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  • 1. Adolfsson, Jan
    et al.
    Garmo, Hans
    Varenhorst, Eberhard
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Division of surgery. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Urology in Östergötland.
    Ahlgren, Göran
    Ahlstrand, Christer
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Division of surgery. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Urology in Östergötland.
    Andrén, Ove
    Bill-Axelson, Ann
    Bratt, Ola
    Damber, Jan-Erik
    Hellström, Karinq
    Hellström, Magnus
    Holmberg, Erik
    Holmberg, Lars
    Hugosson, Jonas
    Johansson, Jan-Erik
    Pettersson, Bill
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Division of surgery. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Urology in Östergötland.
    Törnblom, Magnus
    Widmark, Anders
    Stattin, Pär
    Clinical characteristics and primary treatment of prostate cancer in Sweden between 1996 and 20052007In: Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology, ISSN 0036-5599, E-ISSN 1651-2065, Vol. 41, no 6, p. 456-477Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Objective. The incidence of prostate cancer is rising rapidly in Sweden and there is a need to better understand the pattern of diagnosis, tumor characteristics and treatment. Material and methods. Between 1996 and 2005, all new cases of adenocarcinoma of the prostate gland were intended to be registered in the National Prostate Cancer Register (NPCR). This register contains information on diagnosing unit, date of diagnosis, cause of diagnosis, tumor grade, tumor stage according to the TNM classification in force, serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels at diagnosis and primary treatment given within the first 6 months after diagnosis. Results. In total, 72 028 patients were registered, comprising >97% of all pertinent incident cases of prostate cancer in the Swedish Cancer Register (SCR). During the study period there was a considerable decrease in median age at the time of diagnosis, a stage migration towards smaller tumors, a decrease in median serum PSA values at diagnosis, a decrease in the age-standardized incidence rate of men diagnosed with distant metastases or with a PSA level of >100 ng/ml at diagnosis and an increase in the proportion of tumors with Gleason score ≤6. Relatively large geographical differences in the median age at diagnosis and the age-standardized incidence of cases with category T1c tumors were observed. Treatment with curative intent increased dramatically and treatment patterns varied according to geographical region. In men with localized tumors and a PSA level of <20 ng/ml at diagnosis, expectant treatment was more commonly used in those aged ≥75 years than in those aged <75 years. Also, the pattern of endocrine treatment varied in different parts of Sweden. Conclusions. All changes in the register seen over time are consistent with increased diagnostic activity, especially PSA testing, resulting in an increased number of cases with early disease, predominantly tumors in category T1c. The patterns of diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer vary considerably in different parts of Sweden. The NPCR continues to be an important source for research, epidemiological surveillance of the incidence, diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer. © 2007 Taylor & Francis.

  • 2.
    Adolfsson, Per
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Care, Pharmacology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Ahlstrand, Christer
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Urology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Varenhorst, Eberhard
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Urology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Svensson, Samuel
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Pharmacology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Lysophosphatidic acid stimulates proliferation of cultured smooth muscle cells from human BPH tissue: Sildenafil and papaverin generate inhibition2002In: The Prostate, ISSN 0270-4137, E-ISSN 1097-0045, Vol. 51, no 1, p. 50-58Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background The endogenous substance lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) has been found to generate proliferation of cultured smooth muscle cells (SMC). Therefore, the effect of LPA on human benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) could be of interest.

    Methods The proliferative effect of LPA on cultured human prostatic SMC from specimens obtained at trans-urethral resection of the prostate (TURP) because of BPH, was analyzed by [3H]-thymidine and [35S]-methionine incorporation. In addition, LPA stimulated BPH SMC were treated with papaverin, forskolin, sildenafil or zaprinast, well known to increase the intracellular level of cAMP or cGMP.

    Results LPA produced a dose-dependent increase in BPH SMC, both regarding DNA- and protein-synthesis with EC50 values of 3 and 10 μM, respectively. Furthermore, both papaverin, a general phosphodiesterase inhibitor regarding cAMP hydrolyzes, and forskolin, an adenylyl cyclase stimulating agent, inhibited the LPA-stimulated DNA replication in a dose dependent manner with IC50  = 2.5, and 0.35 μM, respectively. cGMP increasing agents, such as the NO-donors SIN-1 and SNAP, produced a weak anti-proliferative response. However, both phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors sildenafil (Viagra®) and zaprinast efficiently blocked DNA replication. In addition, when the protein synthesis was examined, we found that the LPA response was significantly inhibited by forskolin and papaverin.

    Conclusions The major conclusion of this investigation is that the endogenous serum component LPA, is able to promote human BPH SMC growth. In addition, our study indicates that cyclic nucleotides can inhibit this effect. Future clinical studies will be needed to determine if different specific phosphodiesterase inhibitors per se or in combination could represent a new therapeutic possibility for the treatment of BPH.

  • 3.
    Adolfsson, Per I.
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Care, Pharmacology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Ahlstrand, Christer
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Urology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Varenhorst, Eberhard
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Urology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Hultgren, Sitti
    Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Care, Pharmacology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Svensson, Samuel P. S.
    Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Care, Pharmacology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Characterization of EDG receptor expression and proliferative response in cultured human BPH smooth muscle cellsManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The endogenous phospholipids, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) are both known to generate a Vvide variety of effects in various cell systems by the endothelial differentiation gene (Edg) receptor family, including 7 different G-protein coupled Edg receptors.

    In this study, expression of LPA- and SlP Edg receptors was examined, and so was the effect with respect to proliferation on cultured BPH smooth muscle cells smc. Mmeover, theresponse on cAMP levels was examined. Finally, a potential link between activation of the MAP kinase cascade and the LPA stimulated proliferation was investigated.

    First, the RT-PCR analysis of the Edg receptors in BPH smc, demonstrated a heterogeneous expression including all receptors except the Edg6 subtype. Further, in contrast to LPA, the mitogen effect of SIP, demonstrated a concentration-dependent biphasic response, including stimulation below 1μM, whereas inhibition was obtained at higher concentrations. Forskolin induced a rapid and transient cAMP response in LPA stimulated cells, with a peak-value after 3 minutes. After 15 minutes the cAMP level had retmned to base-line level. However a gradual increase to 15% of maximum value was obtained after additional 30 minutes, and thereafter a gradual reduction was observed. The mentioned antiproliferative response generated by SIP could not be conelated to an intracellular cAMP increase. Finally, when the LPA treated smc was co-incubated with the MAPK kinase inhibitor PD98059 (10 μM) the mitogen response was eliminated.

    The cAIVIP increase, which was induced by forskolin, corresponds with mentioned antiproliferative effect whereas a similar con-elation was not obtained regarding SIP. The intracellular signal mechanisms triggered by LPA and S1P in BPH smc remain to be further investigated.

  • 4.
    Andersson, Patiyan
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Cell Biology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Varenhorst, Eberhard
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Urology . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Söderkvist, Peter
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Cell Biology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Association studies on INS and IRS1polymorphisms: IRS1 G972R is associated with increased prostate cancer risk2008In: Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases, ISSN 1365-7852, E-ISSN 1476-5608Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We study the G972R polymorphism in the Insulin receptor substrate 1 gene (IRS1) and the +1127 PstI polymorphism of the Insulin gene (INS), in 120 and 151, respectively, incidentally discovered, histologically verified prostate cancers, and in 185 healthy control subjects. The number of IRS1 R allele was found to be significantly associated with increased risk of prostate cancer. Analysis of the INS +1127 PstI polymorphism shows no significant differences between cases and controls. We conclude that subjects carrying one or two R-alleles at the IRS1 G972R polymorphic site are at an elevated risk of developing prostate cancer.

  • 5.
    Andersson, Patiyan
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Cellbiology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Varenhorst, Eberhard
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Urology . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Söderkvist, Peter
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Cellbiology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Androgen receptor and vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and prostate cancer risk2006In: European Journal of Cancer, ISSN 0959-8049, E-ISSN 1879-0852, Vol. 42, no 16, p. 2833-2837Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We study the CAG repeat region in exon 1 of the androgen receptor (AR) and the TaqI polymorphism in exon 9 of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and the association with prostate cancer. 137 incidentally discovered, histologically verified prostate cancers were analysed for CAG repeat length in AR and genotype at the TaqI site of the VDR. 124 control subjects were analysed to determine the CAG repeat length and TaqI genotype determined for 176 control subjects. An unpaired t-test shows that the mean CAG repeat length was significantly (p < 0.001) shorter among cases (20.1 repeats) compared with controls (22.5 repeats). Dividing the prostate cohort and controls into tertiles (19, 20–22, 23 repeats) shows that short repeats are significantly more common among cases (odds ratio (OR) 4.45, p = 0.00003). Genotype frequencies for the TaqI polymorphism reveals no significant differences between cases and controls. We conclude that men with a short CAG repeat in the androgen receptor gene have an increased risk of developing prostate cancer.

  • 6.
    Aus, Gunnar
    et al.
    Department of Urology, Sahlgrens University Hospital, 413 45, Göteborg, Sweden.
    Nordenskjöld, Kerstin
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Robinson, David
    Department of Surgery, Höglandssjukhuset, Eksjö, Sweden.
    Rosell, Johan
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Oncology . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Oncology UHL.
    Varenhorst, Eberhard
    Department of Urology and Surgery, Vrinnevisjukhuset, Norrköping, Sweden.
    Prognostic Factors and Survival in Node-Positive (N1) Prostate Cancer: A Prospective Study Based on Data from a Swedish Population-Based Cohort2003In: European Urology, ISSN 0302-2838, E-ISSN 1873-7560, Vol. 43, no 6, p. 627-631Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Objective: At presentation of prostate cancer, patients with proven lymph node metastasis (N1) are comparatively rare. It is difficult to give prognostic information based on the present literature. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of known risk factors in patients with pelvic node involvement and without distant metastasis.

    Methods: From the population-based, prospective prostate cancer tumour registry of the South–East Region in Sweden, we collected data on all 181 patients with N1, M0 prostate cancer diagnosed from January 1987 to October 2000 with a follow-up to December 2001. Mean follow-up was 62 months. Pre-operative risk factors as age, T-category, serum PSA, tumour grade and also primary treatment given was correlated to the outcome.

