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  • 1.
    Ahmadi, Shilan Seyed
    et al.
    Univ Gothenburg, Sweden; Sahlgrens Univ Hosp, Sweden; Uddevalla Cent Hosp, Sweden.
    Pivodic, Aldina
    Stat Konsultgrp, Sweden; Univ Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Svensson, Ann-Marie
    Ctr Registers Reg Vastra Gotaland, Sweden.
    Wedel, Hans
    Univ Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Rathsman, Björn
    Sachs Children & Youth Hosp, Sweden.
    Nyström, Thomas
    Karolinska Inst, Sweden.
    Ludvigsson, Johnny
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Children's and Women's Health. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Center of Paediatrics and Gynaecology and Obstetrics, H.K.H. Kronprinsessan Victorias barn- och ungdomssjukhus.
    Lind, Marcus
    Univ Gothenburg, Sweden; Sahlgrens Univ Hosp, Sweden; NU Hosp Grp, Sweden.
    Risk factors for nephropathy in persons with type 1 diabetes: a population-based study2022In: Acta Diabetologica, ISSN 0940-5429, E-ISSN 1432-5233, Vol. 59, p. 761-772Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aims Albuminuria is strongly associated with risk of renal dysfunction, cardiovascular disease and mortality. However, clinical guidelines diverge, and evidence is sparse on what risk factor levels regarding blood pressure, blood lipids and BMI are needed to prevent albuminuria in adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes. Methods A total of 9347 children and adults with type 1 diabetes [mean age 15.3 years and mean diabetes duration 1.4 years at start of follow-up] from The Swedish National Diabetes Registry were followed from first registration until end of 2017. Levels for risk factors for a risk increase in nephropathy were evaluated, and the gradient of risk per 1 SD (standard deviation) was estimated to compare the impact of each risk factor. Results During the follow-up period, 8610 (92.1%) remained normoalbuminuric, 737 (7.9%) individuals developed micro- or macroalbuminuria at any time period of whom 132 (17.9% of 737) individuals developed macroalbuminuria. Blood pressure >= 140/80 mmHg was associated with increased risk of albuminuria (p <= 0.0001), as were triglycerides >= 1.0 mmol/L (p = 0.039), total cholesterol >= 5.0 mmol/L (p = 0.0003), HDL < 1.0 mmol/L (p = 0.013), LDL 3.5- < 4.0 mmol/L (p = 0.020), and BMI >= 30 kg/m(2) (p = 0.033). HbA1c was the strongest risk factor for any albuminuria estimated by the measure gradient of risk per 1 SD, followed by diastolic blood pressure, triglycerides, systolic blood pressure, cholesterol and LDL. In patients with HbA1c > 65 mmol/mol (> 8.1%), blood pressure > 140/70 mmHg was associated with increased risk of albuminuria. Conclusions Preventing renal complications in adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes need avoidance at relatively high levels of blood pressure, blood lipids and BMI, whereas very tight control is not associated with further risk reduction. For patients with long-term poor glycaemic control, stricter blood pressure control is advocated.

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  • 2.
    Alstrand, N
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, Internal Medicine . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Ludvigsson, Johnny
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pediatrics . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Paediatrics and Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Paediatrics in Linköping.
    Hyllienmark, L
    Karolinska Institute.
    Wahlberg, J
    Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, Internal Medicine . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Symptomatic neuropathy in type 1 diabetes is preceded by subclinical electrophysiological abnormalities - a prospective study in DIABETOLOGIA, vol 53, issue , pp2010In: DIABETOLOGIA, Springer Science Business Media , 2010, Vol. 53Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    n/a

  • 3.
    Andersson, C
    et al.
    Lund University, Sweden .
    Vaziri-Sani, F
    Lund University, Sweden .
    Delli, A J.
    Lund University, Sweden .
    Lindblad, B
    Queen Silvia Childrens Hospital, Sweden .
    Carlsson, A
    Lund University, Sweden .
    Forsander, G
    Queen Silvia Childrens Hospital, Sweden .
    Ludvigsson, Johnny
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pediatrics. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Paediatrics and Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Paediatrics in Linköping.
    Marcus, C
    Karolinska Institute, Sweden .
    Samuelsson, Ulf
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pediatrics. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Paediatrics and Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Paediatrics in Linköping.
    Ivarsson, S A.
    Lund University, Sweden .
    Lernmark, A
    Lund University, Sweden .
    Elding Larsson, H
    Lund University, Sweden .
    Triple specificity of ZnT8 autoantibodies in relation to HLA and other islet autoantibodies in childhood and adolescent type 1 diabetes2013In: Pediatric Diabetes, ISSN 1399-543X, E-ISSN 1399-5448, Vol. 14, no 2, p. 97-105Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Andersson C, Vaziri-Sani F, Delli AJ, Lindblad B, Carlsson A, Forsander G, Ludvigsson J, Marcus C, Samuelsson U, Ivarsson SA, Lernmark A, Elding Larsson H, the BDD Study group. Triple specificity of ZnT8 autoantibodies in relation to HLA and other islet autoantibodies in childhood and adolescent type 1 diabetes. Pediatric Diabetes 2013: 14: 97-105. Objective To establish the diagnostic sensitivity of and the relationships between autoantibodies to all three Zinc transporter 8 (Zinc transporter 8 autoantibody to either one, two, or all three amino acid variants at position 325, ZnT8A) variants to human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DQ and to autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GADA), insulinoma-associated protein 2 (IA-2A), and insulin (IAA). Methods We analyzed 3165 patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) in the Better Diabetes Diagnosis study for HLA-DQ genotypes and all six autoantibodies (ZnT8RA, arginine 325 Zinc transporter 8 autoantibody; ZnT8WA, tryptophan 325 Zinc transporter 8 autoantibody; ZnT8QA, glutamine 325 Zinc transporter 8 autoantibody; GADA, IA-2A, and IAA). Results ZnT8A was found in 65% of the patients and as many as 108 of 3165 (3.4%) had 13 ZnT8A alone. None had ZnT8QA alone. Together with GADA (56%), IA-2A (73%), and IAA (33%), 93% of the T1D patients were autoantibody positive. All three ZnT8A were less frequent in children below 2 yr of age (pandlt;0.0001). All three ZnT8A were associated with DQA1-B1*X-0604 (DQ6.4) and DQA1-B1*03-0302 (DQ8). ZnT8WA and ZnT8QA were negatively associated with DQA1-B1*05-02 (DQ2). Conclusions Analysis of ZnT8A increased the diagnostic sensitivity of islet autoantibodies for T1D as only 7% remained islet autoantibody negative. The association between DQ6.4 and all three ZnT8A may be related to ZnT8 antigen presentation by the DQ6.4 heterodimer.

  • 4.
    Andersson, Cecilia
    et al.
    Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
    Kolmodin, Martin
    Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
    Ivarsson, Sten-Anders
    Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
    Carlsson, Annelie
    Department of Pediatrics, Lund University, Sweden.
    Forsander, Gun
    Department of Pediatrics, Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Lindblad, Bengt
    Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Ludvigsson, Johnny
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Clinical Sciences. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Center of Paediatrics and Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Department of Paediatrics in Linköping.
    Kockum, Ingrid
    Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Marcus, Claude
    Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Samuelsson, Ulf
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Clinical Sciences. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Center of Paediatrics and Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Department of Paediatrics in Linköping.
    Ortqvist, Eva
    Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Lernmark, Ake
    Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
    Elding Larsson, Helena
    Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
    Törn, Carina
    Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
    Islet cell antibodies (ICA) identify autoimmunity in children with new onset diabetes mellitus negative for other islet cell antibodies2014In: Pediatric Diabetes, ISSN 1399-543X, E-ISSN 1399-5448, Vol. 15, no 5, p. 336-344Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    AIMS: The aim of this study was to explore whether islet cell antibodies (ICA) could be identified in children with newly onset diabetes mellitus but negative for autoantibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GADA), islet antigen-2 (IA-2A), insulin (IAA), or any of the three variants with arginine (R), tryptophan (W), or glutamine (Q) at position 325 of the zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8A).

    METHODS: A population-based analysis of autoantibodies was performed from 1 May 2005 to 2 September 2010 in Swedish children newly diagnosed with diabetes. ICA was analyzed with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and if positive, reanalyzed in the classical ICA immunofluorescence assay, in 341 samples among 3545 children who had been tested negative for all of GADA, IA-2A, IAA, or ZnT8A (R, W, Q).

    RESULTS: An isolated positivity for ICA was identified in 5.0% (17/341) of the newly diagnosed children. The levels of ICA in positive subjects ranged from 3 to 183 JDF-U (median 30). This finding increased the diagnostic sensitivity of islet autoimmunity as 3204/3545 patients (90.4%) were islet autoantibody positive without the ICA analyses and 3221 patients (90.9%) were positive with the inclusion of ICA.

