This article looks at the implications of emotion recognition, zooming in on the specific case of the care robot Pepper introduced at a hospital in Toronto. Here, emotion recognition comes with the promise of equipping robots with a less tangible, more emotive set of skills – from companionship to encouragement. Through close analysis of a variety of materials related to emotion detection software – iMotions – we look into two aspects of the technology. First, we investigate the how of emotion detection: what does it mean to detect emotions in practice? Second, we reflect on the question of whose emotions are measured, and what the use of care robots can say about the norms and values shaping care practices today. We argue that care robots and emotion detection can be understood as part of a fragmentation of care work: a process in which care is increasingly being understood as a series of discrete tasks rather than as holistic practice. Finally, we draw attention to the multitude of actors whose needs are addressed by Pepper, even while it is being imagined as a care provider for patients.

Background: The needs of gay men after prostate cancer treatment are becoming visible. This patient group reports a more negative impact of treatment than heterosexual men. Yet, gay men’s experiences of post-treatment sexual changes are still little explored. This study aims to determine specific concerns of gay men’s post-treatment sexual practices.

Methods: A qualitative study design was deployed using semi-structured interviews as data. Participants were purposefully sampled through advertisements and the snowball method. Eleven self-identifying gay men aged 58–81 years and treated for prostate cancer participated in interviews during 2016–2017. The interviews were transcribed, coded and thematically analysed.

Results: The analysis highlights sexual changes in relation to the physical body, identity and relations. Problematic physical changes included loss of ejaculate and erectile dysfunction. Some respondents reported continued pleasure from anal stimulation and were uncertain about the role of the prostate. These physical changes prompted reflections on age and (dis)ability. Relationship status also impacted perception of physical changes, with temporary sexual contacts demanding more of the men in terms of erection and ejaculations.

Conclusions: Gay prostate cancer survivors’ narratives about sexual changes circle around similar bodily changes as heterosexual men’s, such as erectile problems and weaker orgasms. The loss of ejaculate was experienced as more debilitating for gay men. Men who had anal sex were concerned about penetration difficulties as well as sensations of anal stimulation. Additional studies are required to better understand the role of the prostate among a diversity of men, regardless of sexuality.

Recent theorisations of practice have suggested that a focus on the role of the body in professional practices, in simulated or naturalistic settings, might enable educators and learners to draw attention to other dimensions of knowledge, which are not easily accessible through cognitive perspectives. Recognising the role of the body in knowledge production in practice goes beyond a focus on the individual practitioner, in the clarification how the performance of a practice is constituted by the relational nature of material arrangements and professional bodies. This chapter re-visits dimensions of simulation from a specific focus of realism and embodiment and discusses the clinical impression of the manikin as multiple bodies being simulated—through doings and sayings bound together with materiality.

Purpose: The information technology (IT) sector has been seen as central to society's transformation to a more just and sustainable society, which underlines teachers’ responsibility to foster engineers who can contribute specifically to such ends. This study aims to report an effort to significantly update an existing engineering programme in IT with this ambition and to analyse the effects and challenges associated with the transformation.

Design/methodology/approach: This study is based on a combination of action-oriented research based on implementing key changes to the curriculum; empirical investigations including surveys and interviews with students and teachers, and analysis of these; and a science and technology studies-inspired analysis.

Findings: Respondents were generally positive towards adding topics relating to sustainability. However, in the unmaking of traditional engineering subjects, changes created a conflict between core versus soft subjects in which the core subjects tended to gain the upper hand. This conflict can be turned into productive discussions by focusing on what kinds of engineers the authors’ educate and how students can be introduced to societal problems as an integrated part of their education.

Practical implications: This study can be helpful for educators in the engineering domain to support them in their efforts to transition from a (narrow) focus on traditional disciplines to one where the bettering of society is at the core.

Originality/value: This study provides a novel approach to the transformation of engineering education through a theoretical analysis seldom used in studies of higher education on a novel case study.

The authors encourage a continuous attentiveness to thinking and caring about the challenges medical students will encounter during sensitive discussions. 

