000Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 27.
    Johansson, Anders
    et al.
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Physiological Measurements.
    Öberg, Åke
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Physiological Measurements.
    Sundqvist, Tommy
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Medical Microbiology.
    Sundberg, Mikael
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation.
    Assessment of cartilage thickness utilising reflectance spectroscopy2002In: Nordic Baltic Conference on Biomedical Engineering,2002, 2002Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

      

  • 28.
    Nilsson, Lena
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, Anesthesiology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Anaesthesiology and Surgical Centre, Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care VHN.
    Goscinski, T.
    Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Linköping University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden.
    Kalman, S.
    Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden.
    Lindberg, Lars-Göran
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Physiological Measurements.
    Johansson, Anders
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Physiological Measurements.
    Combined photoplethysmographic monitoring of respiration rate and pulse: A comparison between different measurement sites in spontaneously breathing subjects2007In: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, ISSN 0001-5172, E-ISSN 1399-6576, Vol. 51, no 9, p. 1250-1257Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: The non-invasive photoplethysmographic (PPG) signal reflects blood flow and volume in a tissue. The PPG signal shows variation synchronous with heartbeat (PPGc), as used in pulse oximetry, and variations synchronous with breathing (PPGr). PPGr has been used for non-invasive monitoring of respiration with promising results. Our aim was to investigate PPG signals recorded from different skin sites in order to find suitable locations for parallel monitoring of variations synchronous with heartbeat and breathing. Methods: PPG sensors were applied to the forearm, finger, forehead, wrist and shoulder on 48 awake healthy volunteers. From these sites, seven PPG signals were simultaneously recorded during normal spontaneous breathing over 10 min. Capnometry served as respiration and electrocardiogram (ECG) as pulse reference signals. PPG signals were compared with respect to power spectral content and squared coherence. Results: Forearm PPG measurement showed significantly higher power within the respiratory region of the power spectrum [median (quartile range) 42 (26)%], but significantly lower power within the cardiac region [9 (10)%] compared with the other skin sites. PPG finger measurement showed the opposite, in transmission mode, the power within the respiratory region was significantly lower [4 (10)%] and within the cardiac region significantly higher [45 (25)%] than the other sites. PPGc coherence values were generally high [>0.96 (0.08)], and PPGr coherence values lower [0.83 (0.35)-0.94 (0.17)]. Conclusion: Combined PPG respiration and pulse monitoring is possible, but there are significant differences between the respiratory and cardiac components of the PPG signal at different sites. © 2007 Acta Anaesthesiol Scand.

  • 29.
    Nilsson, Lena
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Anesthesiology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Goscinski, Tomas
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Anesthesiology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Johansson, Anders
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Lindberg, Lars-Göran
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Kalman, Sigga
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Anesthesiology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Age and gender do not influence the ability to detect respiration by photoplethysmography2006In: Journal of clinical monitoring and computing, ISSN 1387-1307, E-ISSN 1573-2614, Vol. 20, no 6, p. 431-436Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Objective  The non-invasive technique photopl- ethysmography (PPG) can detect changes in blood volume and perfusion in a tissue. Respiration causes variations in the peripheral circulation, making it possible to monitor breaths using an optical sensor attached to the skin. The respiratory-synchronous part of the PPG signal (PPGr) has been used to monitor respiration during anaesthesia, and in postoperative and neonatal care. Studies addressing possible differences in PPGr signal characteristics depending on gender or age are lacking.

    Methods  We studied three groups of 16 healthy subjects each during normal breathing; young males, old males and young females, and calculated the concordance between PPGr, derived from a reflection mode PPG sensor on the forearm, and a reference CO2 signal. The concordance was quantified by using a squared coherence analysis. Time delay between the two signals was calculated. In this process, we compared three different methods for calculating time delay.

    Results  Coherence values ≥0.92 were seen for all three groups without any significant differences depending on age or gender (p = 0.67). Comparison between the three different methods for calculating time delay showed a correlation r = 0.93.