    CONCLUSIONS: The finding of an isolated positivity for ICA despite negativity for GADA, IA-2A, IAA, and ZnT8A (R, W, Q) suggests that still another yet unidentified autoantigen(s) may contribute to the ICA immunofluorescence. Hence, ICA is important to analyze in type 1 diabetes children and adolescents that would otherwise be islet autoantibody negative.

  • 5.
    Andersson White, Pär
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Community Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Center of Paediatrics and Gynaecology and Obstetrics, H.K.H. Kronprinsessan Victorias barn- och ungdomssjukhus.
    Abu Awad, Yara
    Concordia Univ, Canada.
    Gauvin, Lise
    Ctr Hosp Univ Montreal, Canada; Univ Montreal, Canada.
    Spencer, Nicholas James
    Univ Warwick, England.
    McGrath, Jennifer J.
    Concordia Univ, Canada.
    Clifford, Susan A.
    Murdoch Childrens Res Inst, Australia; Univ Melbourne, Australia.
    Nikiema, Beatrice
    Univ Montreal, Canada; Cree Board Hlth & Social Serv James Bay, Canada.
    Yang-Huang, Junwen
    Erasmus MC, Netherlands; Erasmus MC, Netherlands.
    Goldhaber-Fiebert, Jeremy D.
    Stanford Univ, CA 94305 USA.
    Markham, Wolfgang
    Univ Warwick, England.
    Mensah, Fiona K.
    Murdoch Childrens Res Inst, Australia; Univ Melbourne, Australia.
    van Grieken, Amy
    Erasmus MC, Netherlands.
    Raat, Hein
    Erasmus MC, Netherlands.
    Jaddoe, V. W. V.
    Erasmus MC, Netherlands; Erasmus MC, Netherlands; Erasmus MC, Netherlands.
    Ludvigsson, Johnny
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Children's and Women's Health. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Center of Paediatrics and Gynaecology and Obstetrics, H.K.H. Kronprinsessan Victorias barn- och ungdomssjukhus.
    Faresjö, Tomas
    Linköping University, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Community Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    Household income and maternal education in early childhood and risk of overweight and obesity in late childhood: Findings from seven birth cohort studies in six high-income countries2022In: International Journal of Obesity, ISSN 0307-0565, E-ISSN 1476-5497, Vol. 46, p. 1703-1711Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background/objectives This study analysed the relationship between early childhood socioeconomic status (SES) measured by maternal education and household income and the subsequent development of childhood overweight and obesity. Subjects/methods Data from seven population-representative prospective child cohorts in six high-income countries: United Kingdom, Australia, the Netherlands, Canada (one national cohort and one from the province of Quebec), USA, Sweden. Children were included at birth or within the first 2 years of life. Pooled estimates relate to a total of N = 26,565 included children. Overweight and obesity were defined using International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) cut-offs and measured in late childhood (8-11 years). Risk ratios (RRs) and pooled risk estimates were adjusted for potential confounders (maternal age, ethnicity, child sex). Slope Indexes of Inequality (SII) were estimated to quantify absolute inequality for maternal education and household income. Results Prevalence ranged from 15.0% overweight and 2.4% obese in the Swedish cohort to 37.6% overweight and 15.8% obese in the US cohort. Overall, across cohorts, social gradients were observed for risk of obesity for both low maternal education (pooled RR: 2.99, 95% CI: 2.07, 4.31) and low household income (pooled RR: 2.69, 95% CI: 1.68, 4.30); between-cohort heterogeneity ranged from negligible to moderate (p: 0.300 to < 0.001). The association between RRs of obesity by income was lowest in Sweden than in other cohorts. Conclusions There was a social gradient by maternal education on the risk of childhood obesity in all included cohorts. The SES associations measured by income were more heterogeneous and differed between Sweden versus the other national cohorts; these findings may be attributable to policy differences, including preschool policies, maternity leave, a ban on advertising to children, and universal free school meals.

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  • 6.
    Andersson White, Pär
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Community Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Center of Paediatrics and Gynaecology and Obstetrics, H.K.H. Kronprinsessan Victorias barn- och ungdomssjukhus.
    Faresjö, Tomas
    Linköping University, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Community Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    Jones, Michael P.
    Macquarie Univ, Australia.
    Ludvigsson, Johnny
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Children's and Women's Health. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Center of Paediatrics and Gynaecology and Obstetrics, H.K.H. Kronprinsessan Victorias barn- och ungdomssjukhus.
    Low maternal education increases the risk of Type 1 Diabetes, but not other autoimmune diseases: a mediating role of childhood BMI and exposure to serious life events2023In: Scientific Reports, E-ISSN 2045-2322, Vol. 13, no 1Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The objective of this paper was to investigate if socioeconomic status (SES), measured by maternal education and household income, influenced the risk of developing autoimmune disease (Type 1 Diabetes, Celiac disease, Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis, Crohns disease, Ulcerative colitis, and autoimmune thyroid disease), or age at diagnosis, and to analyse pathways between SES and autoimmune disease. We used data from the All Babies in Southeast Sweden (ABIS) study, a population-based prospective birth cohort, which included children born 1997-1999. Diagnoses of autoimmune disease was collected from the Swedish National Patient Register Dec 2020. In 16,365 individuals, low maternal education, but not household income, was associated with increased risk of Type 1 Diabetes; middle education RR 1.54, 95% CI 1.06, 2.23; P 0.02, low education RR 1.81, 95% CI 1.04, 3.18; P 0.04. Maternal education and household income was not associated with any other autoimmune disease and did not influence the age at diagnosis. Part of the increased risk of Type 1 Diabetes by lower maternal education was mediated by the indirect pathway of higher BMI and higher risk of Serious Life Events (SLE) at 5 years of age. The risk of developing Type 1 Diabetes associated to low maternal education might be reduced by decreasing BMI and SLE during childhood.

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  • 7.
    Andersson White, Pär
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Community Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    Ludvigsson, Johnny
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Children's and Women's Health. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Center of Paediatrics and Gynaecology and Obstetrics, H.K.H. Kronprinsessan Victorias barn- och ungdomssjukhus Linköping/Motala.
    Jones, Michael P.
    Macquarie Univ, Australia.
    Faresjö, Tomas
    Linköping University, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Community Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    Inequalities in cardiovascular risks among Swedish adolescents (ABIS): a prospective cohort study2020In: BMJ Open, E-ISSN 2044-6055, Vol. 10, no 2, article id e030613Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Objectives To investigate if socioeconomic status (SES) is predictive of cardiovascular risk factors among Swedish adolescents. Identify the most important SES variable for the development of each cardiovascular risk factor. Investigate at what age SES inequality in overweight and obesity occurs. Design Longitudinal follow-up of a prospective birth cohort. Setting All Babies in Southeast Sweden (ABIS) study includes data from children born between October 1997 and October 1999 in five counties of south east Sweden. Participants A regional ABIS-study subsample from three major cities of the region n=298 adolescents aged 16-18 years, and prospective data from the whole ABIS cohort for overweight and obesity status at the ages 2, 5, 8 and 12 years (n=2998-7925). Outcome measures Blood pressure above the hypertension limit, overweight/obesity according to the International Obesity Task Force definition, low high-density lipoproteins (HDL) or borderline-high low-density lipoproteins according to National Cholesterol Education Program expert panel on cholesterol levels in children. Results For three out of four cardiovascular risk outcomes (elevated blood pressure, low HDL and overweight/obesity), there were increased risk in one or more of the low SES groups (p<0.05). The best predictor was parental occupational class (Swedish socioeconomic classification index) for elevated blood pressure (area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve 0.623), maternal educational level for overweight (area under the ROC curve 0.641) and blue-collar city of residence for low HDL (area under the ROC curve 0.641). SES-related differences in overweight/obesity were found at age 2, 5 and 12 and for obesity at age 2, 5, 8 and 12 years (all p<0.05). Conclusions Even in a welfare state like Sweden, SES inequalities in cardiovascular risks are evident already in childhood and adolescence. Intervention programmes to reduce cardiovascular risk based on social inequality should start early in life.