    Results: Median age at diagnosis was 65 years. Cancer-specific survival was highly variable with 5-year survival of 72%, a median of 8 years and the projected 13-year figure was 31%. T-category, age, PSA or treatment did not affect the outcome while poorly differentiated tumours had a tendency towards lower cancer-specific survival (p=0.0523) when compared to well and moderately differentiated tumours.

    Conclusions: This population-based cohort of prostate cancer patients with pelvic node involvement treated principally with non-curative intent had a median cancer-specific survival of 8 years. Preoperatively known risk factors seem to have but a modest impact on the prognosis for patients in this stage of the disease.

  • 7.
    Aus, Gunnar
    et al.
    Department of Urology, Sahlgrens University Hospital, Go¨ teborg, Sweden.
    Robinson, David
    Section of Urology, Ryhov County Hospital, Jönköping, Sweden.
    Rosell, Johan
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Oncology . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Sandblom, Gabriel
    Department of Surgery, Akademiska Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Varenhorst, Eberhard
    Department of Surgery and Urology, Vrinnevi Hospital, Norrköping, Sweden..
    Survival in prostate carcinoma - Outcomes from a prospective, population-based cohort of 8887 men with up to 15 years of follow-up: Results from three counties in the population-based National Prostate Cancer Registry of Sweden2005In: Cancer, ISSN 0008-543X, E-ISSN 1097-0142, Vol. 103, no 5, p. 943- 951Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    BACKGROUND To decide on screening strategies and curative treatments for prostate carcinoma, it is necessary to determine the incidence and survival in a population that is not screened.

    METHODS The 15-year projected survival data were analyzed from a prospective, complete, population-based registry of 8887 patients with newly diagnosed prostate carcinoma from 1987 to 1999.

    RESULTS The median patient age at diagnosis was 75 years (range, 40-96 years), and 12% of patients were diagnosed before the age 65 years. The median follow-up was 80 months for patients who remained alive. In total, 5873 of 8887 patients (66.1%) had died, and 2595 of those patients (44.2%) died directly due to prostate carcinoma. The overall median age at death was 80 years (range, 41-100 years). The projected 15-year disease-specific survival rate was 44% for the whole population. In total, 18% of patients had metastases at diagnosis (M1), and their median survival was 2.5 years. Patients with nonmetastatic T1-T3 prostate carcinoma (age < 75 years at diagnosis; n = 2098 patients) had a 15-year projected disease-specific survival rate of 66%. Patients who underwent radical prostatectomy had a significantly lower risk of dying from prostate carcinoma (relative risk, 0.40) compared with patients who were treated with noncurative therapies or radiotherapy.

    CONCLUSIONS The disease-specific mortality was comparatively high, but it took 15 years to reach a disease-specific mortality rate of 56%. These data form a truly population-based baseline on how prostate carcinoma will affect a population when screening is not applied and can be used for comparison with other health care strategies. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.

  • 8.
    Davidsson, S.
    et al.
    Örebro University Hospital.
    Fiorentino, M.
    Örebro University Hospital.
    Andren, O.
    Örebro University Hospital.
    Fang, F.
    Örebro University Hospital.
    A. Mucci, L.
    Örebro University Hospital.
    Varenhorst, Eberhard
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Urology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre for Surgery, Orthopaedics and Cancer Treatment, Department of Urology in Östergötland.
    Fall, K.
    Örebro University Hospital.
    Stark, J.R.
    Örebro University Hospital.
    Focal Prostate Atrophic Lesions and Risk of Lethal Prostate Cancer in LABORATORY INVESTIGATION, vol 91, issue , pp 187A-187A2011In: LABORATORY INVESTIGATION, Nature Publishing Group , 2011, Vol. 91, p. 187A-187AConference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    n/a

  • 9.
    Davidsson, Sabina
    et al.
    Örebro University Hospital.
    Fiorentino, Michelangelo
    University of Bologna.
    Andren, Ove
    Örebro University Hospital.
    Fang, Fang
    Harvard University.
    Mucci, Lorelei A
    Harvard University.
    Varenhorst, Eberhard
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Urology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre for Surgery, Orthopaedics and Cancer Treatment, Department of Urology in Östergötland.
    Fall, Katja
    Harvard University.
    Rider, Jennifer R
    Örebro University Hospital.
    Inflammation, Focal Atrophic Lesions, and Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia with Respect to Risk of Lethal Prostate Cancer2011In: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention, ISSN 1055-9965, E-ISSN 1538-7755, Vol. 20, no 10, p. 2280-2287Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: A challenge in prostate cancer (PCa) management is identifying potentially lethal disease at diagnosis. Inflammation, focal prostatic atrophy, and prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) are common in prostate tumor specimens, but it is not clear whether these lesions have prognostic significance. less thanbrgreater than less thanbrgreater thanMethods: We conducted a case-control study nested in a cohort of men diagnosed with stage T1a-b PCa through transurethral resection of the prostate in Sweden. Cases are men who died of PCa (n = 228). Controls are men who survived more than 10 years after PCa diagnosis without metastases (n = 387). Slides were assessed for Gleason grade, inflammation, PIN, and four subtypes of focal prostatic atrophy: simple atrophy (SA), postatrophic hyperplasia (PAH), simple atrophy with cyst formation, and partial atrophy. We estimated OR and 95% CI for odds of lethal PCa with multivariable logistic regression. less thanbrgreater than less thanbrgreater thanResults: Chronic inflammation and PIN were more frequently observed in tumors with PAH, but not SA. No specific type of atrophy or inflammation was significantly associated with lethal PCa overall, but there was a suggestion of a positive association for chronic inflammation. Independent of age, Gleason score, year of diagnosis, inflammation, and atrophy type, men with PIN were 89% more likely to die of PCa (95% CI: 1.04-3.42). less thanbrgreater than less thanbrgreater thanConclusion: Our data show that PIN, and perhaps presence of moderate or severe chronic inflammation, may have prognostic significance for PCa. less thanbrgreater than less thanbrgreater thanImpact: Lesions in tumor adjacent tissue, and not just the tumor itself, may aid in identification of clinically relevant disease.

  • 10.
    Ebbinge, Maria
    et al.
    Karolinska Inst, Sweden; Karolinska Univ Hosp, Sweden.
    Berglund, Anders
    EpiStat, Sweden.
    Varenhorst, Eberhard
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Center for Surgery, Orthopaedics and Cancer Treatment, Department of Urology in Östergötland.
    Hedlund, Per Olov
    Karolinska Inst, Sweden.
    Sandblom, Gabriel
    Soder Sjukhuset, Sweden.
    Clinical and prognostic significance of changes in haemoglobin concentration during 1 year of androgen-deprivation therapy for hormone-naive bone-metastatic prostate cancer2018In: BJU International, ISSN 1464-4096, E-ISSN 1464-410X, Vol. 122, no 4, p. 583-591Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Objective To estimate the strength of change in haemoglobin (Hb) concentrations during 1 year of androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) as a predictor of survival in hormone-naive patients with bone-metastatic (Stage M1b) prostate cancer. Patients and Methods The patients included in this study were taken from the randomised trial (number 5) carried out by the Scandinavian Prostate Cancer Group (SPCG), comparing parenteral oestrogen with total androgen blockade (TAB) in hormone-naive M1b prostate cancer. We identified 597 men where Hb measurements were made at enrolment, as well as at 3, 6 and 12 months of ADT. The time-dependent impact of Hb concentration changes on overall survival (OS) was analysed using multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis. The 10-year OS according to increase/decrease in Hb concentration for the three treatment periods was demonstrated using Kaplan-Meier curves. Results Multivariate analysis of changes in Hb concentration between baseline and 3 months showed better survival in patients with a decrease in Hb concentration (hazard ratio [HR] 1.42, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.11-1.80) compared to those with an increase, whilst there was no difference in survival associated with a change in Hb concentration between 3 and 6 months (HR 0.93, 95% CI 0.76-1.12). Contrary to the first 3 months, poorer survival was seen in patients with a decrease in Hb concentration between 6 and 12 months (HR 0.76, 95% CI 0.62-0.92) compared to those with an increase. Conclusions In a large cohort of Scandinavian men with hormone-nave M1b prostate cancer, an increase in Hb concentration between baseline and 3 months of ADT was associated with significantly poorer survival, whereas an increase between 6 and 12 months was associated with better survival. These findings provide new information about patterns of change in Hb concentrations during 12 months of ADT for M1b prostate cancer, and survival. Clinicians should be aware of the prognostic value of Hb concentration changes during ADT in M1b prostate cancer.

  • 11. Fall, Katja
    et al.
    Strömberg, Fredrik
    Rosell, Johan
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Oncology UHL.
    Varenhorst, Eberhard
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Urology . Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Urology in Östergötland.
    Reliability of death certificates in prostate cancer patients2008In: Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology, ISSN 0036-5599, E-ISSN 1651-2065, Vol. 42, no 4, p. 352-357Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Objective. To evaluate the reliability of cause-of-death diagnoses among prostate cancer patients. Material and methods. Information from death certificates obtained from the Swedish Death Register was compared with systematically reviewed medical records from the population-based Swedish Regional Prostate Cancer Register, South-East Region. In total, 5675 patients were included who had been diagnosed with prostate cancer between 1987 and 1999 and who had died before 1 January 2003. Results. The proportion of prostate cancer cases classified as having died from prostate cancer was 3% higher in the official death certificates than in the reviewed records [0.03, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.02 to 0.04]. Overall agreement between the official cause of death and the reviewed data was 86% (95% CI 85 to 87%). A higher accuracy was observed among men with localized disease (88%, 95% CI 87 to 89%), aged 60 years or younger at death (96%, 95% CI 93 to 100%), or who had undergone curative treatment (91%, 95% CI 88 to 95%). This study indicates a relatively high reliability of official cause-of-death statistics of prostate cancer patients in Sweden. Conclusion. Mortality data obtained from death certificates may be useful in the evaluation of large-scale prostate cancer intervention programmes, especially among younger patients with localized disease. © 2008 Informa UK Ltd. (Informa Healthcare, Taylor & Francis AS).