This article is about the feelings – affect – induced by the digital rectal exam of theprostate and the gynaecological bimanual pelvic exam, and the care doctors are orare not instructed to give. The exams are both invasive, intimate exams located ata part of the body often charged with norms and emotions related to gender andsexuality. By using the concept affective subject, we analyse how these examinations aretaught to medical students, bringing attention to how bodies and affect are cared foras patients are observed and touched. Our findings show both the role care practicesplay in generating and handling affect in the students’ learning and the importance ofthe affect that the exam is (or is not) imagined to produce in the patient. Ours is amaterial-discursive analysis that includes the material affordances of the patient anddoctor bodies in the affective work spaces observed.

This research methods case discusses how we use other people’s words—often collected through interviews—when informed by feminist methodology and theory. It presents different approaches to interview material (narrative analysis, discourse analysis, and conversation analysis) and considers how these epistemological approaches create “facts” (often called ontology) from “data.” We end by discussing how our use of interview material created different knowledge through the concept of onto-epistemology. We hope students will be left with an understanding of how one’s own positionality always affects what one sees in material. Using feminist methods and theories (and hoping students see the difficulties in drawing a strong distinction between methods and theories), we problematize a positivist understanding of qualitative research.

Domestic robots are already commonplace in many homes, while humanoid companion robots like Pepper are increasingly becoming part of different kinds of care work. Drawing on fieldwork at a robotics lab, as well as our personal encounters with domestic robots, we use here the metaphor of “hard-to-reach corners” to explore the socio-technical limitations of companion robots and our differing abilities to respond to these limitations. This paper presents “hard-to-reach-corners” as a problematic for design interaction, offering them as an opportunity for thinking about context and intersectional aspects of adaptation.

This chapter illustrate how the social and material arrangements for interprofessional simulation produces different conditions for learning. The first section focuses on the emerging medical knowing, affective knowing and communicative knowing in the socio-material arrangements of three locations involved in the simulation, i.e. the simulation room, the observation room and the reflection room, during the course of events in the scenario. The second section focuses on emerging rhythms of collaboration. Different ways of relating to the manikin as a technical, medical and human body, and the relevance of these findings for simulation pedagogy are described.

What contemporary prostate angst tells us about how we understand masculinity, aging, and sexuality.

We are all suffering an acute case of prostate angst. Men worry about their own prostates and those of others close to them; women worry about the prostates of the men they love. The prostate—a gland located directly under the bladder—lurks on the periphery of many men's health issues, but as an object of anxiety it goes beyond the medical, affecting how we understand masculinity, aging, and sexuality. In A Cultural Biography of the Prostate, Ericka Johnson investigates what we think the prostate is and what we use the prostate to think about, examining it in historical, cultural, social, and medical contexts.

This section of this book explores local examples of a pharmaceutical’s ability to influence the treatment of established medical conditions and redefine health problems as issues with a pharmaceutical solution. The previous chapter explored the influence Viagra had on the medical discourse in Sweden. In this chapter, I am again relying on an analysis of the medical discourse in the Swedish-language medical journal Läkartidningen. From it, I have retrieved research articles and debate pages that appear when the journal’s online archive is searched for the Swedish words associated with lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostate hyperplasia (LUTS/BPH): BPH, prostatahyperplasi and prostatahypertrofi. 1 I have conducted a search for the years between 1990 and 2015, since alpha-blockers started to become a more common treatment method in Europe for LUTS/BPH in the 1990s (EUA 2006, 35) and were registered as a treatment for BPH in Sweden in the early 1990s (Carlsson and Spångberg 1996a, 4549; Hallin 1999, 3520). This time frame mirrors that used for Viagra in the previous chapter.

Sometimes in medicine it is hard to see what you want to examine. Sometimes it is even hard to feel what you want to touch. The female reproductive tract is an example of anatomical structures that can be hard to examine with the bare eyes and even the bare hands. It can be hard to see them, feel them, examine them to determine their shape, their size, if they have growths in or on them, if they are healthy or diseased. A doctor’s fingers and hands can approach them, and other technologies—like ultrasound wands and various scans—can be used to create images of the parts to complement the tactile impressions the doctor collects during a manual examination. But knowing what they are, knowing them, is a complex practice.

What this chapter considers is how the patient body is a knowledge phenomenon emerging within the medical practices used to examine it and through the technologies used to model it. 

Många män upplever en förändring i urineringsmönster då de åldras, och många erfar även ett återkommande behov att urinera, samtidigt som de har svårigheter att tömma blåsan. ”Att kissa som en gammal gubbe”, som en man kallade det. Det är en frustrerande situation både för kropp och själ.