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  • 8.
    Antepohl, Wolfram
    et al.
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Rehabilitation Medicine. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre for Medicine, Pain and Rehabilitation Centre.
    Domeij, Erica
    Forsberg, Pia
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Infectious Diseases. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre for Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases in Östergötland.
    Ludvigsson, Johnny
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Pediatrics. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Paediatrics and Gynecology and Obstetrics, Barn.
    A follow-up of medical graduates of a problem-based learning curriculum2003In: Medical Education, ISSN 0308-0110, E-ISSN 1365-2923, Vol. 37, no 2, p. 155-162Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Introduction: There is little information available on the effects of problem-based undergraduate curricula on doctors and their performances after graduation. Therefore, we conducted a questionnaire study of all graduates of the new medical programme at the Faculty of Health Sciences, Link÷ping University. Methods: All 446 medical students who had graduated from the new programme were asked to fill in a questionnaire about selected activities during their studies and their careers after graduation. They were also asked to evaluate the quality of their undergraduate education retrospectively. Statistical analysis was performed using descriptive, multivariate and bivariate approaches. Results: A total of 77% of the graduates responded. They showed a high degree of overall contentment with their undergraduate education and felt well prepared for professional life during their preregistration period and specialist education (mean = 4.0 on a 6-point Likert scale ranging from 0 to 5). They felt especially well prepared in terms of skills for communication with patients, collaboration with other health professionals and development of critical thinking/scientific attitudes. The students' age at the beginning of their studies correlated positively with their contentment as graduates, especially in terms of preparation for patient communication and collaboration with other health professionals. No differences between students originally admitted via a local admission procedure and those admitted via a national procedure were detected concerning retrospective evaluation of undergraduate medical education. Conclusion: Graduates of the new curriculum showed a high degree of satisfaction with their undergraduate education and its preparation of them for medical practice. Specifically, they were very content with the particular emphases of the new curriculum.

  • 9.
    Arnqvist, Hans
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Cell Biology. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Medicine Center, Department of Endocrinology.
    Westerlund, Malin C.
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Department of Ophthalmology in Linköping.
    Fredrikson, Mats
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Inflammation and Infection. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    Ludvigsson, Johnny
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Children's and Women's Health. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Center of Paediatrics and Gynaecology and Obstetrics, H.K.H. Kronprinsessan Victorias barn- och ungdomssjukhus.
    Nordwall, Maria
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Center of Paediatrics and Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Department of Paediatrics in Norrköping.
    Impact of HbA(1c) Followed 32 Years From Diagnosis of Type 1 Diabetes on Development of Severe Retinopathy and Nephropathy: The VISS Study2022In: Diabetes Care, ISSN 0149-5992, E-ISSN 1935-5548, Vol. 45, no 11, p. 2675-2682Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    OBJECTIVE To evaluate HbA(1c) followed from diagnosis, as a predictor of severe microvascular complications (i.e., proliferative diabetic retinopathy [PDR] and nephropathy [macroalbuminuria]). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In a population-based observational study, 447 patients diagnosed with type 1 diabetes before 35 years of age from 1983 to 1987 in southeast Sweden were followed from diagnosis until 2019. Long-term weighted mean HbA(1c) (wHbA(1c)) was calculated by integrating the area under all HbA(1c) values. Complications were analyzed in relation to wHbA(1c) categorized into five levels. RESULTS After 32 years, 9% had no retinopathy, 64% non-PDR, and 27% PDR, and 83% had no microalbuminuria, 9% microalbuminuria, and 8% macroalbuminuria. Patients with near-normal wHbA(1c) did not develop PDR or macroalbuminuria. The lowest wHbA(1c) values associated with development of PDR and nephropathy (macroalbuminuria) were 7.3% (56 mmol/mol) and 8.1% (65 mmol/mol), respectively. The prevalence of PDR and macroalbuminuria increased with increasing wHbA(1c), being 74% and 44% in the highest category, wHbA(1c) >9.5% (>80 mmol/mol). In comparison with the follow-up done after 20-24 years duration, the prevalence of PDR had increased from 14 to 27% and macroalbuminuria from 4 to 8%, and both appeared at lower wHbA(1c) values. CONCLUSIONS wHbA(1c) followed from diagnosis is a very strong biomarker for PDR and nephropathy, the prevalence of both still increasing 32 years after diagnosis. To avoid PDR and macroalbuminuria in patients with type 1 diabetes, an HbA(1c) <7.0% (53 mmol/mol) and as normal as possible should be recommended when achievable without severe hypoglycemia and with good quality of life.

  • 10.
    Asad, Samina
    et al.
    Karolinska Institute, Sweden .
    Nikamo, Pernilla
    Karolinska Institute, Sweden .
    Gyllenberg, Alexandra
    Karolinska Institute, Sweden .
    Bennet, Hedvig
    Lund University, Sweden Lund University, Sweden .
    Hansson, Ola
    Lund University, Sweden .
    Wierup, Nils
    Lund University, Sweden .
    Carlsson, Annelie
    University of Lund Hospital, Sweden .
    Forsander, Gun
    Queen Silvia Childrens Hospital, Sweden .
    Ivarsson, Sten-Anders
    Lund University, Sweden .
    Larsson, Helena
    Lund University, Sweden .
    Lernmark, Ake
    Lund University, Sweden .
    Lindblad, Bengt
    Queen Silvia Childrens Hospital, Sweden .
    Ludvigsson, Johnny
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pediatrics. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Paediatrics and Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Paediatrics in Linköping.
    Marcus, Claude
    Karolinska Institute, Sweden .
    Ronningen, Kjersti S.
    University of Oslo, Norway .
    Nerup, Jan
    Steno Diabet Centre, Denmark .
    Pociot, Flemming
    Lund University, Sweden University Hospital Glostrup, Denmark .
    Luthman, Holger
    Lund University, Sweden Lund University, Sweden .
    Fex, Malin
    Lund University, Sweden Lund University, Sweden .
    Kockum, Ingrid
    Karolinska Institute, Sweden .
    HTR1A a Novel Type 1 Diabetes Susceptibility Gene on Chromosome 5p13-q132012In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 7, no 5Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: We have previously performed a genome-wide linkage study in Scandinavian Type 1 diabetes (T1D) families. In the Swedish families, we detected suggestive linkage (LOD less than= 2.2) to the chromosome 5p13-q13 region. The aim of our study was to investigate the linked region in search for possible T1D susceptibility genes. Methodology/Principal Findings: Microsatellites were genotyped in the Scandinavian families to fine-map the previously linked region. Further, SNPs were genotyped in Swedish and Danish families as well as Swedish sporadic cases. In the Swedish families we detected genome-wide significant linkage to the 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A (HTR1A) gene (LOD 3.98, pless than9.8x10(-6)). Markers tagging two separate genes; the ring finger protein 180 (RNF180) and HTR1A showed association to T1D in the Swedish and Danish families (pless than0.002, pless than0.001 respectively). The association was not confirmed in sporadic cases. Conditional analysis indicates that the primary association was to HTR1A. Quantitative PCR show that transcripts of both HTR1A and RNF180 are present in human islets of Langerhans. Moreover, immunohistochemical analysis confirmed the presence of the 5-HTR1A protein in isolated human islets of Langerhans as well as in sections of human pancreas. Conclusions: We have identified and confirmed the association of both HTR1A and RFN180, two genes in high linkage disequilibrium (LD) to T1D in two separate family materials. As both HTR1A and RFN180 were expressed at the mRNA level and HTR1A as protein in human islets of Langerhans, we suggest that HTR1A may affect T1D susceptibility by modulating the initial autoimmune attack or either islet regeneration, insulin release, or both.

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  • 11.
    Axelsson, Stina
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Clinical Sciences. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Cheramy, Mikael
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Clinical Sciences. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Åkerman, Linda
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Clinical Sciences. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Pihl, Mikael
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Clinical Sciences. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Ludvigsson, Johnny
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Clinical Sciences. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Center of Paediatrics and Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Department of Paediatrics in Linköping.
    Casas, Rosaura
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Clinical Sciences. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Cellular and Humoral Immune responses in Type 1 Diabetic patients participating in a Phase III GAD-alum Intervention Trial2013In: Diabetes Care, ISSN 0149-5992, E-ISSN 1935-5548, Vol. 36, no 11, p. 3418-3424Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    OBJECTIVEGAD formulated in aluminum hydroxide (GAD-alum) has previously been shown to induce preservation of residual insulin secretion in recent-onset type 1 diabetes, but recent phase II and III GAD-alum trials failed to reach primary outcomes. The European phase III study was therefore closed after 15 months, and only a minority of patients completed the 30 months of follow-up.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSThis study aimed to characterize cellular and humoral responses in the Swedish patients (n = 148) participating in the phase III trial, receiving four (4D) or two (2D) GAD-alum doses or placebo. Serum GAD(65) antibody (GADA) levels, GADA IgG1-4 subclass distribution, cytokine secretion, and proliferative responses in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were analyzed.RESULTSThe GAD(65)-induced cytokine profile tended to switch toward a predominant Th2-associated profile over time both in the 2D and 4D group. The groups also displayed increased GADA levels and PBMC proliferation compared with placebo, whereas GADA IgG subclass distribution changed in 4D patients.CONCLUSIONSBoth 2D and 4D patients displayed GAD(65)-specifc cellular and humoral effects after GAD-alum treatment, but at different time points and magnitudes. No specific immune markers could be associated with treatment efficacy.