  • 12.
    Fransson, Sven-Göran
    et al.
    Östergötlands Läns Landsting.
    Varenhorst, Ebenhard
    Östergötlands Läns Landsting.
    Tveksamt värde av renal angiografi vid makroskopisk hematuri utan urografifynd1984In: Läkartidningen, ISSN 0023-7205, E-ISSN 1652-7518, Vol. 81, p. 1720-1721Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 13. Hedlund, P. O.
    et al.
    Damber, J. E.
    Hagerman, I.
    Haukaas, S
    Henriksson, P.
    Iversen, P.
    Johansson, R.
    Klarskov, P
    Lundbeck, F.
    Rasmussen, F.
    Varenhorst, Eberhard
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Urology . Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Urology in Östergötland.
    Viitanen, J.
    Parenteral estrogen versus combined androgen deprivation in the treatment of metastatic prostatic cancer: Part 2. Final evaluation of the Scandinavian Prostatic Cancer Group (SPCG) Study No. 52008In: Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology, ISSN 0036-5599, E-ISSN 1651-2065, Vol. 42, no 3, p. 220-229Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Objective. To compare parenteral estrogen therapy in the form of high-dose polyestradiol phosphate (PEP, Estradurin®) with combined androgen deprivation (CAD) in the treatment of prostate cancer patients with skeletal metastases. The aim of the study was to compare anticancer efficacy and adverse events, especially cardiovascular events. Material and methods. In total, 910 eligible patients with T0-4, NX, M1, G1-3 prostate cancer with an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0-2 were randomized to treatment with either PEP 240mg i.m. twice a month for 2months and thereafter monthly, or flutamide (Eulexin®) 250mg t.i.d. per os in combination with either triptorelin (Decapeptyl®) 3.75mg i.m. per month or on an optional basis bilateral orchidectomy. Results. At this final evaluation of the trial 855 of the 910 patients were dead. There was no difference between the treatment groups in terms of biochemical or clinical progression-free survival or in overall or disease-specific survival. There was no difference in cardiovascular mortality, but a significant increase in non-fatal cardiovascular events in the PEP arm (p<0.05) predominantly caused by an increase in ischemic heart and heart decompensation events. There were 18 grave skeletal events in the CAD group but none in the PEP group (p=0.001). Conclusions. PEP has an anticancer efficacy equal to CAD and does not increase cardiovascular mortality in metastasized patients, but carries a significant risk of non-fatal cardiovascular events, which should be balanced against the skeletal complications in the CAD group. It is feasible to use Estradurin in the primary or secondary endocrine treatment of metastasized patients without prominent cardiac risk factors and especially those with osteoporosis. © 2008 Taylor & Francis.

  • 14.
    Hedlund, Pe rOlov
    et al.
    Karolinska University Hospital Solna.
    Johansson, Robert
    Umeå University Hospital.
    Damber, Jan Erik
    Sahlgrens University Hospital.
    Hagerman, Inger
    Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge.
    Henriksson, Peter
    Danderyd Hospital.
    Iversen, Peter
    Rigshosp, Copenhagen.
    Klarskov, Peter
    Herlev University Hospital.
    Mogensen, Peter
    Frederiksberg University Hospital.
    Rasmussen, Finn
    Herlev University Hospital.
    Varenhorst, Eberhard
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Urology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre for Surgery, Orthopaedics and Cancer Treatment, Department of Urology in Östergötland.
    Significance of pretreatment cardiovascular morbidity as a risk factor during treatment with parenteral oestrogen or combined androgen deprivation of 915 patients with metastasized prostate cancer: Evaluation of cardiovascular events in a randomized trial2011In: Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology, ISSN 0036-5599, E-ISSN 1651-2065, Vol. 45, no 5, p. 346-353Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Objective. This study aimed to evaluate prognostic risk factors for cardiovascular events during treatment of metastatic prostate cancer patients with high-dose parenteral polyoestradiol phosphate (PEP, Estradurin (R)) or combined androgen deprivation (CAD) with special emphasis on pretreatment cardiovascular disease. Material and methods. Nine-hundred and fifteen patients with T0-4, Nx, M1, G1-3, hormone- naive prostate cancer were randomized to treatment with PEP 240 mg i.m. twice a month for 2 months and thereafter monthly, or to flutamide (Eulexin (R)) 250 mg per os three times daily in combination with either triptorelin (Decapeptyl (R)) 3.75 mg i.m. per month or on an optional basis with bilateral orchidectomy. Pretreatment cardiovascular morbidity was recorded and cardiovascular events during treatment were assessed by an experienced cardiologist. A multivariate analysis was done using logistic regression. Results. There was a significant increase in cardiovascular events during treatment with PEP in patients with previous ischaemic heart disease (p = 0.008), ischaemic cerebral disease (p = 0.002), intermittent claudication (p = 0.031) and especially when the whole group of patients with pretreatment cardiovascular diseases was analysed together (p andlt; 0.001). In this group 33% of the patients had a cardiovascular event during PEP treatment. In the multivariate analysis PEP stood out as the most important risk factor for cardiac complications (p = 0.029). Even in the CAD group there was a significant increase in cardiovascular events in the group with all previous cardiovascular diseases taken together (p = 0.036). Conclusions. Patients with previous cardiovascular disease are at considerable risk of cardiovascular events during treatment with high-dose PEP and even during CAD therapy. Patients without pretreatment cardiovascular morbidity have a moderate cardiovascular risk during PEP treatment and could be considered for this treatment if the advantages of this therapy, e. g. avoidance of osteopenia and hot flushes and the low price, are given priority.

  • 15. Hedlund, Per Olov
    et al.
    Ala-Opas, Martti
    Brekkan, Einar
    Damber, Jan Erik
    Damber, Lena
    Hagerman, Inger
    Haukaas, Svein
    Henriksson, Peter
    Iversen, Peter
    Pousette, Åke
    Rasmussen, Finn
    Salo, Jaakko
    Vaage, Sigmund
    Varenhorst, Eberhard
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Urology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Urology in Östergötland.
    Parenteral estrogen versus combined androgen deprivation in the treatment of metastatic prostatic cancer2002In: Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology, ISSN 0036-5599, E-ISSN 1651-2065, Vol. 36, p. 405-413Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 16. Helgesen, F
    et al.
    Andersson, S-O
    Gustavsson, O
    Varenhorst, Eberhard
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Urology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Urology in Östergötland.
    Gobén, B
    Carnock, S
    Carlsson, Per
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of health and environment.
    Holmberg, L
    Johansson, J-E
    Follow-up prostate cancer patients by on-demand contacts with a specialist nurse.2000In: Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology, ISSN 0036-5599, E-ISSN 1651-2065, Vol. 34, p. 55-61Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 17.
    Holmberg, Håkan
    et al.
    Filosofiska fakulteten, IHM Linköpings Universitet.
    Carlsson, Per
    Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Linköping University, Department of health and environment.
    Kalman, Disa
    Varenhorst, Eberhard
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Division of surgery. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Urology in Östergötland.
    Impact on health service cost of medical technologies used in management of prostatic cancer1998In: Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology, ISSN 0036-5599, E-ISSN 1651-2065, Vol. 32, no 3, p. 195-199Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 18.
    Holmberg, Håkan
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Department of Health and Society, Center for Medical Technology Assessment. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Carlsson, Per
    Linköping University, Department of Department of Health and Society, Center for Medical Technology Assessment. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Löfman, Owe
    Linköping University, Department of Department of Health and Society. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Varenhorst, Eberhard
    Department of Surgery and Urology, County Hospital, Norrköping, Sweden.
    Economic evaluation of screening for prostate cancer: a randomized populaionbased programme during a 10 year period in Sweden1998In: Health Policy, ISSN 0168-8510, E-ISSN 1872-6054, Vol. 45, no 2, p. 133-147Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Prostate cancer is a growing health problem representing considerable costs. Screening and early curative treatment may reduce morbidity and possibly prevent future escalating costs. However, population screening programmes are generally not well accepted at present due to uncerainty about whether screening for prostate cancer can result in reduced mortality. Evidence from large, randomized, controlled trials is still lacking. The objective of this study was to calculate clinical and economic consequences of general prostate cancer screening based on a limited screening trial in a Swedish community and a decision-tree model. A random selection of 1492 men (50–69 years) were invited to repeated screening in 1987. They have been examined every third year (four rounds). The other 7679 men in the population act as controls. The results show that the total incremental health care costs for prostate cacer will increase by 179 million SEK per year with screening compared to no-screening. The number of detected cases of localized cancer will increase by about 1000, which represents an additional cost of about 158 000 SEK per case. In conclusion, general screening for prostate cancer can be performed with a reasonable cost per detected localized cancer. Information on the long-term effect on life quality and cancer mortality is unknown.

  • 19.
    Kalman, D
    et al.
    Kir klin ViN.
    Varenhorst, Eberhard
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Urology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Urology in Östergötland.
    The role of arterial embolization in renal cell carcinoma.1999In: Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology, ISSN 0036-5599, E-ISSN 1651-2065, Vol. 33, p. 162-170Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 20.
    Klaff, Rami
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Center for Surgery, Orthopaedics and Cancer Treatment, Department of Urology in Östergötland.
    Berglund, Anders
    Eksatravagen 72, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Varenhorst, Eberhard
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Urology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Center for Surgery, Orthopaedics and Cancer Treatment, Department of Urology in Östergötland.
    Olov Hedlund, Per
    Karolinska Institute Solna, Sweden.
    Nler, Morten J.
    Aalborg University Hospital, Denmark.
    Sandblom, Gabriel
    Karolinska Hospital Huddinge, Sweden.
    Clinical characteristics and quality-of-life in patients surviving a decade of prostate cancer with bone metastases2016In: BJU International, ISSN 1464-4096, E-ISSN 1464-410X, Vol. 117, no 6, p. 904-913Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Objective To describe characteristics and quality-of-life (QoL), and to define factors associated with long-term survival in a subgroup of patients with prostate cancer with M1b disease. Patients and Methods The study was based on 915 patients from a prospective randomised multicentre trial (No. 5) by the Scandinavian Prostate Cancer Group, comparing parenteral oestrogen with total androgen blockade. Long-term survival was defined as patients having an overall survival of &gt;= 10 years, and logistic regression models were constructed to identity clinical predictors of survival. QoL during follow-up was assessed using the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality-of-Life Questionnaire - C30 version 1 (EORTC-C30) ratings. Results In all, 40 (4.4%) of the 915 men survived for &gt;10 years. Factors significantly associated with increased likelihood of surviving for &gt;10 years in the univariate analyses were: absence of cancer-related pain; Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status of &lt;2; negligible analgesic consumption; T-category of 1-2; prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level of &lt;231 mu g/L; and a Soloway score of 1. In the multivariate analyses, ECOG performance status of &lt;2, PSA level of &lt;231 mu g/L, and Soloway score of 1, were all independent predictors of long-term survival. All subscales of the EORTC-C30 were higher in this group than for patients with short survival, but slowly declined over the decade. Conclusion A subgroup of patients with prostate cancer with M1b disease and certain characteristics showed a positive long-term response to androgen-deprivation therapy with an acceptable QoL over a decade or more. Independent predictors of long-term survival were identified as ECOG performance status of &lt;2, limited extent of bone metastases (Soloway score of 1), and a PSA level of &lt;231 mu g/L at the time of enrolment.