    Conclusions  These results demonstrate clinically important information implying the possibility to register qualitative PPGr signals for respiration monitoring, regardless of age and gender.

  • 30.
    Nilsson, Lena
    et al.
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Care, Anaesthesiology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Anaesthesiology and Surgical Centre, Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care VHN.
    Goscinski, Tomas
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Care, Anaesthesiology.
    Kalman, Sigga
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Care, Anaesthesiology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Anaesthesiology and Surgical Centre, Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care VHN.
    Lindberg, Lars-Göran
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Physiological Measurements.
    Johansson, Anders
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Physiological Measurements.
    Detection of breaths by photoplethysmography is independent of age and sex2005In: Congress of the Scandinavian Society of Anaesthesiology and intensive care,2005, 2005, p. 19-Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 31.
    Nilsson, Lena
    et al.
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Care, Anaesthesiology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Anaesthesiology and Surgical Centre, Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care VHN.
    Goscinski, Tomas
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Care, Anaesthesiology.
    Kalman, Sigga
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Care, Anaesthesiology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Anaesthesiology and Surgical Centre, Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care VHN.
    Lindberg, Lars-Göran
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Physiological Measurements.
    Johansson, Anders
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Physiological Measurements.
    Photoplethysmography for central and obstructive apnea detection2005In: Congress of the Scandinavian Society of Anaesthesiology and intensive care,2005, 2005, p. 19-Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 32.
    Nilsson, Lena
    et al.
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Care, Anaesthesiology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Anaesthesiology and Surgical Centre, Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care VHN.
    Goscinski, Tomas
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Care, Anaesthesiology.
    Kalman, Sigga
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Care, Anaesthesiology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Anaesthesiology and Surgical Centre, Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care VHN.
    Lindberg, Lars-Göran
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Physiological Measurements.
    Johansson, Anders
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Physiological Measurements.
    Time relation between respiratory signals can be analysed by automated algorithms2005In: Congress of the Scandinavian Society of Anaesthesiology and intensive care,2005, 2005, p. 19-Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 33.
    Nilsson, Lena
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Anesthesiology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care in Linköping. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Anaesthesiology and Surgical Centre.
    Goscinski, Tomas
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Pharmacology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Lindenberger, Marcus
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Physiology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Länne, Toste
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Physiology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Heart Centre, Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery.
    Johansson, Anders
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Physiological Measurements. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Respiratory variations in the photoplethysmographic waveform: acute hypovolaemia during spontaneous breathing is not detected2010In: Physiological Measurement, ISSN 0967-3334, E-ISSN 1361-6579, Vol. 31, no 7, p. 953-962Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Recent studies using photoplethysmographic (PPG) signals from pulse oximeters have shown potential to assess hypovolaemia during spontaneous breathing. This signal is heavily filtered and reports are based on respiratory variations in the small pulse synchronous variation of PPG. There are stronger respiratory variations such as respiratory synchronous variation (PPGr) in the baseline of the unfiltered PPG signal. We hypothesized that PPGr would increase during hypovolaemia during spontaneous breathing. Hemodynamic and respiratory data were recorded together with PPG infrared signals from the finger, ear and forearm from 12 healthy male volunteers, at rest and during hypovolaemia created by the application of a lower body negative pressure (LBNP) of 15, 30 and 60 cmH(2)O. Hemodynamic and respiratory values changed significantly. From rest to the LBNP of 60 cmH(2)O systolic blood pressure fell from median (IQR) 116 (16) to 101 (23) mmHg, the heart rate increased from 58 (16) to 73 (16) beats min(-1), and the respiratory rate increased from 9.5 (2.0) to 11.5 (4.0) breaths min(-1). The amplitude of PPGr did not change significantly at any measurement site. The strongest effect was seen at the ear, where the LBNP of 60 cmH(2)O gave an amplitude increase from 1.0 (0.0) to 1.31 (2.24) AU. PPG baseline respiratory variations cannot be used for detecting hypovolaemia in spontaneously breathing subjects.