Ett återkommande tema i de intervjuer jag har genomfört för den forskningsstudie som ligger till grund för detta kapitel, är att när prostatan förändras, åldras och kanske blir sjuk innebär detta en ny upplevelse av det offentliga rummet för dessa män. Från att, i de flesta fall, ha levt i en frisk, ung eller medelålders kropp, så har de män jag träffat plötsligt inte längre passat in i den ”normala” kategorin på grund av en problematisk prostata. När denna förändring sker förflyttas kroppen från kategorin ”normal” till kategorin ”icke-normal”. Förvandlingen synliggör samtidigt en infrastruktur av offentliga toaletter som hitintills varit osynlig. Detta kan komma som en chock.

n/a

n/a

This article examines the discourse surrounding impotence, erectile dysfunction and Viagra in the Swedish medical journal Läkartidningen. It draws on articles published from 1990 to 2006, the eight years prior to and after Viagra’s 1998 introduction. Close reading of the articles has shown changes over this time period in how the impotent patient is defined. It has also revealed a transition in the discourse from the term impotence to erectile dysfunction. In these articles the role of the (female) partner in finding a solution to impotence and the social aspects of impotence also change dramatically once Viagra is available. Results from this study are contextualized against similar research that has examined the medical discourse around erectile dysfunction in the international arena.

In this book we have been looking at how pharmaceuticals are localized in a specific context: in Sweden, with its well-developed, Northern/Western  medical system and the welfare policies that provide this medical system at very little point-of-contact cost to the majority of people living there.

In the American media, Russian mail-order brides are often portrayed either as docile victims or as gold diggers in search of money and green cards. Rarely are they allowed to speak for themselves. Until now. In Dreaming of a Mail-Order Husband, six Russian women who are in search of or have already found U.S. husbands via listings on the Internet tell their stories. Ericka Johnson, an American researcher of gender and technology, interviewed these women and others. The women, in their twenties and thirties, describe how they placed listings on the Internet and what they think about their contacts with Western men. They discuss their expectations about marriage in the United States and their reasons for wishing to emigrate. Their differing backgrounds, economic situations, and educational levels belie homogeneous characterizations of Russian mail-order brides.

Each chapter presents one woman’s story and then links it to a discussion of gender roles, the mail-order bride industry, and the severe economic and social constraints of life in Russia. The transitional economy has often left people, after a month’s work, either unpaid or paid unexpectedly with a supply of sunflower oil or toilet paper. Women over twenty-three are considered virtually unmarriageable in Russian society. Russia has a large population of women who are single, divorced, or widowed, who would like to be married yet feel that they have no chance finding a Russian husband. Grim realities such as these motivate women to seek better lives abroad. For many of those seeking a mail-order husband, children or parents play significant roles in the search for better lives, and they play a role in Johnson’s account as well. In addition to her research in the former Soviet Union, Johnson conducted interviews in the United States, and she shares the insights—about dating, marriage, and cross-cultural communication—of a Russian-American married couple who met via the Internet.

Vad har vi egentligen för glädje av guldnanopartiklar? Men förbluffande användningsområden kan öppna sig. Och vilken är artrikedomens betydelse för ekosystemen, vad är det som gör att vi behöver så många, av så många? Sidospår i forskningsfält har lett till överraskande upptäckter och en del har transformerat samhället. Men goda idéer kan också vara överraskande svåra att realisera, ta det här med artificiell spindeltråd till exempel! Vad kan en genusforskare illustrera för oss med hjälp av en livmodersattrapp tillverkad för amerikanska läkarstudenter? Vad rör sig i huvudet på våra yngre, ledande forskare? Om vi ser oss omkring kan vi märka att en stor del av det vi ser i samhället har sitt ursprung i en forskaridé.

This book, by bringing together critical pharmaceutical studies and feminist technoscience studies, explores the way drugs produce sexed and/or gendered identities for those who take – or resist – them, and how feminist technoscience studies can contribute a theoretical lens with which to observe sex and gender in the pharmaceuticalization processes. Topics explored in this diverse collection include the use of hormones to delay puberty onset for trans children; HPV vaccination against cervical cancer in Sweden, the UK, Austria and Colombia; Alzheimer’s discourses; and the medication of prostate issues. Ericka Johnson has brought together an innovative and timely collection that demonstrates gender as relevant in studies of pharmaceuticals, and provides multiple examples of methodological and theoretical tools to consider gender while studying drugs.