  • 21.
    Klaff, Rami
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. Region Östergötland, Center for Surgery, Orthopaedics and Cancer Treatment, Department of Urology in Östergötland. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    Rosell, Johan
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Clinical Sciences. Region Östergötland, Center for Health and Developmental Care, Regional Cancer Center South East Sweden. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    Varenhorst, Eberhard
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Urology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Center for Surgery, Orthopaedics and Cancer Treatment, Department of Urology in Östergötland.
    Sandblom, Gabriel
    Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden.
    The Long-term Disease-specific Mortality of Low-risk Localized Prostate Cancer: A Prospective Population-based Register Study Over Two Decades2016In: Urology, ISSN 0090-4295, E-ISSN 1527-9995, Vol. 91, p. 77-82Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    OBJECTIVE To identify prognostic factors, and to estimate the long-term disease-specific and annual disease-specific mortality rates of low-risk prostate cancer patients from the early prostate-specific antigen (PSA) era. PATIENTS AND METHODS We studied data extracted from the Southeast Region Prostate Cancer Register in Sweden, on 1300 patients with clinically localized low-risk tumors, T1-2, PSA level amp;lt;= 10 mu g/L and Gleason scores 2-6 or World Health Organization Grade 1, diagnosed 1992-2003. The Cox multivariate regression model was used to evaluate factors predicting survival. Prostate cancer death rates per 1000 person-years were estimated for 4 consecutive follow-up time periods: 0-5, 5-10, 10-15, and 15+ years after diagnosis. RESULTS During the follow-up of overall survivors (mean 10.6 years; maximum 21.8 years), 93 patients (7%) died of prostate cancer. Cancer-specific survival was 0.98 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.97-0.99), 0.95 (95% CI 0.93-0.96), 0.89 (95% CI 0.86-0.91), and 0.84 (95% CI 0.80-0.88), 5, 10, 15, and 20 years after diagnosis. The 5-year increases in cancer-specific mortality were statistically significant (P amp;lt;. 001). Patients with PSA amp;gt;= 4 mu g/L managed initially with watchful waiting and those aged 70 years or older had a significantly higher risk of dying from their prostate cancer. CONCLUSION The long-term disease-specific mortality of low-risk localized prostate cancer is low, but the annual mortality rate from prostate cancer gradually increases. This indicates that some tumors slowly develop into lethal cancer, particularly in patients 70 years or older with a PSA level amp;gt;= 4 mu g/L. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc.

  • 22.
    Klaff, Rami
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Center for Surgery, Orthopaedics and Cancer Treatment, Department of Urology in Östergötland.
    Varenhorst, Eberhard
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Urology. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Center for Surgery, Orthopaedics and Cancer Treatment, Department of Urology in Östergötland.
    Berglund, Anders
    EpiStat, Sweden.
    Olov Hedlund, Per
    Karolinska Institute, Sweden.
    Sjöberg, Folke
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Clinical Sciences. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Department of Hand and Plastic Surgery.
    Sandblom, Gabriel
    Karolinska Institute, Sweden.
    Clinical presentation and predictors of survival related to extent of bone metastasis in 900 prostate cancer patients2016In: Scandinavian journal of urology, ISSN 2168-1805, E-ISSN 2168-1813, Vol. 50, no 5, p. 352-359Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of bone metastasis on survival and quality of life (QoL) in men with hormone-naive prostate cancer. Materials and methods: The study included 900 patients from a randomized trial (No. 5) by the Scandinavian Prostate Cancer Group, comparing parenteral oestrogen with total androgen blockade. Extent of bone metastasis was categorized according to a modified Soloway score: score 1, n=319; score 2, n = 483; and score 3, n = 98 patients. The primary outcome measurements were mean differences in QoL and overall survival. Results: QoL rating scales showed a decrease with increasing extent of bone metastasis (p amp;lt; 0.001). The mean global health status decreased from 64.4 to 50.5 for Soloway score 1 and 3, respectively. Following adjustment for performance status, analgesic consumption, grade of malignancy, alkaline phosphatase, prostate-specific antigen, haemoglobin and global health status, Soloway score 2 and 3 had a 47% [hazard ratio (HR) 1.47, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.21-1.80] and 78% (HR 1.78 95%, CI 1.32-2.42) increased mortality, respectively, compared to Soloway score 1. Independent predictive factors of mortality were assessed. Conclusions: Patient grouping based on three categories of extent of bone metastasis related to performance status, haemoglobin and global health status at presentation, as independent predictors of mortality, may provide improved accuracy of prognosis.

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  • 23.
    Köhler, C
    et al.
    Urol Vin.
    Varenhorst, Eberhard
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Urology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Urology in Östergötland.
    Mikroskopisk hematuri hos vuxna - ett diagnostiskt dilemma.1999In: Läkartidningen, ISSN 0023-7205, E-ISSN 1652-7518, Vol. 96, p. 4911-4916Article in journal (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 24.
    Ladjevardi, Sam
    et al.
    University of Uppsala Hospital, Sweden .
    Berglund, Anders
    University of Uppsala Hospital, Sweden .
    Varenhorst, Eberhard
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Urology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre for Surgery, Orthopaedics and Cancer Treatment, Department of Urology in Östergötland.
    Bratt, Ola
    Lund University, Sweden .
    Widmark, Anders
    Umeå University Hospital, Sweden .
    Sandblom, Gabriel
    Karolinska Institute, Sweden .
    Treatment with curative intent and survival in men with high-risk prostate cancer. A population-based study of 11 380 men with serum PSA level 20-100 ng/mL2013In: BJU International, ISSN 1464-4096, E-ISSN 1464-410X, Vol. 111, no 3, p. 381-388Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Objective less thanbrgreater than less thanbrgreater thanTo investigate the influence of curative treatment on cause-specific mortality in men diagnosed with prostate cancer (PCa) with serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels between 20 and 100 ng/mL. less thanbrgreater than less thanbrgreater thanMaterials and Methods less thanbrgreater than less thanbrgreater thanPatients with PCa (T1-4, N0/N1/NX, M0/MX), PSA 20-100 ng/mL and age andlt;= 75 years were identified in the National Prostate Cancer Register of Sweden. less thanbrgreater than less thanbrgreater thanData on co-morbidity diagnoses were obtained from the National Patient Register and cause of death from the Cause of Death Register. less thanbrgreater than less thanbrgreater thanFollowing adjustment for age at diagnosis, co-morbidity burden, Gleason score, T-category, PSA level and cause-specific mortality in relation to treatment were estimated using Cox regression analysis. less thanbrgreater than less thanbrgreater thanResult less thanbrgreater than less thanbrgreater thanA total of 11 380 men were diagnosed with PCa between 1996 and 2008 and fulfilled the inclusion criteria. less thanbrgreater than less thanbrgreater thanThe cumulative 10-year PCa-specific mortality was 36% for patients receiving only palliative treatment and 13% for those treated with curative intent. less thanbrgreater than less thanbrgreater thanFor the 8462 (74%) patients with PSA levels from 20 to 50 ng/mL at diagnosis, the hazard ratio for death from PCa was 0.23 (95% confidence interval 0.19-0.27) for those treated with curative intent compared with those given palliative treatment after adjusting for age, co-morbidity, T category, PSA level and Gleason score. The corresponding hazard ratio was 0.22 (95% confidence interval 0.17-0.30) for patients with PSA levels from 51 to 100 ng/mL. less thanbrgreater than less thanbrgreater thanConclusion less thanbrgreater than less thanbrgreater thanTreatment with curative intent for men with high-risk PCa was associated with reduced cause-specific mortality and should be considered even when serum PSA exceeds 20 ng/mL. Keywords prostate cancer, prostate-specific antigen, high-risk tumours, curative treatment, palliative treatment, population-based study

  • 25.
    Ladjevardi, Sam
    et al.
    Uppsala University Hospital.
    Sandblom, Gabriel
    Lund University Hospital.
    Berglund, Anders
    Uppsala University Hospital.
    Varenhorst, Eberhard
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Urology . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Urology in Östergötland.
    Tumour Grade, Treatment, and Relative Survival in a Population-based Cohort of Men with Potentially Curable Prostate Cancer2010In: EUROPEAN UROLOGY, ISSN 0302-2838, Vol. 57, no 4, p. 631-638Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: There is insufficient information regarding the benefit of treatment with curative intent for men with localised poorly differentiated prostate cancer (PCa). Objective: To evaluate relative survival in men with potentially curable PCa in relation to Gleason score (GS) and treatment as practiced in the community at large. Design, setting, and participants: A population-based study including all men with localised PCa registered in Swedens National Prostate Cancer Register. Interventions: Hormonal therapy, watchful waiting, and treatment with curative intent. Measurements: The ratio of observed deaths to expected deaths, determined from survival in the general male population of the same age, was assessed using Poisson regression analysis, with GS and treatment as covariates. Interaction between GS and treatment was tested in a multivariate Cox proportional hazard analysis. Results and limitations: A total of 31 903 men with potentially curable tumour (T1-T3, N0/NX, M0/MX, age andlt; 75 yr, and prostate-specific antigen [PSA] andlt; 20 ng/ml) were identified. GS was recorded for 28 454 of these men. Some 19 606 men (60.8%) were treated with curative intent, and 12 645 men (39.2%) were given either hormonal treatment or expectant management. The ratios between observed and expected survival gradually increased for men with GS 10, with GS to 3.3 for men treated conservatively and to 1.4 for men treated with curative intent. There was a significant interaction between GS and treatment, with a relatively greater benefit from treatment with curative intent for men with high-grade tumours. The results have to be interpreted with some caution, as there was no randomisation between the treatment groups. Conclusions: Survival for men with well-differentiated tumours is close to that of the general population, regardless of treatment, but the outcome is dismal for men with poorly differentiated tumours, whichever treatment is applied. Nevertheless, men with poorly differentiated tumours benefit more from curative treatment than do men with well-differentiated tumours.