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    Diabetes Care
  • 12.
    Axelsson, Stina
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pediatrics. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Chéramy, Mikael
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pediatrics. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Hjorth, Maria
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pediatrics. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Pihl, Mikael
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pediatrics. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Åkerman, Linda
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pediatrics. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Martinuzzi, Emanuela
    St Vincent de Paul Hospital.
    Mallone, Roberto
    St Vincent de Paul Hospital.
    Ludvigsson, Johnny
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pediatrics. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Paediatrics and Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Paediatrics in Linköping.
    Casas, Rosaura
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pediatrics. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Long-Lasting Immune Responses 4 Years after GAD-Alum Treatment in Children with Type 1 Diabetes2011In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 6, no 12Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A phase II clinical trial with glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) 65 formulated with aluminium hydroxide (GAD-alum) has shown efficacy in preserving residual insulin secretion in children and adolescents with recent-onset type 1 diabetes (T1D). We have performed a 4-year follow-up study of 59 of the original 70 patients to investigate long-term cellular and humoral immune responses after GAD-alum-treatment. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were stimulated in vitro with GAD(65). Frequencies of naive, central and effector memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were measured, together with cytokine secretion, proliferation, gene expression and serum GAD(65) autoantibody (GADA) levels. We here show that GAD-alum-treated patients display increased memory T-cell frequencies and prompt T-cell activation upon in vitro stimulation with GAD(65), but not with control antigens, compared with placebo subjects. GAD(65)-induced T-cell activation was accompanied by secretion of T helper (Th) 1, Th2 and T regulatory cytokines and by induction of T-cell inhibitory pathways. Moreover, post-treatment serum GADA titres remained persistently increased in the GAD-alum arm, but did not inhibit GAD(65) enzymatic activity. In conclusion, memory T- and B-cell responses persist 4 years after GAD-alum-treatment. In parallel to a GAD(65)-induced T-cell activation, our results show induction of T-cell inhibitory pathways important for regulating the GAD(65) immunity.

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  • 13.
    Axelsson, Stina
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pediatrics. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Chéramy, Mikael
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pediatrics. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Åkerman, Linda
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pediatrics. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Pihl, Mikael
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pediatrics. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Ludvigsson, Johnny
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pediatrics. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Paediatrics and Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Paediatrics in Linköping.
    Casas, Rosaura
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pediatrics. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Preserved C-peptide 30 months after GAD-alum treatment of children and adolescents with recent-onset type 1 diabetes, and its relation to immune markersManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 kDa isoform (GAD65) is a major autoantigen in type 1 diabetes (T1D). Although alum-formulated GAD65 (GAD-alum) induced preservation of residual insulin secretion in a previous clinical Phase II trial, recent Phase II and Phase III trials failed to reach their primary end-points. The European Phase III trial was therefore closed after 15 months, and the 30 months follow-up period was completed only for a minority of the patients. This study aimed to assess whether GAD-alum preserved β-cell function in those recent-onset T1D patients who completed their 30 months visit in the European Phase III trial, and to characterize their GAD65-induced cytokine secretion and proliferation. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated at baseline and after 1, 3, 9, 15 and 21 months from the 148 Swedish subjects included in the Phase III GAD-alum trial, and also at 30 months from 45 patients who had reached the final visit before the trial was closed. Patients had been randomly assigned into three arms: 4 doses of GAD-alum (4D), 2 doses of GAD-alum followed by two doses of placebo (2D), or 4 doses of placebo. Cytokine secretion was detected in cell culture supernatants by Luminex, after 7 days of in vitro culture. Cell proliferation was determined by 3H thymidine incorporation assay. Fasting and stimulated C-peptide was analysed in serum.

    Patients treated with 2 doses of GAD-alum had less decline of both fasting (p=0.040) and stimulated C-peptide (p=0.012) after 30 months, and a larger proportion of these patients preserved >25% of their initial stimulated C-peptide AUC compared to placebo (p=0.012). Both 2D and 4D patients showed increased PBMC proliferation to GAD65 and a cytokine profile that tended to switch towards a more predominant Th2 associated profile over time.

    The results support the concept of GAD-alum treatment, but no specific immune markers have been identified.

  • 14.
    Axelsson, Stina
    et al.
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pediatrics .
    Faresjö, Maria
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pediatrics .
    Hedman, Maria
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Ludvigsson, Johnny
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pediatrics . Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Paediatrics and Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Paediatrics in Linköping.
    Casas, Rosaura
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pediatrics .
    Cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells are suitable for the assessment of immunological markers in type 1 diabetic children2008In: Cryobiology, ISSN 0011-2240, E-ISSN 1090-2392, Vol. 57, no 3, p. 201-208Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) are commonly used when assessing immune responses in clinical trials, both for practical reasons and to minimize interassay variation, as samples are often collected and studied over time. This study investigated the effect of cryopreservation on cytokine and chemokine secretion, and on expression of regulatory T-cell associated markers, in samples from children with type 1 diabetes. PBMC were cultured before and after cryopreservation either with GAD(65) or PHA. Secretion of cytokines (IL-5, -6, -10, -12, -13 -17, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha) and chemokines (IP-10, MCP-1, MIP-1 alpha, MIP-1 beta and RANTES) was analysed in cell supernatants using multiplex fluorochrome technique (Luminex). Expression of FOXP3 and TGF-beta mRNA was detected by multiplex real-time RT-PCR. Increased spontaneous secretion of IL-6, -10, -12, -13, IFN-gamma and MCP-1, and mRNA expression of FOXP3 and TGF-beta, was detected after cryopreservation. Stimulation with GAD65 induced higher levels of IL-6, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha and MIP-1 alpha, whereas lower secretion was found for IL-10 and IL-13 in cryopreserved PBMC. Stimulation with PHA induced lower secretion of IP-10, MCPA and RANTES and FOXP3 mRNA expression after cryopreservation. Thus, cryopreserved PBMC were suitable to assess the immunological markers included in this study, even though their expression could differ from freshly handled cells.

  • 15.
    Axelsson, Stina
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pediatrics . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Hjorth, Maria
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pediatrics . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Akerman, L
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Ludvigsson, Johnny
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pediatrics . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Paediatrics and Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Paediatrics in Linköping.
    Casas, Rosaura
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pediatrics . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Treatment with alum-formulated GAD65 in type 1 diabetic children results in early induction of Th2 responses2009In: in DIABETOLOGIA, vol 52, 2009, Vol. 52, p. S193-S193Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    n/a

  • 16.
    Axelsson, Stina
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pediatrics. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Hjorth, Maria
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pediatrics. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Ludvigsson, Johnny
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pediatrics. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Paediatrics and Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Paediatrics in Linköping.
    Casas, Rosaura
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pediatrics. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Decreased GAD(65) -specific Th1/Tc1 phenotype in children with Type 1 diabetes treated with GAD-alum.2012In: Diabetic Medicine, ISSN 0742-3071, E-ISSN 1464-5491, Vol. 29, no 10, p. 1272-1278Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aim  The balance between T helper cell subsets is an important regulator of the immune system and is often examined after immune therapies. We aimed to study the immunomodulatory effect of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) 65 formulated with aluminium hydroxide (GAD-alum) in children with Type 1 diabetes, focusing on chemokines and their receptors. Methods  Blood samples were collected from 70 children with Type 1 diabetes included in a phase II clinical trial with GAD-alum. Expression of CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) and CCR4 was analysed on CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes after in vitro stimulation with GAD(65) using flow cytometry, and secretion of the chemokines CCL2, CCL3 and CCL4 was detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cell supernatants with Luminex. Results  Expression of Th1-associated CCR5 was down-regulated following antigen challenge, together with an increased CCR4/CCR5 ratio and CCL2 secretion in GAD-alum-treated patients, but not in the placebo group. Conclusion  Our results suggest that GAD-alum treatment has induced a favourable immune modulation associated with decreased Th1/Tc1 phenotypes upon antigen re-challenge, which may be of importance for regulating GAD(65) immunity. © 2012 The Authors. Diabetic Medicine © 2012 Diabetes UK.