Vem har makten över tekniken? Vem känner sig tillhöra tekniken, vem fascineras av den och vem får ingå i dess nätverk och brödraskap?I denna bok står teknik och genus, makt och identitet i fokus. Teknik har länge och självklart tillhört en manlig sfär. Dess innehåll och inriktning har präglats av mäns prioriteringar och sätt att se på världen. Idag söker sig många kvinnor till teknisk utbildning. Kvinnor använder Internet för kontakter och vardagsbehov. Många tekniska "framsteg", från fosterdiagnostik till kärnkraftverk, ifrågasätts ur kvinnoperspektiv. Tekniken är inte längre bara männens domän.Författarna tar oss till tekniska högskolor, ingenjörskontor, knuttegäng och cyberrymden och visar hur manlighet och kvinnlighet skapas i dessa miljöer. De granskar den motsägelsefulla hållning gentemot tekniken som många kvinnor har och som visar sig i feministiska analyser av teknikens makt. Vi får en mångfald analyser, ofta överraskande, som stimulerar till eftertanke och diskussion, både hos dem som arbetar med teknik och hos en intresserad allmänhet.

n/a

This research examines the integration of medical simulators into medical education. Training on a haptic enabled surgery simulator has been observed with an eye to the context of the medical apprenticeship. Videotape of simulations and ethnographic observations at the simulator center are analyzed using the theoretical tools of legitimate peripheral practice and identity construction. In doing so it becomes apparent that simulations are much more than just a forum for the transfer of specific medical skills. Though they may be designed to facilitate discrete aspects of surgical practice, when in use the simulators are surrounded by the rich and varied social interactions that make up the medical apprenticeship. These social aspects contribute to the creation of medical practices out of simulator practices, so that working on the simulator can still be experienced as part of the situated learning otherwise conducted during the internship (clinical clerkship) of medical training.

“An imposter is commonly understood as a person who pretends to be someone else in orderto deceive others” (Vogel et al., 2021: 3). This isthe starting point of Woolgar and colleagues’(2021) recent work on imposters, in which theyexplore how thinking with imposters can be auseful analytic for social theory, i.e. a tool or lensthrough which to observe social-material phenomena. In the book, they trace early sociologicaluse of imposters to articulate (underlying and/orperformative) social orders, and how impostering was initially seen as an example of deviationfrom the normal. In these early uses, examplesof impostering could be interpreted for clues towhich mechanisms held together the social order.However, their reworking of the term imposteringmoves the figure of the imposter to ‘center stage’and uses it to explore indeterminacy, uncertaintyand disorder, the frictions and disruptions thatare actually central to social relations (Vogel et al.,2021: 4). Rather than using it to discover underlying normative mechanisms, this new use of impostering keeps the analytical focus on the messypractices of social relations but also encouragesanalysis of which other actors are collaborating inthe impostering practices, and what purposes theimposter is supposed to serve. 

Die Prostata wird meist mit Krebs in Verbindung gebracht, aber auch bei der männlichen Sexualität spielt sie eine Rolle. Doch wie funktioniert sie überhaupt, welcher Symbolwert wird ihr beigemessen und wie entwickelte sich Diagnostik und Behandlung der Prostata im kultur- und wissenschaftshistorischen Verlauf?

Die Beiträge des Bandes zeigen anschaulich, welche Wirkungen die walnussgroße Drüse für die männliche Gesundheit und Lebensqualität hat und dass sie nach wie vor mit Idealen und Normen von Männlichkeit verbunden ist. Durch die umfassende Betrachtung vom Geschehen in Untersuchungszimmern, Labors und Krankenhauskorridoren, aber auch in Internetforen, Sexshops und öffentlichen Toiletten werden die verschiedenen kulturellen und historischen Bedeutungen der Prostata deutlich.