  • 26. Larsson, Caroline
    et al.
    Carlsson, Pether
    Varenhorst, Eberhard
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Urology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Urology in Östergötland.
    Test med vallmofrön ger vägledning vid svårdiagnostiserad vesikoenteral fistel2002In: Läkartidningen, ISSN 0023-7205, E-ISSN 1652-7518, Vol. 99, p. 3703-3705Article in journal (Other academic)
  • 27. Nyman, Claes R
    et al.
    Andersen, Jesper T
    Lodding, Per
    Sandin, Thorsten
    Varenhorst, Eberhard
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Division of surgery. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Urology in Östergötland.
    The patient's choice of androgen-deprivation therapy in locally advanced prostate cancer: Bicalutamide, a gonadotrophin-releasing hormone analogue or orchidectomy2005In: BJU International, ISSN 1464-4096, E-ISSN 1464-410X, Vol. 96, no 7, p. 1014-1018Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    OBJECTIVE: To investigate patient preference for three established androgen-deprivation therapies for locally advanced prostate cancer, the patient's capacity to decide his therapy, the reasons for selecting a certain mode of therapy, and patient satisfaction with the chosen therapy 3 months after initiation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In all, 150 patients (mean age 75 years, range 57-89) with previously untreated locally advanced prostate cancer from 13 hospitals were consecutively given the chance to choose between the antiandrogenic oral drug bicalutamide, a gonadotrophin-releasing hormone analogue (GnRH) by injection, or surgical orchidectomy. After discussing the nature of their disease the patients took home written information about prostate cancer and the three different treatment options. After 1 week they were assessed using a questionnaire for biographical data, their attitude towards the different treatment alternatives and their choice of therapy. Three months later the patients completed a questionnaire about the treatment they had undergone. RESULTS: Sixty-three patients (42%) chose bicalutamide, 51 (34%) the GnRH analogue and 36 (24%) orchidectomy, 87% of those choosing bicalutamide, 84% GnRH and 94% orchidectomy, respectively, were sure about their choice but 12%, 17% and 3% of the patients, respectively, had some difficulty in deciding. The most important reasons for the therapy chosen were avoidance of injections and surgery, and a lower risk of impotence (bicalutamide), negative attitude to surgery and tablets (GnRH), and avoidance of injections and tablets (orchidectomy). Almost all patients (98%, 98% and 97%, respectively) were satisfied with their choice after 3 months of treatment. CONCLUSION: There are three equally effective forms of androgen deprivation for locally advanced prostate cancer without known metastases. There are major differences among these treatments in the mode of application and the likelihood and impact of side-effects. When patients are fully informed and play an active role in the treatment decision they are satisfied with their decision 3 months later. © 2005 BJU International.

  • 28.
    Pettersson, Bill
    et al.
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Urology . Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Urology in Östergötland.
    Varenhorst, Eberhard
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Urology . Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Urology in Östergötland.
    Petas, A.
    Department of Urology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
    Sandow, J.
    Sanofi-Aventis Pharma, Hoechst Industry Park, Frankfurt, Germany.
    Duration of Testosterone Suppression after a 9.45 mg Implant of the GnRH-Analogue Buserelin in Patients with Localised Carcinoma of the Prostate. A 12-Month Follow-up Study2006In: European Urology, ISSN 0302-2838, E-ISSN 1873-7560, Vol. 50, no 3, p. 483-489Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Objectives: (1) To determine the duration of androgen deprivation after a single buserelin implant 9.45 mg in the neoadjuvant setting in combination with curative radiation therapy of carcinoma of the prostate, and (2) to evaluate the time to recovery of gonadal function, and the incidence and duration of hypogonadal symptoms. Methods: We prospectively evaluated 21 men with carcinoma of the prostate who received one implant of 9.45 mg buserelin subcutaneously. Release of buserelin, changes in serum testosterone concentration, hot flushing and sexual function over a 12-month study period were recorded. Results: Testosterone was suppressed below the castration limit (0.58 ng/ml = 2 nmol/l) for 224 days (range, 139-309). The mean time to first return of testosterone above the castration limit was 246 days (range, 168-344), 50% of pre-treatment value was reached after 285 days (range, 218-370). The prevalence of hot flushing was 19 of 21 patients (90%) at 12 weeks. At the end of the study period, serum testosterone had reached 80% (range, 33%-166%) of pre-treatment concentration, sexual interest was present in 52%, erection was possible in 60%, and hot flushing remained in 24%. Conclusion: A single injection of 3-month buserelin implant 9.45 mg suppresses serum testosterone below the castration limit for at least 6 months. Testosterone secretion recovers by 8-12 months. Hypogonadal symptoms decreased with the restoration of serum testosterone secretion. These data are clinically relevant regarding the dose schedule for buserelin and the patient information provided. © 2006 European Association of Urology.

  • 29.
    Robinson, David
    et al.
    Section of Urology, Ryhov County Hospital, Jönköping, Sweden.
    Aus, Gunnar
    Department of Urology, Sahlgrens University Hospital, Goumlteborg, Sweden.
    Bak, Julia
    Linköping University, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Gorecki, Tomasz
    County Hospital of Kalmar, Kalmar, Sweden.
    Herder, Anders
    Linköping University, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Rosell, Johan
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Oncology . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Varenhorst, Eberhard
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Urology . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Urology in Östergötland.
    Long-term follow-up of conservatively managed incidental carcinoma of the prostate A multivariate analysis of prognostic factors2007In: Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology, ISSN 0036-5599, E-ISSN 1651-2065, Vol. 41, no 2, p. 103-109Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Objective: To evaluate the disease-specific mortality of conservatively managed incidental carcinoma of the prostate (T1a and T1b) in relation to prognostic factors.

    Material and methods: Since 1987 all patients with prostate cancer have been recorded and followed in the population-based Prostate Cancer Register of the South-East Healthcare Region in Sweden, which is covered by four departments of pathology. At two of these departments, tissue was obtained from 197 consecutive, previously untreated patients (aged <80 years) with incidental carcinoma who underwent transurethral resection of the prostate between 1987 and 1991. The amount of tumour, Gleason score and levels of Ki-67, p53, chromogranin A and serotonin were determined. Univariate analysis and multiple Cox regression hazard analysis were used for analysis.

    Results: During follow-up (mean 7.8 years; maximum 17.5 years), 158 patients (80%) had died, 33 of them of prostate cancer, corresponding to 17% of the entire cohort. Of 86 patients with Gleason score ≤5, three died of prostate cancer. Independent predictors of disease-specific mortality in multivariate analysis were category T1b prostate cancer, Gleason score >5 and high immunoreactivity of Ki-67.

    Conclusions: Elderly men with category T1a and/or Gleason score 4-5 prostate cancer have a favourable prognosis with conservative management. Immunohistochemical staining with Ki-67 may be of help in situations where further prognostic information is required.

  • 30.
    Robinson, David
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Sandblom, Gabriel
    Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Lund, Lund, Sweden.
    Johansson, Robert
    Oncological Center, Umeå University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden.
    Garmo, Hans
    Uppsala Clinical Research Center, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Aus, Gunnar
    Department of Urology, Sahlgrens University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden.
    Hedlund, Per Olov
    Department of Urology, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Varenhorst, Eberhard
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Urology . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Urology in Östergötland.
    PSA Kinetics Provide Improved Prediction of Survival in Metastatic Hormone-Refractory Prostate Cancer2008In: Urology, ISSN 0090-4295, E-ISSN 1527-9995, Vol. 72, no 4, p. 903-907Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Objectives: To assess the value of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) kinetics in predicting survival and relate this to the baseline variables in men with metastatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer (HRPC).

    Methods: The data from 417 men with HRPC were included in a logistic regression model that included hemoglobin, PSA, alkaline phosphatase, Soloway score, and performance status pain analgesic score at baseline. The posttreatment variables included the PSA level halving time after the start of treatment, PSA level at nadir, interval to nadir, PSA velocity (PSAV), PSA doubling time after reaching a nadir, patient age, and treatment. These variables were added to the baseline model, forming new logistic regression models that were tested for net reclassification improvement.

    Results: The area under the receiver operating characteristics curve for the baseline model was 0.67. Of all variables related to PSA kinetics, the PSAV was the best predictor. The addition of PSAV to the baseline model increased the area under the receiver operating characteristics curve to 0.81. Only a moderate increase in the area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (0.83) was achieved by combining the baseline model in a multivariate model with PSAV, PSA doubling time, interval to nadir, and patient age at diagnosis of HRPC.

    Conclusions: The PSAV alone gave a better prediction of survival value than all other PSA kinetics variables. By combining PSAV with the variables available at baseline, a better ground for treatment decision-making in men with HRPC can be achieved.

  • 31.
    Robinson, David
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Sandblom, Gabriel
    Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Lund, Lund, Sweden.
    Johansson, Robert
    Oncological Center, Umeå University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden .
    Garmo, Hans
    eRegional Oncological Center and Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Stattin, Pär
    Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Urology and Andrology, Umeå University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden.
    Mommsen, Sören
    Randers Hospital, Randers, Denmark.
    Varenhors, Eberhard
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Urology . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Urology in Östergötland.
    Prediction of Survival of Metastatic Prostate Cancer Based on Early Serial Measurements of Prostate Specific Antigen and Alkaline Phosphatase2008In: Journal of Urology, ISSN 0022-5347, E-ISSN 1527-3792, Vol. 179, no 1, p. 117-123Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Purpose: We determined how serial measurements of prostate specific antigen and alkaline phosphatase can be used to predict survival early in the course of hormone treated metastatic prostate cancer.