  • 34.
    Nilsson, Lena
    et al.
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Care, Anaesthesiology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Anaesthesiology and Surgical Centre, Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care VHN.
    Johansson, Anders
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Physiological Measurements.
    Kalman, Sigga
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Care, Anaesthesiology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Anaesthesiology and Surgical Centre, Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care VHN.
    Den andningssynkrona kompenenten av den fotopletysmorgrafiska signalen hos sövda påverkas inte av övertrycksandning2004In: Programbok SFAI-veckan 2004,2004, 2004, p. 149-19Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

       

  • 35.
    Nilsson, Lena
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Anesthesiology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Johansson, Anders
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Kalman, Sigga
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Anesthesiology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Macrocirculation is not the sole determinant of respiratory induced variations in the reflection mode photoplethysmographic signal2003In: Physiological Measurement, ISSN 0967-3334, E-ISSN 1361-6579, Vol. 24, no 4, p. 925-937Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Photoplethysmography (PPG) is a non-invasive optical technique sensitive to variations in blood volume and perfusion in the tissue. Reflection mode PPG may have clinical advantages over transmission mode PPG. To improve clinical usefulness and further development of the reflection mode PPG, studies on factors that modify the signal are warranted. We studied the coherence between the respiratory induced intensity variations (RIIV) of the PPG signal and respiratory synchronous pressure variations in central venous pressure (CVP), peripheral venous pressure (PVP) and arterial blood pressure (ABP) during positive pressure ventilation on 12 patients under anaesthesia and on 12 patients with spontaneous breathing. During positive pressure ventilation the coherence between all signals was high. Inspiration was followed first by an increase in CVP, then by increases in ABP and PVP and lastly by RIIV indicating less back-scattered light. In spontaneously breathing patients the coherence was high, but the phases between the signals were changed. During inspiration, ABP decreased slightly before CVP, followed by a decrease in RIIV and PVP. The phase relation between RIIV and respiratory induced variation in macrocirculation changed with ventilatory mode, but not in a uniform way, indicating the influence of mechanisms other than macrocirculation involved in generating the RIIV signal.

  • 36.
    Nilsson, Lena
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Anesthesiology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Johansson, Anders
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Kalman, Sigga
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Anesthesiology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Monitoring of respiratory rate in postoperative care using a new photoplethysmographic technique2000In: Journal of clinical monitoring and computing, ISSN 1387-1307, E-ISSN 1573-2614, Vol. 16, no 4, p. 309-315Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Objective.Photoplethysmography (PPG) is a non-invasive optical technique that measures variations in skin blood volume and perfusion. The PPG signal contains components that are synchronous with respiratory and cardiacrhythms. We undertook this study to evaluate PPG for monitoring patients' respiratory rate in the postoperative care unit, using a new prototype device. We compared it with the established technique, transthoracic impedance (TTI).

    Methods.PPG signals from 16 patients(ASA classes 1–2, mean age 43 years) who were recovering from general anaesthesia after routine operations were recorded continuously for 60minutes/patient. The respiratory synchronous part of the PPG signal was extracted by using a band pass filter. Detection of breaths in the filtered PPG signals was done both visually and by using an automated algorithm. In both procedures, the detected breaths were compared with the breaths detected in the TTI reference.

    Results.A total of 10.661 breaths were recorded, and the mean ± SD respiratory rate was 12.3 ± 3.5breaths/minute. When compared with TTI, the rates of false positive and false negative breaths detected by PPG (visual procedure) were 4.6 ±4.5% and 5.8 ± 6.5%, respectively. When using the algorithm for breath detection from PPG, the rates of false positive andfalse negative breaths were 11.1 ± 9.7% and 3.7 ±3.8%, respectively, when compared to TTI. Lower respiratory rates increased the occurrence of false-positive breaths that were detected by the PPG using visual identification (p< 0.05). The same tendency was seen with the automated PPG procedure (p< 0.10).

    Conclusions.Our results indicate that PPG has the potential to be useful for monitoring respiratory rate in the postoperative period.