This book explores the ‘material-discursive entanglement’ of how we both make the world with our words and how the materiality of the world forces us to put words on it. Beginning with the conundrum of how the things that make up our world are both shaped by and shape the ways in which we talk about, engage with and think about them, the author accepts the entanglement and then works backwards, using the metaphor of refraction to help articulate the structures, values and norms that discursively shape our world and our selves in it. Through a series of empirical examples taken from work on medical technologies and the body, Refracting through Technologies shows how researchers and designers can use material things – technologies – to refract discourses and articulate the concerns and voices producing them. Refraction as a metaphor is thus revealed to be an important concept, enabling scholars to apply analytical work to political concerns about the technological world. As such, it will appeal to scholars of sociology, science and technology studies, philosophy and design with interests in technoscience, feminist thought and social theory.

Feminism is more than (and often not even) an interest in women’s issues. For our robotics research, we use feminist theory as an analytical toolbox, filled with terms and insights to make visible and probe questions of power, representation, and expectations about and between humans and robots in the entangled encounters produced by social robots. Some of these questions are related to gender. Feminist theory gives us a vocabulary to talk about the materiality of robots, but also their positioning in our social encounters, real and imaginary… and how they position us, the users, in those encounters. This keynote will present some of the theoretical insights from feminism and intersectionality that we have found useful & generative; discuss how and where we apply them to our studies of social robots; and reflect on our experiences using these concepts to teach engineering students.

This book has discussed the way pharmaceuticals can produce sex/gender and be sexed/gendered in many different contexts. It presents empirical cases, covering pharmaceuticals on both ends of the adult subject and sex/gender in many different contexts. As such, it is an attempt to show the productive benefits of applying feminist technoscience studies’ theoretical tools about material-discursive entanglements and subjectivity to pharmaceutical studies and the political traction this can produce.

Why and how can a gynaecological simulator that has been ‘validated’ in one context, that is, accepted by experts as a functional and realistic model of the body on which to teach gynaecological exams, not be considered functional when it changes contexts and is used in another country? 1 To think through this problem, which grew out of reflections upon the ontological basis of the simulator’s different functionality within the US and Swedish contexts, I examine the use of the terms ‘reality’ and ‘validity’ in medical simulator literature, and then apply Karen Barad’s concepts of agential reality and intra-action to the gynaecological simulator’s development. This provides a new way of thinking about how knowledge can be created in and from a simulator.

When simulators are used to supplement and even replace training on patients, the patient's participation in medical practice is silenced. Can the patient's experience of medical practice be incorporated into simulators designed to teach medicine? And if so, how? My work with a gynaecological simulator has been raising some interesting questions about this.

This study examined the practices of integrating simulators into medical education. Simulators have been observed in use to discern how medical practices are created out of the simulations. Video recordings of the simulations have been analysed, complemented by interviews with instructors and students. To contextualise the simulations, the author also shadowed students on an anaesthesiology course, of which simulator training was an introductory element.

Analysing this material in the theoretical framework of situated learning and communities in practice showed how medical practices and medical participants are reconstituted in simulations. Reconstitution occurs as the instructors speak about the simulations in medical terms and as they use their own bodies and voices to reconstitute the patient body. It repeatedly defmes the simulation as medical practice and relies on the student's previous knowledge and the instructor's presence and intervention. Reconstitution describes what occurs in the simulator centre, but it also contributes to the theoretical discussion oflearning in practice as it further develops Wenger's understanding of participation.

The simulations are not isolated events separate from the medical apprenticeship. They are embedded in the hospital's work, connected to the rest of the training the students take part in, and an opportunity for students to interact with others in their role as doctors-in-training. This indicates that in the simulations the students are involved in learning to be doctors rather than just learning medical skills, which emphasises the importance of the instructing doctor's role in a simulation.

The study also considers the simulators as artefacts in practice. Rather than seeing simulators as predefined representations of medical understandings with distinct boundaries between the artefact and the user, the simulators are considered to be part of a relational practice, intra-action. Considering the relationship between the simulator and the user allows for ambivalent definitions of machine, user, and even agency.

n/a

Simulators that represent human patients are being integrated into medical education. This study examines the use of a haptic-enabled, virtual reality simulator designed to allow training in minimally invasive surgery (MIS) techniques. The paper shows how medical practices and practitioners are constructed during a simulation. By using the theoretical tools that situated learning and communities of practice provide, combined with the concept of reconstituting, I broaden the discussion of medical simulators from a concern with discrete skills and individual knowledge to an examination of how medical knowledge is created around and with computer simulators. The concept of reconstitution is presented as a theoretical term for understanding the interplay between simulators and people in practice. Rather than merely enacting simulator training, reconstituting creates a different context, different actors and different techniques during the simulation. © SSS and SAGE Publications.