    Materials and Methods: The study was based on a prospective randomized trial of 915 patients with metastatic prostate carcinoma designed to compare parenteral estrogen (polyestradiol phosphate) vs total androgen blockade. We included 697 men who survived at least 6 months and had complete serial measurements of prostate specific antigen and alkaline phosphatase. Six models were constructed based on prostate specific antigen and alkaline phosphatase at start, and after 6 months of treatment, alkaline phosphatase flare and relative prostate specific antigen velocity. We constructed time dependent receiver operating characteristic curves with corresponding area under the curve to predict death from prostate cancer within 3 years.

    Results: The best variables to predict outcome were alkaline phosphatase at 6 months (AUC 0.79 for polyestradiol phosphate and 0.72 for total androgen blockade), alkaline phosphatase at baseline (AUC 0.70 for polyestradiol phosphate and total androgen blockade) and prostate specific antigen at 6 months (AUC 0.70 for polyestradiol phosphate and total androgen blockade). Prostate specific antigen and alkaline phosphatase levels 6 months after start of treatment give better prediction of survival than baseline levels.

    Conclusions: Alkaline phosphatase at start of treatment and alkaline phosphatase and prostate specific antigen after 6 months can be used to predict survival of hormone treated metastatic prostate cancer.

  • 32. Sandblom, G
    et al.
    Carlsson, Per
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Department of Health and Society, Center for Medical Technology Assessment.
    Sennfält, Karin
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Department of Health and Society, Center for Medical Technology Assessment.
    Varenhorst, Eberhard
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Division of surgery. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Urology in Östergötland.
    A population-based study of pain and quality of life during the year before death in men with prostate cancer2004In: British Journal of Cancer, ISSN 0007-0920, E-ISSN 1532-1827, Vol. 90, no 6, p. 1163-1168Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In order to explore how health-related quality of life changes towards the end of life, a questionnaire including the EuroQOI form and the Brief Pain Inventory form was sent to all men with prostate cancer in the county of Östergötland, Sweden, in September 1999. Responders who had died prior to 1 January 2001 were later identified retrospectively. Of the 1442 men who received the questionnaire, 1243 responded (86.2%). In the group of responders, 167 had died within the study period, 66 of prostate cancer. In multivariate analysis, pain as well as death within the period of study were found to predict decreased quality of life significantly. Of those who died of prostate cancer, 29.0% had rated their worst pain the previous week as severe. The same figure for those still alive was 10.5%. On a visual analogue scale (range 0-100), the mean rating of quality of life for those who subsequently died of prostate cancer was 54.0 (95% confidence interval ±5.2) and those still alive was 70.0 (±1.2). In conclusion, hearth-related quality of life gradually declines during the last year of life in men with prostate cancer. This decline may partly be avoided by an optimised pain management. © 2004 Cancer Research UK.

  • 33.
    Sandblom, G.
    et al.
    Department of Surgery, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden, Department of Surgery, University Hospital, 221 85 Lund, Sweden.
    Ladjevardi, S.
    Department of Urology, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Garmo, H.
    Center of Oncology, Uppsala, Uppsala University Hospital, Sweden.
    Varenhorst, Eberhard
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Urology . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Urology in Östergötland.
    The impact of prostate-specific antigen level at diagnosis on the relative survival of 28,531 men with localized carcinoma of the prostate2008In: Cancer, ISSN 0008-543X, E-ISSN 1097-0142, Vol. 112, no 4, p. 813-819Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    BACKGROUND. To evaluate the predictive value of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in a population-based cohort, the authors analyzed relative survival in all men with localized prostate cancer who were registered in the Swedish National Prostate Cancer Register (NPCR) from 1996 to 2005. METHODS. All men aged <75 years with localized tumors were identified in the NPCR. A Poisson regression analysis was performed using observed death as response and the expected death rate as offset. The expected and observed numbers of survivors were calculated with stratification for PSA level and 3 categories of tumor differentiation (Gleason score 2-6, 7, and 8-10). The regression model included PSA as linear splines with a breakpoint at a PSA level of 4 ng/mL and with tumor differentiation as a categoric variable. RESULTS. The Poisson regression analysis indicated a U-shaped curve for all 3 groups, with a negative correlation between PSA and relative survival in men with PSA levels <4 ng/mL and a positive correlation for men with PSA levels >4 ng/mL. The correlation was significant for all 3 groups, but the negative correlation between PSA and relative survival was significantly more pronounced in the group with Gleason scores from 8 to 10 than in the other 2 Gleason score groups. CONCLUSIONS. The demonstration of an inverse correlation between PSA level and relative survival in the group of men with PSA levels <4 ng/mL indicated the presence of a small but clinically important subgroup with undifferentiated tumors who have cells that have lost the ability to secrete PSA. This group should be taken into consideration when deciding on treatment and when choosing a cutoff level in PSA screening programs. © 2007 American Cancer Society.

  • 34. Sandblom, G
    et al.
    Varenhorst, Eberhard
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Urology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Urology in Östergötland.
    Letter: Prostate cancer screening2008In: Cancer Causes and Control, ISSN 0957-5243, E-ISSN 1573-7225, Vol. 19, no 10, p. 1411-1411Article in journal (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

      

  • 35.
    Sandblom, Gabriel
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Urology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Carlsson, Per
    Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences, Centre for Studies of Humans, Technology and Organization. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Sigsjö, Peter
    Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences, Centre for Studies of Humans, Technology and Organization. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Varenhorst, Eberhard
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Urology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Pain and health-related quality of life in a geographically defined population of men with prostate cancer2001In: British Journal of Cancer, ISSN 0007-0920, E-ISSN 1532-1827, Vol. 85, no 4, p. 497-503Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In order to provide baseline data on pain and health-related quality of life, to explore factors predicting pain and reduced quality of life, and to find potentially undertreated cases in men with prostate cancer, we undertook a population-based questionnaire study. The questionnaire, which included the EuroQo1 instrument, the Brief Pain Inventory form and 8 specially designed questions, was sent to all men with prostate cancer in the county of ╓sterg÷tland, Sweden. Of the 1442 men included in the study, 1243 responded to the questionnaire. Altogether 42% had perceived pain during the previous week and 26% stated their quality of life to be 50% or lower on a visual analogue scale. A high rating of health care availability and short time since diagnosis were found to significantly predict lower ratings of pain (P < 0.05). Pain was found to be a significant predictive factor for decreased quality of life together with high age, low rating of health care availability and palliative treatment (P < 0.05). In conclusion, assessment and treatment of pain is essential for a good quality of life in men with prostate cancer. The monitoring of prostate cancer patients should be individualized to fit the demands of the groups with the greatest need for support.

  • 36.
    Sandblom, Gabriel
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Urology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Dufmats, Monika
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Oncology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Nordenskjöld, Kerstin
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Oncology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Varenhorst, Eberhard
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Urology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Prostate carcinoma trends in three counties in Sweden 1987–19962000In: Cancer, ISSN 0008-543X, E-ISSN 1097-0142, Vol. 88, no 6, p. 1445-1453Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    BACKGROUND To detect changes in the incidence rate and management of prostate carcinoma, all cases of the disease diagnosed in the southeast region of Sweden between 1987–1996 were recorded.

    METHODS The register is based on Swedish personal registration numbers, thereby minimizing the number of dropouts. All cases of prostate carcinoma detected in the southeast region have been recorded according to a defined protocol that has been updated successively to match recent views regarding the disease. To ensure a high number of presented cases, the National Cancer Register was checked for missing cases.

    RESULTS Six thousand seven hundred eighty-two cases of prostate carcinoma were registered in the region between 1987–1996. The age-adjusted incidence rate reached a peak in 1993, followed by a slight decrease. The mean age at diagnosis throughout the period was 74.2 years, with a peak age of 74.8 years in 1992. The number of incidental tumors followed the development of the number of transurethral resections of the prostate performed in the region, with a peak in 1991. The percentage of patients receiving gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogues increased from 3.9% to 37.8% whereas the percentage of patients treated with orchiectomy decreased from 40.0% to 12.8% and the percentage of those treated with radical prostatectomy decreased from 11.1% to 2.5%.

    CONCLUSIONS A diminishing pool of latent tumors may explain the decreasing incidence rate and lower age at diagnosis observed after 1993. Orchiectomy is rapidly being superceded by GnRH analogues. In contrast to trends reported in the U.S., the percentage of men with prostate carcinoma undergoing total prostatectomy appears to be declining in Sweden.

  • 37.
    Sandblom, Gabriel
    et al.
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Urology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Urology in Östergötland.
    Dufmats, Monika
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Oncology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Oncology UHL.
    Olsson, Mats
    Varenhorst, Eberhard
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Urology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Urology in Östergötland.
    Validity of a population-based cancer register in Sweden - An assessment of data reproducibility in the South-East Region prostate cancer register2003In: Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology, ISSN 0036-5599, E-ISSN 1651-2065, Vol. 37, no 2, p. 112-119Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: With a population-based setting, high coverage and accurately recorded data, the validity of a register is guaranteed. The South-East Region Prostate Cancer relies on the National Cancer Register as a basic source of data, thereby ensuring a high coverage of the corresponding geographic area. To assess the reproducibility of the data recorded a random sample of the cases were reviewed a second time and compared to the original recording. Material and methods: The South-East Region Prostate Cancer Register was started in 1987. In addition to the basic data acquired from the Swedish National Register, it also includes tumour stage, grade, treatment and, since 1992, PSA. In the first stage of quality assessment 10 cases for each of the years 1987-1996 from Link÷ping University Hospital were randomly selected for two independent recodings according to the same protocol as the original registration. In the second step 10 cases each for the same years from the remaining 8 hospitals in the region were selected for a single recoding. Results: No systematic deviations were seen between the two independent recodings from Link÷ping, a single recoding was therefore considered sufficient for assessing the reproducibility of the data from the remaining hospitals in the region. The Kappa values for agreement between the original registration and the single recoding ranged from 0.589 to 0.869. Conclusion: The population-based setting and high coverage guarantees the external validity of the register. The internal validity is ensured by the high reproducibility shown in the present study.