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  • 17.
    Axelsson, Stina
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Pediatrics. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Hjorth, Maria
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pediatrics . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Åkerman, Linda
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pediatrics . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Ludvigsson, Johnny
    Linköping University, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Pediatrics. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Paediatrics and Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Paediatrics in Linköping.
    Casas, Rosaura
    Linköping University, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Pediatrics. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Early induction of GAD(65)-reactive Th2 response in type 1 diabetic children treated with alum-formulated GAD(65)2010In: Diabetes/Metabolism Research Reviews, ISSN 1520-7552, E-ISSN 1520-7560, Vol. 26, no 7, p. 559-568Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background We have previously shown that two injections of 20 mu g alum-formulated glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD(65)) (GAD-alum; Diamyd (R)) in children with recent-onset type 1 diabetes lead to preservation of residual insulin secretion. In vitro cytokine production at the 15 months follow-up indicated immunomodulation. In the present study, we took advantage of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, cryopreserved during early follow-ups, to investigate whether the immunomodulatory effect of GAD-alum was apparent earlier after treatment, preceding the changes previously reported at 15 months.<p>Methods Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 70 type 1 diabetic children, randomly assigned GAD-alum (n = 35) or placebo (n = 35), that had been frozen at baseline (n = 27) and after 1 (n = 58), 3 (n = 67) and 9 (n = 66) months, were stimulated in vitro with GAD(65), tyrosine phosphatase-like protein IA-2 peptide, insulin peptide, GAD-alum, alum formulation or phytohaemagglutinin. Interleukin (IL)-5, -6, -10, -12, -13, -17, tumour necrosis factor and interferon-gamma were measured in cell supernatants and serum samples using Luminex. Expression of FOXP3 and transforming growth factor-beta was determined by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.</p><p>Results Already 1 month after the first injection, GAD(65)-induced IL-5 and IL-13 together with FOXP3 were enhanced in GAD-alum-treated patients compared to those with placebo. The in vitro response at 3 and 9 months was characterized by a broader range of cytokines in the treated group. Notably, only the T-helper 2-associated cytokines IL-5 and IL-13 together with FOXP3 increased continuously over time.</p><p>Conclusions Treatment with GAD-alum in type 1 diabetic children induced an early T-helper 2 immune enhanced response to GAD(65), followed by a wider spectrum of cytokines at 3 and 9 months. Copyright (C) 2010 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.</p>

  • 18.
    Aydemir, Ozkan
    et al.
    Univ Massachusetts, MA USA.
    Noble, Janelle A.
    Childrens Hosp Oakland, CA 94609 USA.
    Bailey, Jeffrey A.
    Univ Massachusetts, MA USA.
    Lernmark, Ake
    Lund Univ, Sweden.
    Marsh, Patrick
    Univ Massachusetts, MA USA.
    Svard, Agnes Andersson
    Lund Univ, Sweden.
    Bearoff, Frank
    Drexel Univ, PA 19104 USA.
    Blankenhorn, Elizabeth P.
    Drexel Univ, PA 19104 USA.
    Mordes, John P.
    Univ Massachusetts, MA 01655 USA.
    Persson, Martina
    Karolinska Univ Hosp, Sweden.
    Larsson, Helena Elding
    Lund Univ, Sweden.
    Forsander, Gun
    Univ Gothenburg, Sweden; Sahlgrens Univ Hosp, Sweden.
    Ivarsson, Sten-Anders
    Lund Univ, Sweden.
    Ludvigsson, Johnny
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Children's and Women's health. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Center of Paediatrics and Gynaecology and Obstetrics, H.K.H. Kronprinsessan Victorias barn- och ungdomssjukhus.
    Marcus, Claude
    Karolinska Inst, Sweden.
    Carlsson, Annelie
    Lund Univ, Sweden.
    Genetic Variation Within the HLA-DRA1 Gene Modulates Susceptibility to Type 1 Diabetes in HLA-DR3 Homozygotes2019In: Diabetes, ISSN 0012-1797, E-ISSN 1939-327X, Vol. 68, no 7, p. 1523-1527Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Type 1 diabetes (T1D) involves the interaction of multiple gene variants, environmental factors, and immunoregulatory dysfunction. Major T1D genetic risk loci encode HLA-DR and -DQ. Genetic heterogeneity and linkage disequilibrium in the highly polymorphic HLA region confound attempts to identify additional T1D susceptibility loci. To minimize HLA heterogeneity, T1D patients (N = 365) and control subjects (N = 668) homozygous for the HLA-DR3 high-risk haplotype were selected from multiple large T1D studies and examined to identify new T1D susceptibility loci using molecular inversion probe sequencing technology. We report that risk for T1D in HLA-DR3 homozygotes is increased significantly by a previously unreported haplotype of three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the first intron of HLA-DRA1. The homozygous risk haplotype has an odds ratio of 4.65 relative to the protective homozygous haplotype in our sample. Individually, these SNPs reportedly function as "expression quantitative trait loci," modulating HLA-DR and -DQ expression. From our analysis of available data, we conclude that the tri-SNP haplotype within HLA-DRA1 may modulate class II expression, suggesting that increased T1D risk could be attributable to regulated expression of class II genes. These findings could help clarify the role of HLA in T1D susceptibility and improve diabetes risk assessment, particularly in high-risk HLA-DR3 homozygous individuals.

  • 19.
    Barcenilla, Hugo
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Children's and Women's Health. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    Pihl, Mikael
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    Wahlberg, Jeanette
    Linköping University, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Diagnostics and Specialist Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Medicine Center, Department of Endocrinology. Orebro Univ, Sweden; Orebro Univ, Sweden.
    Ludvigsson, Johnny
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Children's and Women's Health. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Center of Paediatrics and Gynaecology and Obstetrics, H.K.H. Kronprinsessan Victorias barn- och ungdomssjukhus.
    Casas, Rosaura
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Children's and Women's Health. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    Intralymphatic GAD-alum Injection Modulates B Cell Response and Induces Follicular Helper T Cells and PD-1+CD8+T Cells in Patients With Recent-Onset Type 1 Diabetes2022In: Frontiers in Immunology, E-ISSN 1664-3224, Vol. 12, article id 797172Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Antigen-specific immunotherapy is an appealing strategy to preserve beta-cell function in type 1 diabetes, although the approach has yet to meet its therapeutic endpoint. Direct administration of autoantigen into lymph nodes has emerged as an alternative administration route that can improve the efficacy of the treatment. In the first open-label clinical trial in humans, injection of aluminum-formulated glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD-alum) into an inguinal lymph node led to the promising preservation of C-peptide in patients with recent-onset type 1 diabetes. The treatment induced a distinct immunomodulatory effect, but the response at the cell level has not been fully characterized. Here we used mass cytometry to profile the immune landscape in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 12 participants of the study before and after 15 months of treatment. The immunomodulatory effect of the therapy included reduction of naive and unswitched memory B cells, increase in follicular helper T cells and expansion of PD-1+ CD69+ cells in both CD8+ and double negative T cells. In vitro stimulation with GAD(65) only affected effector CD8+ T cells in samples collected before the treatment. However, the recall response to antigen after 15 months included induction of CXCR3+ and CD11c+Tbet+ B cells, PD-1+ follicular helper T cells and exhausted-like CD8+ T cells. This study provides a deeper insight into the immunological changes associated with GAD-alum administration directly into the lymph nodes.

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  • 20.
    Barcenilla, Hugo
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Children's and Women's health. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    Åkerman, Linda
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Children's and Women's health. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Center for Diagnostics, Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine.
    Pihl, Mikael
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Hematopoiesis and Developmental Biology. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    Ludvigsson, Johnny
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Children's and Women's health. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Center of Paediatrics and Gynaecology and Obstetrics, H.K.H. Kronprinsessan Victorias barn- och ungdomssjukhus Linköping/Motala.
    Casas, Rosaura
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Children's and Women's health. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    Mass Cytometry Identifies Distinct Subsets of Regulatory T Cells and Natural Killer Cells Associated With High Risk for Type 1 Diabetes2019In: Frontiers in Immunology, E-ISSN 1664-3224, Vol. 10, article id 982Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is characterized by autoimmune destruction of insulin producing beta-cells. The time from onset of islet autoimmunity to manifest clinical disease can vary widely in length, and it is fairly uncharacterized both clinically and immunologically. In the current study, peripheral blood mononuclear cells from autoantibody-positive children with high risk for T1D, and from age-matched healthy individuals, were analyzed by mass cytometry using a panel of 32 antibodies. Surface markers were chosen to identify multiple cell types including T, B, NK, monocytes, and DC, and antibodies specific for identification of differentiation, activation and functional markers were also included in the panel. By applying dimensional reduction and computational unsupervised clustering approaches, we delineated in an unbiased fashion 132 phenotypically distinct subsets within the major immune cell populations. We were able to identify an effector memory Treg subset expressing HLA-DR, CCR4, CCR6, CXCR3, and GATA3 that was increased in the high-risk group. In addition, two subsets of NK cells defined by CD16(+) CD8(+) CXCR3(+) and CD16(+) CD8(+) CXCR3(+) CD11c(+) were also higher in the same subjects. High-risk individuals did not show impaired glucose tolerance at the time of sampling, suggesting that the changes observed were not the result of metabolic imbalance, and might be potential biomarkers predictive of T1D.