  • 37.
    Nilsson, Lena
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Anesthesiology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Johansson, Anders
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Kalman, Sigga
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Anesthesiology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Respiratory variations in the reflection mode photoplethysmographic signal: relationships to peripheral venous pressure2003In: Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing, ISSN 0140-0118, E-ISSN 1741-0444, Vol. 41, no 3, p. 249-254Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Photoplethysmography (PPG) is a non-invasive optical way of measuring variations in blood volume and perfusion in the tissue, used in pulse oximetry for instance. Respiratory-induced intensity variations (RIIVs) in the PPG signal exist, but the physiological background is not fully understood. Respiration causes variations in the blood volume in the peripheral vascular bed. It was hypothesised that the filling of peripheral veins is one of the important factors involved. In 16 healthy subjects, the respiratory synchronous variations from a PPG reflection mode signal and the peripheral venous pressure (PVP) were recorded. Variations of tidal volume, respiratory rate and contribution from abdominal and thoracic muscles gave significant and similar amplitude changes in both RIIV and the respiratory variation of PVP (p<0.01). The highest amplitudes of both signals were found at the largest tidal volume, lowest respiratory rate and during mainly thoracic breathing, respectively. The coherence between PVP and RIIV signals was high, the median (quartile range) being 0.78 (0.42). Phase analysis showed that RIIV was usually leading PVP, but variations between subjects were large. Although respiratory-induced variations in PVP and PPG showed a close correlation in amplitude variation, a causal relationship between the signals could not be demonstrated.

  • 38.
    Nilsson, Lena
    et al.
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Care, Anaesthesiology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Anaesthesiology and Surgical Centre, Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care VHN.
    Johansson, Anders
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Physiological Measurements.
    Kalman, Sigga
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Care, Anaesthesiology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Anaesthesiology and Surgical Centre, Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care VHN.
    The phase of the respiratory variation in the photoplethysmographic signal is not affected by sympathetic tone2004In: European Journal of Anaesthesiology, ISSN 0265-0215, E-ISSN 1365-2346, Vol. 21, p. 76-77Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 39.
    Nilsson, Lena
    et al.
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Care, Anaesthesiology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Anaesthesiology and Surgical Centre, Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care VHN.
    Johansson, Anders
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Physiological Measurements.
    Svanerudh, Johan
    Kalman, Sigga
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Care, Anaesthesiology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Anaesthesiology and Surgical Centre, Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care VHN.
    Is the respiratory component of the photoplethysmographic signal of venous origin?1999In: Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing, ISSN 0140-0118, Vol. 37, p. 912-913Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 40.
    Roback, Kerstin
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, Health Technology Assessment. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Nelson, Nina
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pediatrics . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Johansson, Anders
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Physiological Measurements. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Hass, Ursula
    Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, Health Technology Assessment. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Strömberg, Tomas
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    A New Fiberoptical Respiratory Rate Monitor for the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit2005In: Pediatric Pulmonology, ISSN 8755-6863, Vol. 39, no 2, p. 120-126Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A new technique for respiratory rate measurement in the neonatal intensive care unit, fiberoptic respirometry (FORE), was tested using a specially designed nasal adapter. The aim was to investigate the system's accuracy and compare it to the transthoracic impedance (TTI) method and manual counting (MC). Further, the relationship between accuracy and degree of body movement was investigated. Seventeen neonates of median gestational age 35 weeks were included in the study. Video recordings (synchronized with data recordings) were used for classification of body movement. Breaths per minute data were obtained for 23-32-min periods per child, and a subset of these included MC performed by experienced nurses. A Bland-Altman analysis showed low accuracy of both FORE and TTI. A >20% deviation from MC was found in 22.7% and 23.8% of observations for the two methods, respectively. Both methods had accuracy problems during body movement. FORE tended to underestimate respiratory rate due to probe displacement, while TTI overestimated due to motion artefacts. The accuracy was also strongly subject-dependent. The neonates were undisturbed by the FORE device. In some cases, though, it was difficult to keep the adapter positioned in the airway. Further development should, therefore, focus on FORE adapter improvements to maintain probe position over time.