  • 38.
    Sandblom, Gabriel
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Urology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Dufmats, Monika
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Oncology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Varenhorst, Eberhard
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Urology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Long-term survival in a swedish population-based cohort of men with prostate cancer2000In: Urology, ISSN 0090-4295, E-ISSN 1527-9995, Vol. 56, no 3, p. 442-447Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Objectives. To study the long-term survival of patients with prostate cancer, determine the risk factors for prostate cancer death, and investigate the outcome of initially untreated localized prostate cancer and incidentally detected tumors.

    Methods. The survival of 813 patients in a population-based cohort of patients with prostate cancer in Linköping, Sweden, diagnosed from 1974 to 1986, was analyzed.

    Results. At 10, 15, and 20 years after diagnosis, the prostate cancer-specific survival rate of men with localized, initially untreated, prostate cancer was 85.0% (95% confidence interval [CI], 79.0% to 91.0%), 80.0% (95% CI, 72.5% to 87.5%), and 62.6% (95% CI, 43.0% to 82.2%). Age 70 years or older, advanced stage, and poor differentiation were risk factors associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer death. At 10 years, the prostate cancer-specific survival rate among men with localized tumors treated by expectancy was 90% (95% CI, 84% to 97%) for grade 1 tumors, 74% (95% CI, 60% to 89%) for grade 2 tumors, and 59% (95% CI, 29% to 90%) for grade 3 tumors. For patients with incidentally detected tumors, the grade of malignancy was a more important risk factor than tumor volume.

    Conclusions. Patients with localized tumors have a favorable prognosis, even without initial treatment. However, when deciding on therapy, the grade of malignancy should be taken into account, as it has a great influence on survival. We did not see a tendency toward increased mortality when the patients were followed up for longer than 10 years after diagnosis.

  • 39.
    Sandblom, Gabriel
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Urology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Holmberg, L.
    Oncological Centre, Uppsala University, Sweden.
    Damber, J-E
    Department of Urology, Sahlgrenska Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Hugosson, J.
    Department of Urology, Sahlgrenska Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Johansson, J-E
    Department of Urology and Centre for Assessment of Medical Technology, Örebro Medical Centre, Sweden.
    Lundgren, R,
    5Department of Surgery/Section of Urology, Helsingborg Hospital, Sweden.
    Mattsson, E.
    Oncological Centre, Uppsala University, Sweden.
    Nilsson, J.
    Oncological Centre, Uppsala University, Sweden.
    Varenhorst, Eberhard
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Urology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Prostate-specific Antigen as Surrogate for Characterizing Prostate Cancer Subgroups2002In: Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology, ISSN 0036-5599, E-ISSN 1651-2065, Vol. 36, no 2, p. 106-112Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Objective: To evaluate how serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels in a population-based cohort of men with prostate cancer vary with age and intensity in the diagnostic activity and to describe the treatment selection processes associated with PSA level.

    Material and Methods: All men in the Swedish National Prostate Cancer Register diagnosed during 1996-1997 were included. In 1996 the register included 19 counties, covering 61% of the Swedish male population, and in 1997 21 counties with 79% of the Swedish male population.

    Results: A total of 8328 men were registered. PSA levels were missing in 341 cases. With increasing PSA there was a shift towards more advanced and poorly differentiated tumours. PSA at diagnosis increased with age, with the exception of patients younger than 50 years who had higher PSA values. The mean logarithm of PSA correlated negatively with the percentage of localized tumours ( p < 0.005) and the age-adjusted incidence ( p < 0.05) in each respective county in 1997. PSA was higher in men receiving radiotherapy compared with those treated with radical prostatectomy as well as in the group treated with bilateral orchiectomy compared with those receiving GnRH-analogues.

    Conclusions: If PSA is used as a surrogate measure of extent of tumour volume in a population of prostate cancer patients, our findings indicate that age distribution and differences in incidence (possibly due to variation in diagnostic activity) should be taken into account. In our cohort there was a selection process, probably in part guided by PSA level, when choosing type of curative or palliative treatment.

  • 40.
    Sandblom, Gabriel
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Urology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Holmberg, L.
    Regional Oncological Centre, Uppsala University, Sweden.
    Damber, J-E
    Department of Urology, Sahlgrenska Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Hugosson, J.
    Department of Urology, Sahlgrenska Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Johansson, J-E
    Department of Urology and Centre for Assessment of Medical Technology, Örebro Medical Centre, Sweden.
    Lundgren, R.
    Department of Surgery/Section of Urology, Helsingborg Hospital, Sweden.
    Mattsson, E.
    Regional Oncological Centre, Uppsala University, Sweden.
    Nilsson, J.
    Regional Oncological Centre, Uppsala University, Sweden.
    Varenhorst, Eberhard
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Urology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Prostate-Specific Antigen for Prostate Cancer Staging in a Population-based Register2002In: Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology, ISSN 0036-5599, E-ISSN 1651-2065, Vol. 36, no 2, p. 99-105Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Objective: Previous studies have shown a relationship between serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level and prostate tumour volume. Reports based on selected case series have also indicated that serum PSA may be used for staging, although a varying prevalence of metastasizing tumours complicates the interpretation of these studies. In order to determine the accuracy of the serum level of PSA in predicting the presence of metastases we performed a prospective cohort study of a geographically defined population of men with prostate cancer.

    Methods: Serum level of PSA and the results of investigations for regional lymph node and distant metastases were recorded for all 8328 men with prostate cancer registered in the Swedish National Prostate Cancer Register 1996-1997.

    Results: The prevalence of lymph node metastases among men who had undergone lymph node exploration was 4%, 16% and 33% for well, moderately and poorly differentiated tumours. The corresponding prevalence of distant metastases was 12%, 30% and 48%. With serum PSA <20 ng/ml as a cut-off point the negative likelihood ratios for well and moderately differentiated tumours were found to be 0.47 and 0.45 for lymph node metastases and 0.24 and 0.18 for distant metastases, resulting in post-test probabilities >92% for the exclusion of metastases. In men with poorly differentiated tumours, the negative likelihood ratio would need to be even lower to safely exclude disseminated disease.

    Conclusion: For well to moderately differentiated tumours, further investigations to assess the presence of metastases may be omitted with no great risk for understaging if serum PSA <20 ng/ml.

  • 41.
    Sandblom, Gabriel
    et al.
    Department of Surgery, Motala Hospital.
    Mattsson, Elisabet
    Oncological Centre, Uppsala University.
    Nilsson, Jonas
    Oncological Centre, Uppsala University.
    Damberg, Jan-Erik
    Department of Urology, Umeå Hospital.
    Johansson, Jan-Erik
    Department of Urology, Örebro Hospital.
    Lundgren, Rolf
    Department of Urology, Helsingborg Hospital.
    Varenhorst, Eberhard
    Departments of Surgery and Urology, Norrköping and Finspång Hospitals, Sweden.
    Prostate Cancer Registration in Four Swedish Regions 1996: Differences in Incidence, Age Structure and Management1999In: Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology, ISSN 0036-5599, E-ISSN 1651-2065, Vol. 33, no 5, p. 306-311Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Introduction: In 1996 registration of prostate cancer in four of the six Swedish regions was started to facilitate evaluation of geographical variations in incidence and treatment.

    Material and methods: For all cases of prostate cancer, personal identification number, tumour stage, tumour grade and primary treatment were registered.

    Results: In the four regions covered by the register, 3541 cases of prostate cancer were registered. Altogether there were 5795 cases of prostate cancer diagnosed in Sweden the same year. The age-standardized incidence varied from 89/100 000 to 169/100 000 among counties. The proportion of localized tumours correlated positively to the incidence (p &lt; 0.05) and negatively to mean age at diagnosis (p &lt; 0.01). There was also a significant positive correlation between the proportion of localized tumours and the percentage of patients given curative treatment. All registered variables showed large geographical variations, especially concerning percentage of T1c tumours, treatment of localized tumours and choice of palliative treatment.

    Conclusion: Diagnostic activity varied considerably among counties, resulting in large variation in age-standardized incidence. High incidence is associated with a larger proportion of localized tumours, which, in turn, is associated with early age at diagnosis. In counties where a policy of detecting tumours early is practised, curative treatment is also given more often. Treatment of localized tumours and preference for palliative treatment seem to depend on local traditions. The lack of cytological and histopathological standards makes geographical comparisons based on tumour grade impossible.

  • 42.
    Sandblom, Gabriel
    et al.
    Dept of Surgery Uppsala Akademiska sjukhus.
    Varenhorst, Eberhard
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Division of surgery. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Urology in Östergötland.
    Broadening the criteria for avoiding staging one scans in prostate cancer: A retrospective study of patients at the Royal Marsden Hospital2004In: BJU International, ISSN 1464-4096, E-ISSN 1464-410X, Vol. 93, p. 889-890Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 43. Sandblom, Gabriel
    et al.
    Varenhorst, Eberhard
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Division of surgery. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Urology in Östergötland.
    Clinical and economic consequences of screening for prostate cancer - the Swedish approach2005In: Recent Research Developments in Cancer - årsbok / [ed] Pandalai, S. G., Kerala, Indien: Transworld Research Network , 2005, p. 19-35Chapter in book (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The outcome of two large-scale randomized controlled studies on prostate cancer screening from Europe and the USA are expected within three years. Together with a third large trial already performed in Quebec, Canada, they will hopefully provide some form of evidence for or against screening within the near future, although the results of such studies must be interpreted with caution. The effectiveness of a screening programme depends on the cancer prevalence, demographics, socioeconomic conditions, and treatment traditions in the country where it is performed, which limits the external validity of such studies. The prevalence of prostate cancer is relatively high in Sweden, which theoretically would favour screening. Treatment with curative intent, however, is not as well established as in other countries, despite the fact that the only randomized controlled study published so far with sufficient power to show prolonged cancer-specific survival following radical prostatectomy was performed in Sweden. As watchful waiting is often favoured in Sweden, even for men with localized tumours, the benefit of early detection is reduced. The positive as well as negative economic consequences of prostate cancer screening also have to be considered before a screening programme is started. All these circumstances emphasize the fact that the decision to introduce a screening programme has to be taken at the national level. No study can provide an outcome that can be set as an international standard. Three large trials of prostate cancer screening have been performed in Sweden, but screening on a broad scale has not yet been recommended.