An examination of the use of medical simulators shows that they contain traces of the one-sex body model found in pre-Enlightenment anatomies. The simulators present the male body as 'male including female' rather than 'male, not female'. Only when female sex organs are relevant to a practice, as in gynaecology, does a simulator need to become 'female, not male'. The widely held modernist understanding of sex and gender as binary categories is actually masking local practices which allow varied sex and gender paradigms to coexist in simulator use. This analysis applies the discussions of Laqueur, Schiebinger and Faulkner to simulator practice. The consequences of recognizing the presence of the one-sex body are two-fold. Firstly, seeing that the relocation of medical knowledge can still be haunted by conceptual paradigms of the past forces a more nuanced understanding of the variety that localized medical practices contain. Secondly, observing the ease with which the reified knowledge of a one-sex body is embraced by subjects who also exist in a world of binary gender points to the complexity our subjectivities can embrace and forces the researcher to acknowledge the implications of the simulations' context. Copyright © 2005 SAGE Publications.

This chapter discusses the use of alpha-blockers to treat lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostate hyperplasia (LUTS/BPH) as an example of how pharmaceuticals are involved in producing anatomical objects that can be associated with symptoms and diseases. It uses clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of LUTS/BPH and an analytical framework taken from feminist science studies and science and technology studies, drawing on the tradition of thinking about how the gendered body is produced in and by medical technologies. With the concepts actant and intra-action, it articulates the material-discursive constellations that enact the prostate as a target for alpha-blocker therapies by thinking through the intra-actions of patients, bodies and pharmaceuticals. I will first give a brief history of prostate treatments and then read the use of alpha-blockers as described by the guidelines as an example of a pharmaceuticalized prostate.

This chapter suggests that some of the conceptual gifts Donna Haraway has given to social theory are particularly useful for ANT to consider when thinking about (gendered) bodies and technoscience. It discusses: Her concept of a god-trick and reworking of the enlightenment practice of witnessing; Haraway’s particular take on imploding binaries and the figure of the cyborg to trouble the relationship to bodies and technology (and binaries in general); and the material-semiotic, with its apparatus of bodily production. Throughout, allusions are made to affinities between ANT and Haraway’s work. The chapter focuses primarily on early Haraway and early ANT, as this may be where and when the conversations between the two were richest. It claims that Haraway is useful for thinking about (gendered) bodies in part because her work views the material-semiotic in a much wider, cultural arena than ANT, allowing consideration of power structures writ large, and in part because her theoretical imperative problematises both the concepts of gender and bodies in a way which fundamentally challenges early ANT understandings of science and its actants.

"Modern medicine is highly technological, with advanced technologies being used in diagnosis and care to provide knowledge about the patient, define bodily states and structure everyday medical interventions and divisions of labour. Whilst supporting and making medical practices possible, however, their design and use may also conflict with established traditions of medicine and care. What happens to the patient in a technologized medical environment? How are doctors', nurses' and medical scientists' practices changed when artefacts are involved? How is knowledge negotiated, or relations of power reconfigured?" "Technology and Medical Practice addresses these developments and dilemmas, focusing on various practices with technologies within hospitals and sociotechnical systems of care. Technologies are discussed as part of the sociotechnical environment of everyday medical practices, alongside the emotions of trust and distrust, fear, relief and compassion which they involve."

Modern medicine is highly technological, with advanced technologies being used in diagnosis and care to provide knowledge about the patient, define bodily states and structure everyday medical interventions and divisions of labour. Whilst supporting and making medical practices possible, however, their design and use may also conflict with established traditions of medicine and care. What happens to the patient in a technologized medical environment? How are doctors', nurses' and medical scientists' practices changed when artefacts are involved? How is knowledge negotiated, or relations of power reconfigured?" "Technology and Medical Practice addresses these developments and dilemmas, focusing on various practices with technologies within hospitals and sociotechnical systems of care. Technologies are discussed as part of the sociotechnical environment of everyday medical practices, alongside the emotions of trust and distrust, fear, relief and compassion which they involve." --