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  • 21.
    Barker, A.
    et al.
    Cambridge Institute Public Heatlh, England .
    Lauria, A.
    University of Campus Biomed, Italy .
    Schloot, N.
    University of Dusseldorf, Germany University of Dusseldorf, Germany .
    Hosszufalusi, N.
    Semmelweis University, Hungary .
    Ludvigsson, Johnny
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Clinical Sciences. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Center of Paediatrics and Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Department of Paediatrics in Linköping.
    Mathieu, C.
    Katholieke University of Leuven, Belgium .
    Mauricio, D.
    Hospital Arnau Vilanova, Spain .
    Nordwall, Maria
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Clinical Sciences. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Center of Paediatrics and Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Department of Paediatrics in Norrköping.
    Van der Schueren, B.
    Katholieke University of Leuven, Belgium .
    Mandrup-Poulsen, T.
    University of Copenhagen, Denmark .
    Scherbaum, W .A.
    University of Dusseldorf, Germany .
    Weets, I.
    Vrije University of Brussel, Belgium Vrije University of Brussel, Belgium Belgian Diabet Registry BDR, Belgium .
    Gorus, F. K.
    Vrije University of Brussel, Belgium Vrije University of Brussel, Belgium Belgian Diabet Registry BDR, Belgium .
    Wareham, N.
    Cambridge Institute Public Heatlh, England .
    Leslie, R. D.
    Queen Mary University of London, England .
    Pozzilli, P.
    University of Campus Biomed, Italy Queen Mary University of London, England .
    Age-dependent decline of beta-cell function in type 1 diabetes after diagnosis: a multi-centre longitudinal study2014In: Diabetes, obesity and metabolism, ISSN 1462-8902, E-ISSN 1463-1326, Vol. 16, no 3, p. 262-267Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    AimsC-peptide secretion is currently the only available clinical biomarker to measure residual -cell function in type 1 diabetes. However, the natural history of C-peptide decline after diagnosis can vary considerably dependent upon several variables. We investigated the shape of C-peptide decline over time from type 1 diabetes onset in relation to age at diagnosis, haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels and insulin dose. MethodsWe analysed data from 3929 type 1 diabetes patients recruited from seven European centres representing all age groups at disease onset (childhood, adolescence and adulthood). The influence of the age at onset on -cell function was investigated in a longitudinal analysis at diagnosis and up to 5-years follow-up. ResultsFasting C-peptide (FCP) data at diagnosis were available in 3668 patients stratified according to age at diagnosis in four groups (less than5years, n=344; greater than5yearsless than10years, n=668; greater than10yearsless than18years, n=991; greater than18years, n=1655). FCP levels were positively correlated with age (pless than0.001); the subsequent decline in FCP over time was log-linear with a greater decline rate in younger age groups (pless than0.0001). ConclusionsThis study reveals a positive correlation between age at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes and FCP with a more rapid decline of -cell function in the very young patients. These data can inform the design of clinical trials using C-peptide values as an end-point for the effect of a given treatment.

  • 22.
    Beam, Craig A.
    et al.
    Western Michigan University, MI 49008 USA.
    MacCallum, Colleen
    Western Michigan University, MI 49008 USA.
    Herold, Kevan C.
    Yale University, CT USA; Yale University, CT USA.
    Wherrett, Diane K.
    Hospital Sick Children, Canada; University of Toronto, Canada.
    Palmer, Jerry
    University of Washington, WA 98195 USA; VA Puget Sound Health Care Syst, WA USA.
    Ludvigsson, Johnny
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Children's and Women's health. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Center of Paediatrics and Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Department of Paediatrics in Linköping.
    GAD vaccine reduces insulin loss in recently diagnosed type 1 diabetes: findings from a Bayesian meta-analysis2017In: Diabetologia, ISSN 0012-186X, E-ISSN 1432-0428, Vol. 60, no 1, p. 43-49Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    GAD is a major target of the autoimmune response that occurs in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Randomised controlled clinical trials of a GAD + alum vaccine in human participants have so far given conflicting results. In this study, we sought to see whether a clearer answer to the question of whether GAD65 has an effect on C-peptide could be reached by combining individual-level data from the randomised controlled trials using Bayesian meta-analysis to estimate the probability of a positive biological effect (a reduction in C-peptide loss compared with placebo approximately 1 year after the GAD vaccine). We estimate that there is a 98% probability that 20 mu g GAD with alum administered twice yields a positive biological effect. The effect is probably a 15-20% reduction in the loss of C-peptide at approximately 1 year after treatment. This translates to an annual expected loss of between -0.250 and -0.235 pmol/ml in treated patients compared with an expected 2 h AUC loss of -0.294 pmol/ml at 1 year for untreated newly diagnosed patients. The biological effect of this vaccination should be developed further in order to reach clinically desirable reductions in insulin loss in patients recently diagnosed with type 1 diabetes.

  • 23.
    Berryman, Meghan A.
    et al.
    Univ Florida, FL 32611 USA.
    Ilonen, Jorma
    Univ Turku, Finland.
    Triplett, Eric W.
    Univ Florida, FL 32611 USA.
    Ludvigsson, Johnny
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Children's and Women's Health. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Center of Paediatrics and Gynaecology and Obstetrics, H.K.H. Kronprinsessan Victorias barn- och ungdomssjukhus.
    Important denominator between autoimmune comorbidities: a review of class II HLA, autoimmune disease, and the gut2023In: Frontiers in Immunology, E-ISSN 1664-3224, Vol. 14, article id 1270488Article, review/survey (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes are associated with more diseases than any other region of the genome. Highly polymorphic HLA genes produce variable haplotypes that are specifically correlated with pathogenically different autoimmunities. Despite differing etiologies, however, many autoimmune disorders share the same risk-associated HLA haplotypes often resulting in comorbidity. This shared risk remains an unanswered question in the field. Yet, several groups have revealed links between gut microbial community composition and autoimmune diseases. Autoimmunity is frequently associated with dysbiosis, resulting in loss of barrier function and permeability of tight junctions, which increases HLA class II expression levels and thus further influences the composition of the gut microbiome. However, autoimmune-risk-associated HLA haplotypes are connected to gut dysbiosis long before autoimmunity even begins. This review evaluates current research on the HLA-microbiome-autoimmunity triplex and proposes that pre-autoimmune bacterial dysbiosis in the gut is an important determinant between autoimmune comorbidities with systemic inflammation as a common denominator. Graphical representation of central hypothesis.

  • 24.
    Berryman, Meghan A.
    et al.
    Triplett Laboratory, Institute of Food and Agriculture, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
    Milletich, Patricia L.
    Triplett Laboratory, Institute of Food and Agriculture, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
    Petrone, Joseph R.
    Triplett Laboratory, Institute of Food and Agriculture, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
    Roesch, Luiz FW.
    Roesch Laboratory, Institute of Food and Agriculture, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
    Ilonen, Jorma
    Immunogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
    Triplett, Eric W.
    Triplett Laboratory, Institute of Food and Agriculture, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
    Ludvigsson, Johnny
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Children's and Women's Health. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Center of Paediatrics and Gynaecology and Obstetrics, H.K.H. Kronprinsessan Victorias barn- och ungdomssjukhus.
    Autoimmune-associated genetics impact probiotic colonization of the infant gut2022In: Journal of Autoimmunity, ISSN 0896-8411, E-ISSN 1095-9157, Vol. 133, article id 102943Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    To exemplify autoimmune-associated genetic influence on the colonization of bacteria frequently used in probiotics, microbial composition of stool from 1326 one-year-old infants was analyzed in a prospective general-population cohort, All Babies In Southeast Sweden (ABIS). We show that an individual's HLA haplotype composition has a significant impact on which common Bifidobacterium strains thrive in colonizing the gut. The effect HLA has on the gut microbiome can be more clearly observed when considered in terms of allelic dosage. HLA DR1-DQ5 showed the most significant and most prominent effect on increased Bifidobacterium relative abundance. Therefore, HLA DR1-DQ5 is proposed to act as a protective haplotype in many individuals. Protection-associated HLA haplotypes are more likely to influence the promotion of specific bifidobacteria. In addition, strain-level differences are correlated with colonization proficiency in the gut depending on HLA haplotype makeup. These results demonstrate that HLA genetics should be considered when designing effective probiotics, particularly for those at high genetic risk for autoimmune diseases.

  • 25.
    Berzina, L.
    et al.
    Department of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Ludvigsson, Johnny
    Linköping University, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Pediatrics. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Saduaskaite-Kühne, Vaiva
    Laboratory of Pediatric Endocrinology, Kaunas University of Medicine, Kaunas, Lithuania.
    Nelson, Nina
    Linköping University, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Pediatrics. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Shtauvere-Brameus, A.
    Department of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Sanjeevi, C. B.
    Department of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
    DR3 is associated with type 1 diabetes and blood group ABO incompatibility2002In: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, ISSN 0077-8923, E-ISSN 1749-6632, Vol. 958, p. 345-348Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Type 1 diabetes is associated with autoimmunity against pancreatic β cells. ABO incompatibility is associated with ABO immunization during pregnancy. Type 1 diabetes is associated with certain HLA DR and DQ haplotypes. The mechanism by which blood group incompatibility is associated with the risk of type 1 diabetes is not known. We propose that certain HLA alleles contribute to the development of both type 1 diabetes and ABO blood group incompatibility. We studied 57 children with ABO blood group incompatibility, 118 children with type 1 diabetes, and 98 age- and sex-matched unrelated healthy controls from Linköping. Typing of HLA DQA1, DQB1, and DRB1 was done on DNA extracted from peripheral blood, by PCR amplification, manual dot-blotting onto nylon membranes, synthetic sequence-specific oligonucleotide (SSO) probe 3′ end-labeling with 32P-dCTP, and hybridization followed by stringency washes and autoradiography. We observed that DR3 allele was more frequent in patients with ABO incompatibility when compared to healthy controls (OR = 2.7, Pc < 0.05). Patients with type 1 diabetes had significantly higher frequency of DR3, DQ2, DR4, and DQ8 alleles when compared to healthy controls. No significant difference was observed in frequency of DR3 between ABO blood group incompatibility and type 1 diabetes patients. We conclude that DR3 is associated with both the development of type 1 diabetes and ABO incompatibility.