  • 44. Sandblom, Gabriel
    et al.
    Varenhorst, Eberhard
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Division of surgery. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Urology in Östergötland.
    How should a screening programme for prostate cancer be designed? A case of aiming at a moving target2004In: Cancer therapy, ISSN 1543-9135, Vol. 2, p. 441-454Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 45.
    Sandblom, Gabriel
    et al.
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Urology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Urology in Östergötland.
    Varenhorst, Eberhard
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Urology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Urology in Östergötland.
    Incidence rate and management of prostate carcinoma2001In: Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy, ISSN 0753-3322, E-ISSN 1950-6007, Vol. 55, no 3, p. 135-143Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The age-standardised incidence of prostate cancer varies more than one hundredfold between the areas with the highest and lowest incidences in the world. In certain areas, in particular the Western countries, the incidence has increased rapidly over the last 20 years. There are several environmental and genetic factors which partly explain these variations, although the incidence probably depends most of all on the extent to which small latent tumours are detected. As the clinical significance of small tumours is uncertain, the value of early diagnosis and early aggressive treatment is controversial. Randomised trials addressing this question have been initiated and will hopefully provide more evidence-based data in a decade from now. Small localised tumours are managed by radical surgery or radiation therapy. In elderly men or men unfit for operation or radiation therapy surveillance is often preferred. For advanced or metastatic prostate cancers androgen deprivation has been the mainstay of treatment since the early 1940s. Recently, several new treatment strategies have evolved but have not yet been introduced into clinical routine.

  • 46.
    Sandblom, Gabriel
    et al.
    Department of Surgery, Uppsala Akademiska Hospital, Akademiska Sjukhuset, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Varenhorst, Eberhard
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Urology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Löfman, Owe
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Rosell, Johan
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Oncology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Carlsson, Per
    Linköping University, Department of Department of Health and Society, Center for Medical Technology Assessment. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Clinical consequences of screening for prostate cancer: 15 Years follow-up of a randomised controlled trial in Sweden2004In: European Urology, ISSN 0302-2838, E-ISSN 1873-7560, Vol. 46, no 6, p. 717-723Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Objective:

    To test the feasibility of a population-based prostate cancer screening programme in general practice and explore the outcome after a 15-year follow-up period.

    Methods:

    From the total population of men aged 50–69 years in Norrköping (n = 9026) every sixth man (n = 1494) was randomly selected to be screened for prostate cancer every third year over a 12-year period. The remaining 7532 men were treated as controls. In 1987 and 1990 only digital rectal examination (DRE) was performed, in1993 and 1996 DRE was combined with a test for Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA). TNM categories, grade of malignancy, management and cause of death were recorded in the South-East Region Prostate Cancer Register.

    Results:

    There were 85 (5.7%) cancers detected in the screened group (SG), 42 of these in the interval between screenings, and 292 (3.8%) in the unscreened group (UG). In the SG 48 (56.5%) of the tumours and in the UG 78 (26.7%) were localised at diagnosis (p < 0.001). In the SG 21 (25%) and in the UG 41 (14%) received curative treatment. There was no significant difference in total or prostate cancer-specific survival between the groups.

    Conclusions:

    Although PSA had not been introduced in the clinical practice at the start of the study, we were still able to show that it is possible to perform a long-term population-based randomised controlled study with standardised management and that screening in general practice is an efficient way of detecting prostate cancer whilst it is localised. Complete data on stage, treatment and mortality for both groups was obtained from a validated cancer register, which is a fundamental prerequisite when assessing screening programmes.

  • 47.
    Sandblom, Gabriel
    et al.
    Karolinska Institute.
    Varenhorst, Eberhard
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Urology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre for Surgery, Orthopaedics and Cancer Treatment, Department of Urology in Östergötland.
    Rosell, Johan
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Oncology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre for Surgery, Orthopaedics and Cancer Treatment, Department of Oncology UHL.
    Lofman, Owe
    Norwegian University Life Science.
    Carlsson, Per
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Health Technology Assessment and Health Economics. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Letter: PROSTATE CANCER SCREENING Authors reply2011In: The BMJ, E-ISSN 1756-1833, Vol. 342Article in journal (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    n/a

  • 48.
    Sandblom, Gabriel
    et al.
    Karolinska Institute.
    Varenhorst, Eberhard
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Urology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Urology in Östergötland.
    Rosell, Johan
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Oncology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Oncology UHL.
    Lofman, Owe
    Norwegian University of Life Science.
    Carlsson, Per
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Health Technology Assessment and Health Economics. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Randomised prostate cancer screening trial: 20 year follow-up2011In: BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL, ISSN 0959-535X, Vol. 342, no d1539Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Objective To assess whether screening for prostate cancer reduces prostate cancer specific mortality. Design Population based randomised controlled trial. Setting Department of Urology, Norrkoping, and the South-East Region Prostate Cancer Register. Participants All men aged 50-69 in the city of Norrkoping, Sweden, identified in 1987 in the National Population Register (n=9026). Intervention From the study population, 1494 men were randomly allocated to be screened by including every sixth man from a list of dates of birth. These men were invited to be screened every third year from 1987 to 1996. On the first two occasions screening was done by digital rectal examination only. From 1993, this was combined with prostate specific antigen testing, with 4 mu g/L as cut off. On the fourth occasion (1996), only men aged 69 or under at the time of the investigation were invited. Main outcome measures Data on tumour stage, grade, and treatment from the South East Region Prostate Cancer Register. Prostate cancer specific mortality up to 31 December 2008. Results In the four screenings from 1987 to 1996 attendance was 1161/1492 (78%), 957/1363 (70%), 895/1210 (74%), and 446/606 (74%), respectively. There were 85 cases (5.7%) of prostate cancer diagnosed in the screened group and 292 (3.9%) in the control group. The risk ratio for death from prostate cancer in the screening group was 1.16 (95% confidence interval 0.78 to 1.73). In a Cox proportional hazard analysis comparing prostate cancer specific survival in the control group with that in the screened group, the hazard ratio for death from prostate cancer was 1.23 (0.94 to 1.62; P=0.13). After adjustment for age at start of the study, the hazard ratio was 1.58 (1.06 to 2.36; P=0.024). Conclusions After 20 years of follow-up the rate of death from prostate cancer did not differ significantly between men in the screening group and those in the control group.

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  • 49.
    Sboner, Andrea
    et al.
    Yale University.
    Demichelis, Francesca
    Weill Cornell Medical Centre.
    Calza, Stefano
    Karolinska Institute.
    Pawitan, Yudi
    Karolinska Institute.
    Setlur, Sunita R
    Brigham and Womens Hospital.
    Hoshida, Yujin
    Dana Farber Cancer Institute.
    Perner, Sven
    Weill Cornell Medical Centre.
    Adami, Hans-Olov
    Karolinska Institute.
    Fall, Katja
    Karolinska Institute.
    A Mucci, Lorelei
    Harvard University.
    Kantoff, Philip W
    Dana Farber Cancer Institute.
    Stampfer, Meir
    Harvard University.
    Andersson, Swen-Olof
    Örebro University Hospital.
    Varenhorst, Eberhard
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Urology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Urology in Östergötland.
    Johansson, Jan-Erik
    Örebro University Hospital.
    Gerstein, Mark B
    Yale University.
    Golub, Todd R
    Dana Farber Cancer Institute.
    Rubin, Mark A
    Weill Cornell Medical Centre.
    Andren, Ove
    Örebro University Hospital.
    Molecular sampling of prostate cancer: a dilemma for predicting disease progression2010In: BMC Medical Genomics, E-ISSN 1755-8794, Vol. 3, no 8Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: Current prostate cancer prognostic models are based on pre-treatment prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels, biopsy Gleason score, and clinical staging but in practice are inadequate to accurately predict disease progression. Hence, we sought to develop a molecular panel for prostate cancer progression by reasoning that molecular profiles might further improve current clinical models. Methods: We analyzed a Swedish Watchful Waiting cohort with up to 30 years of clinical follow up using a novel method for gene expression profiling. This cDNA-mediated annealing, selection, ligation, and extension (DASL) method enabled the use of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) samples taken at the time of the initial diagnosis. We determined the expression profiles of 6100 genes for 281 men divided in two extreme groups: men who died of prostate cancer and men who survived more than 10 years without metastases (lethals and indolents, respectively). Several statistical and machine learning models using clinical and molecular features were evaluated for their ability to distinguish lethal from indolent cases. Results: Surprisingly, none of the predictive models using molecular profiles significantly improved over models using clinical variables only. Additional computational analysis confirmed that molecular heterogeneity within both the lethal and indolent classes is widespread in prostate cancer as compared to other types of tumors. Conclusions: The determination of the molecularly dominant tumor nodule may be limited by sampling at time of initial diagnosis, may not be present at time of initial diagnosis, or may occur as the disease progresses making the development of molecular biomarkers for prostate cancer progression challenging.

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  • 50.
    Sennfält, Karin
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Department of Health and Society, Center for Medical Technology Assessment. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Carlsson, Per
    Linköping University, Department of Department of Health and Society, Center for Medical Technology Assessment. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Sandblom, Gabriel
    Department of Surgery, Uppsala Academic Hospital, Sweden.
    Varenhorst, Eberhard
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Urology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    The estimated economic value of the welfare loss due to prostate cancer pain in a defined population2004In: Acta Oncologica, ISSN 0284-186X, E-ISSN 1651-226X, Vol. 43, no 3, p. 290-296Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The aim of the study reported here was to estimate the economic value of the welfare loss due to prostate cancer pain by estimating the extent to which pain affects health-related quality of life among patients with prostate cancer. The material consisted of a point estimate of health status among men with prostate cancer in a well-defined population of 200 000 males. Clinical data concerning the disease at diagnosis (extracted from patients’ records and the Regional Prostate Cancer Registry), and health utility ratings (using EuroQol) were obtained from 1 156 males with prostate cancer. A descriptive model showed that optimal treatment that would reduce pain to zero during the whole episode of disease would add on average 0.85 quality-adjusted life years (QALY) to every man with prostate cancer. Based on an estimate of the willingness to pay for a QALY the economic value of this welfare loss due to prostate cancer pain is in the magnitude of €86 600 000 per year (€19 800 000 per million men in Sweden).

12 1 - 50 of 67
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