  • 41.
    Sundberg, Mikael
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Borga, Magnus
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical Informatics. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Knutsson, Hans
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical Informatics. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Johansson, Anders
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Physiological Measurements. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Strömberg, Tomas
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Öberg, Åke
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Physiological Measurements. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Fibre-optic array for curvature assessment: application in otitis diagnosis2004In: Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing, ISSN 0140-0118, Vol. 42, no 2, p. 245-252Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A contact-free sensor consisting of two parallel optical-fibre arrays was designed to assess surface shapes of diffusely scattering media. By sequentially illuminating objects using one fibre array and detecting the diffusely back-scattered photons by the other, a source-detector intensity matrix was formed, where the matrix element (i, j) was the intensity at detector j when light source i was excited. Experimental data from convex and concave polyacetal plastic surfaces were recorded. A mathematical model was used for simulating source-detector intensity matrices for the surfaces analysed in the experiments. Experimental results from the system were compared with the theoretically expected results provided by the mathematical model. The shape and relative amplitude showed similar behaviour in the experiments and simulations. A convex/concave discriminator index D, representing the detected intensity difference between two source-detector separations, was defined. The relative dynamic range of D, defined as the difference between the maximum and the minimum divided by the mean of the index, was 1.37 for convex surfaces and 0.68 for concave surfaces, at a measuring distance of 4.5mm. The index D was positive for convex surfaces and negative for concave surfaces, which showed that the system could distinguish between convex and concave surfaces, an important result for the diagnosis of otitis media.

  • 42.
    Öberg, Åke
    et al.
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Physiological Measurements.
    Sundqvist, Tommy
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Medical Microbiology.
    Johansson, Anders
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Physiological Measurements.
    Assessment of cartilage thickness utilising reflectance spectroscopy2004In: Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing, ISSN 0140-0118, E-ISSN 1741-0444, Vol. 42, no 1Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A new principle for cartilage layer thickness assessments in joints is presented. It is based on the differences between the absorption spectra of cartilage and subchondral bone (containing blood). High-resolution ultrasound measurements of cartilage thickness were compared with reflection spectroscopy data from the same area of bovine hip joint condyles. A simple mathematical model allowed calculation of thickness and comparison with ultrasound data. The cartilage thickness was changed by being ground in short episodes. For thicker cartilage layers, a high degree of reflection in the 400-600nm wavelength interval was seen. For thinner cartilage layers, the characteristics of the spectra of blood and bone dominated those of cartilage. The mean (±SD) thickness of intact cartilage was 1.21± 0.30 mm (n = 30). In an exponential regression model, spectroscopic estimation of cartilage thickness showed a correlation coefficient of r= 0.69 (n = 182). For thinner cartilage layers (d<0.5mm), the mean model error was 0.19±0.17mm. Results from a bi-layer Monte Carlo simulation supported the assumption of an exponential relationship between spectroscopy data and reference ultrasound data. The conclusion is that optical reflection spectroscopy can be used for cartilage layer thickness assessment.

  • 43.
    Öberg, Åke
    et al.
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Physiological Measurements.
    Sundqvist, Tommy
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Medical Microbiology.
    Johansson, Anders
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Physiological Measurements.
    Sundberg, Mikael
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation.
    Characterisation of the cartilage/bone interface utilising reflectance spectroscopy2001In: 23rd Annual International Conference IEEE EMBS,2001, IEEE , 2001, Vol. 3, p. 3002-3004Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Optical reflection spectra of the cartilage/bone interface from hip joints of cows were studied. When comparing to ultrasonic measurement, it was found that cartilage thickness could be extracted using optical reflectance spectroscopy. For thicker cartilage layers, a high reflection for the wavelengths 400-600 nm was seen, and for thinner cartilage layers, the characteristic spectra of blood and bone dominated. The optical reflectance spectra may be used to characterise cartilage, and specifically cartilage thickness, in connection with in situ diagnosis or autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI).

1 - 43 of 43
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