  • 26. Berzina, L
    et al.
    Shtauvere-Brameus, S
    Ludvigsson, Johnny
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Pediatrics. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Paediatrics and Gynecology and Obstetrics, Barn.
    Sanjeevi, CB
    Newborn screening for high-risk human leukocyte antigen markers associated with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: The ABIS study2002In: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, ISSN 0077-8923, E-ISSN 1749-6632, Vol. 958, p. 312-316Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus is associated with specific high-risk HLA DQ and DR haplotypes and islet cell antibodies. IDDM susceptibility in Caucasians is more strongly associated with DQ2/DQ8 (DQA1*0501-DQB1*0201/DQA1*0301-DQB1*0302) and DQ6 (B1*0604) than with DRB1*03/DRB1*04, while a single copy of DQ6 (B1*0602) gives sufficient protection against type 1 diabetes. As a part of the ABIS (All Babies in Southeast Sweden) study we have done typing of DQA1, DQB1, and DRB1 by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the second exon of the genes, manually dot-blotting onto nylon membranes synthetic sequence-specific oligonucleotide (SSO) probes, 3' end-labeling with 32P-dCTP, and hybridization followed by stringency washes and autoradiography using the SSO probe. Among 3756 newborns born in southeast Sweden we have found the high-risk genotype DQ2/DR3-DO8/DR4 to be present in 1%, haplotype DQ8/DR4 in 7.8%, and haplotype DQ2/DR3 in 9.6%. DQ2/DR3 or DQ8/DR4 was carried by 16.4% of newborns, the low-risk DQ6 molecule was carried by newborns as follows: DQ2/DR3-DQ6/DR15, 1.3%, DQ8/DR4-DQ6/DR15, 1.3%, and DQ6/DR15, 9.4%. We conclude from our results that the high incidence of IDDM in Sweden is at least in part due to increased prevalence of high-risk HLA haplotypes compared to protective haplotypes (20% vs. 13%) in the general population.

  • 27.
    Besser, Rachel E. J.
    et al.
    UCL, England; Oxford Univ Hosp NHS Fdn Trust, England; Churchill Hosp, England.
    Ludvigsson, Johnny
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Children's and Women's health. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Center of Paediatrics and Gynaecology and Obstetrics, H.K.H. Kronprinsessan Victorias barn- och ungdomssjukhus.
    Hindmarsh, Peter C.
    UCL, England.
    Cole, Tim J.
    UCL, England.
    Exploring C-peptide loss in type 1 diabetes using growth curve analysis2018In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 13, no 7, article id e0199635Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Objectives C-peptide (CP) loss in type 1 diabetes (T1D) is highly variable, and factors influencing it are poorly understood. We modelled CP values in T1D patients from diagnosis for up to 6 years, treating the serial data as growth curves plotted against time since diagnosis. The aims were to summarise the pattern of CP loss (i.e. growth curve shape) in individual patients in simple terms, and to identify baseline characteristics that predict this pattern in individuals. Materials and methods Between 1976 and 2011, 442 T1D patients initially aged amp;lt; 18y underwent 120-minute mixed meal tolerance tests (MMTT) to calculate area under the curve (AUC) CP, at 3, 9,18, 30, 48 and 72 months after diagnosis (n = 1537). The data were analysed using the novel SITAR mixed effects growth curve model (Superlmposition by Translation And Rotation). It fits a mean AUC growth curve, but also allows the curves mean level and rate of fall to vary between individuals so as to best fit the individual patient curves. These curve adjustments define individual curve shape. Results The square root (root) AUC scale provided the best fit. The mean levels and rates of fall for individuals were normally distributed and uncorrelated with each other. Age at diagnosis and root AUC at 3 months strongly predicted the patient-specific mean levels, while younger age at diagnosis (p amp;lt; 0.0001) and the 120-minute CP value of the 3-month MMTT (p = 0.002) predicted the patient-specific rates of fall. Conclusions SITAR growth curve analysis is a useful tool to assess CP loss in type 1 diabetes, explaining patient differences in terms of their mean level and rate of fall. A definition of rapid CP loss could be based on a quantile of the rate of fall distribution, allowing better understanding of factors determining CP loss and stratification of patients into targeted therapies.

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  • 28.
    Besser, Rachel E J
    et al.
    University of Exeter.
    Ludvigsson, Johnny
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pediatrics. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Center of Paediatrics and Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Department of Paediatrics in Linköping.
    Jones, Angus G
    University of Exeter.
    McDonald, Timothy J
    University of Exeter.
    Shields, Beverley M
    University of Exeter.
    Knight, Bridget A
    University of Exeter.
    Hattersley, Andrew T
    University of Exeter.
    Urine C-Peptide Creatinine Ratio Is a Noninvasive Alternative to the Mixed-Meal Tolerance Test in Children and Adults With Type 1 Diabetes2011In: DIABETES CARE, ISSN 0149-5992, Vol. 34, no 3, p. 607-609Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    OBJECTIVE-Stimulated serum C-peptide (sCP) during a mixed-meal tolerance test (MMTT) is the gold standard measure of endogenous insulin secretion, but practical issues limit its use. We assessed urine C-peptide creatinine ratio (UCPCR) as an alternative. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS-Seventy-two type 1 diabetic patients (age of diagnosis median 14 years [interquartile range 10-22]; diabetes duration 6.5[2.3-32.7]) had an MMTT. sCP was collected at 90 min. Urine for UCPCR was collected at 120 min and following a home evening meal. RESULTS-MMTT 120-min UCPCR was highly correlated to 90-min sCP (r = 0.97; P andlt; 0.0001). UCPCR andgt;= 0.53 nmol/mmol had 94% sensitivity/100% specificity for significant endogenous insulin secretion (90-min sCP andgt;= 0.2 nmol/L). The 120-min postprandial evening meal UCPCR was highly correlated to 90-min sCP (r = 0.91; P andlt; 0.0001). UCPCR andgt;= 0.37 nmol/mmol had 84% sensitivity/97% specificity for sCP andgt;= 0.2 nmol/L. CONCLUSIONS-UCPCR testing is a sensitive and specific method for detecting insulin secretion. UCPCR may be a practical alternative to serum C-peptide testing, avoiding the need for inpatient investigation.

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  • 29.
    Besser, Rachel E J
    et al.
    University of Exeter, England .
    Shields, Beverley M
    University of Exeter, England .
    Casas, Rosaura
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pediatrics. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Hattersley, Andrew T.
    University of Exeter, England .
    Ludvigsson, Johnny
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pediatrics. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Center of Paediatrics and Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Department of Paediatrics in Linköping.
    Lessons From the Mixed-Meal Tolerance Test Use of 90-minute and fasting C-peptide in pediatric diabetes2013In: Diabetes Care, ISSN 0149-5992, E-ISSN 1935-5548, Vol. 36, no 2, p. 195-201Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    OBJECTIVE-Mixed-meal tolerance test (MMTT) area under the curve C-peptide (AUC CP) is the gold-standard measure of endogenous insulin secretion in type 1 diabetes but is intensive and invasive to perform. The 90-minMMTT-stimulated CP andgt;= 0.2 nmol/L (90CP) is related to improved clinical outcomes, and CP andgt;= 0.1 nmol/L is the equivalent fasting measure (FCP). We assessed whether 90CP or FCP are alternatives to a full MMTT. less thanbrgreater than less thanbrgreater thanRESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS-CP was measured during 1,334 MMTTs in 421 type 1 diabetes patients aged, 18 years at 3, 9, 18, 48, and 72 months duration. We assessed: 1) correlation between mean AUC CP and 90CP or FCP; 2) sensitivity and specificity of 90CP andgt;= 0.2 nmol/L and FCP andgt;= 0.1 nmol/L to detect peak CP andgt;= 0.2 nmol/L and the equivalent AUC CP; and 3) how the time taken to reach the CP peak varied with age of diagnosis and diabetes duration. less thanbrgreater than less thanbrgreater thanRESULTS-AUC CP was highly correlated to 90CP (r(s) = 0.96; P andlt; 0.0001) and strongly correlated to FCP (r(s) = 0.84; P andlt; 0.0001). AUC CP andgt;= 23 nmol/L/150 min was the equivalent cutoff for peak CP andgt;= 0.2 nmol/L (98% sensitivity/97% specificity). A 90CP andgt;= 0.2 nmol/L correctly classified 96% patients using AUC or peak CP, whereas FCP andgt;= 0.1 nmol/L classified 83 and 85% patients, respectively. There was only a small difference seen between peak and 90CP (median 0.02 nmol/L). The CP peak occurred earlier in patients with longer diabetes duration (6.1 min each 1-year increase in duration) and younger age (2.5 min each 1-year increase). less thanbrgreater than less thanbrgreater thanCONCLUSIONS-90CP is a highly sensitive and specific measure of AUC and peak CP in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes and offers a practical alternative to a full MMTT. Diabetes Care 36:195-201, 2013

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  • 30.
    Bird, Philippa K
    et al.
    Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, North Yorkshire, UK // Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK.
    Pickett, Kate E
    Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, North Yorkshire, UK.
    Graham, Hilary
    Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, North Yorkshire, UK.
    Faresjö, Tomas
    Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Community Medicine.
    Jaddoe, Vincent W V
    Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands // Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
    Ludvigsson, Johnny
    Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Center of Paediatrics and Gynaecology and Obstetrics, H.K.H. Kronprinsessan Victorias barn- och ungdomssjukhus Linköping/Motala. Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Children's and Women's health.
    Raat, Hein
    Department of Public Health, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
    Seguin, Louise
    Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada.
    Wijtzes, Anne I
    Department of Public Health, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
    McGrath, Jennifer J
    Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, Québec, Canada.
    Income inequality and social gradients in children's height: a comparison of cohort studies from five high-income countries.2019In: BMJ Paediatrics Open, E-ISSN 2399-9772, Vol. 3, no 1, article id e000568Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: Health and well-being are better, on average, in countries that are more equal, but less is known about how this benefit is distributed across society. Height is a widely used, objective indicator of child health and predictor of lifelong well-being. We compared the level and slope of social gradients in children's height in high-income countries with different levels of income inequality, in order to investigate whether children growing up in all socioeconomic circumstances are healthier in more equal countries.

    Methods: We conducted a coordinated analysis of data from five cohort studies from countries selected to represent different levels of income inequality (the USA, UK, Australia, the Netherlands and Sweden). We used standardised methods to compare social gradients in children's height at age 4-6 years, by parent education status and household income. We used linear regression models and predicted height for children with the same age, sex and socioeconomic circumstances in each cohort.

    Results: The total analytic sample was 37 063 children aged 4-6 years. Gradients by parent education and household income varied between cohorts and outcomes. After adjusting for differences in age and sex, children in more equal countries (Sweden, the Netherlands) were taller at all levels of parent education and household income than children in less equal countries (USA, UK and Australia), with the greatest between-country differences among children with less educated parents and lowest household incomes.

    Conclusions: The study provides preliminary evidence that children across society do better in more equal countries, with greatest benefit among children from the most disadvantaged socioeconomic groups.

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  • 31.
    Bjoerkman, Anders
    et al.
    Karolinska Inst, Sweden.
    Gisslen, Magnus
    Univ Gothenburg, Sweden; Sahlgrens Univ Hosp, Sweden.
    Gullberg, Martin
    Univ Umea, Sweden.
    Ludvigsson, Johnny
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Children's and Women's Health. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Center of Paediatrics and Gynaecology and Obstetrics, H.K.H. Kronprinsessan Victorias barn- och ungdomssjukhus.
    The Swedish COVID-19 approach: a scientific dialogue on mitigation policies2023In: Frontiers In Public Health, ISSN 2296-2565, Vol. 11, article id 1206732Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    During the COVID-19 pandemic, Sweden was among the few countries that did not enforce strict lockdown measures but instead relied more on voluntary and sustainable mitigation recommendations. While supported by the majority of Swedes, this approach faced rapid and continuous criticism. Unfortunately, the respectful debate centered around scientific evidence often gave way to mudslinging. However, the available data on excess all-cause mortality rates indicate that Sweden experienced fewer deaths per population unit during the pandemic (2020-2022) than most high-income countries and was comparable to neighboring Nordic countries through the pandemic. An open, objective scientific dialogue is essential for learning and preparing for future outbreaks.

  • 32.
    Björklund, Anneli
    et al.
    Karolinska Inst, Sweden; Karolinska Univ Hosp, Sweden; Acad Specialist Ctr, Sweden.
    Hals, Ingrid K.
    Trondheim Reg & Univ Hosp, Norway; Norwegian Univ Sci & Technol NTNU, Norway; Nord Trondelag Hosp Trust, Norway.
    Grill, Valdemar
    Trondheim Reg & Univ Hosp, Norway.
    Ludvigsson, Johnny
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Children's and Women's Health. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Center of Paediatrics and Gynaecology and Obstetrics, H.K.H. Kronprinsessan Victorias barn- och ungdomssjukhus.
    Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults: Background, Safety and Feasibility of an Ongoing Pilot Study With Intra-Lymphatic Injections of GAD-Alum and Oral Vitamin D2022In: Frontiers in Endocrinology, E-ISSN 1664-2392, Vol. 13, article id 926021Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    BackgroundLatent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults (LADA) constitutes around 10% of all diabetes. Many LADA patients gradually lose their insulin secretion and progress to insulin dependency. In a recent trial BALAD (Behandling Av LADa) early insulin treatment compared with sitagliptin failed to preserve insulin secretion, which deteriorated in individuals displaying high levels of antibodies to GAD (GADA). These findings prompted us to evaluate a treatment that directly affects autoimmunity. Intra-lymphatic GAD-alum treatment has shown encouraging results in Type 1 diabetes patients. We therefore tested the feasibility of such therapy in LADA-patients (the GADinLADA pilot study). Material and MethodsFourteen GADA-positive (&gt;190 RU/ml), insulin-independent patients 30-70 years old, with LADA diagnosed within &lt; 36 months were included in an open-label feasibility trial. They received an intra-nodal injection of 4 mu g GAD-alum at Day 1, 30 and 60 plus oral Vitamin D 2000 U/d from screening 30 days before (Day -30) for 4 months if the vitamin D serum levels were below 100 nmol/L (40 ng/ml). Primary objective is to evaluate safety and feasibility. Mixed Meal Tolerance Test and i.v. Glucagon Stimulation Test at baseline and after 5 and 12 months are used for estimation of beta cell function. Results will be compared with those of the recent BALAD study with comparable patient population. Immunological response is followed. ResultsPreliminary results show feasibility and safety, with almost stable beta cell function and metabolic control during follow-up so far (5 months). ConclusionsIntra-lymphatic GAD-alum treatment is an option to preserve beta cell function in LADA-patients. An ongoing trial in 14 LADA-patients show feasibility and safety. Clinical and immunological responses will determine how to proceed with future trials.

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  • 33. Bojestig, M
    et al.
    Nyström, Fredrik
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Cell biology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, MKC-2, GE: endomed.
    Arnqvist, Hans
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Cell biology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, MKC-2, GE: endomed.
    Ludvigsson, Johnny
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Pediatrics. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Paediatrics and Gynecology and Obstetrics, Barn.
    Karlberg, Bengt E
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Care, Internal Medicine. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, MKC-2, GE: endomed.
    The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is suppressed in adults with Type 1 diabetes2000In: jraas. Journal of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, ISSN 1470-3203, E-ISSN 1752-8976, Vol. 1, no 4, p. 353-356Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Poor glycaemic control and high blood pressure are two important risk factors for the development of retinopathy and nephropathy in Type 1 diabetes. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) may be involved in this process, since treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors postpones the development of these complications. We investigated whether plasma renin activity (PRA), plasma angiotensin II (Ang II) and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) differed in Type 1 diabetic patients compared with healthy controls. We recruited 80 patients with Type 1 diabetes of more than 10 years' duration and 75 age-matched controls. We found that PRA and Ang II concentrations were significantly lower in patients than in the controls. The levels of ANP, on the other hand, were higher in patients than in controls. PRA correlated negatively to the mean value of HbA1c during the previous five years. PRA and Ang II were significantly lower in patients with mean HbA1c. >8.4% compared with those with mean HbA1c 7.2%. In summary, we found patients with Type 1 diabetes to have RAAS suppression and increased ANP levels, suggesting a state of fluid retention.

  • 34.
    Brekke, Hilde K
    et al.
    University of Gothenburg.
    Ludvigsson, Johnny
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pediatrics . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Paediatrics and Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Paediatrics in Linköping.
    Daily vegetable intake during pregnancy negatively associated to islet autoimmunity in the offspring-The ABIS study2010In: PEDIATRIC DIABETES, ISSN 1399-543X, Vol. 11, no 4, p. 244-250Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Objective: To investigate if maternal diet during pregnancy is associated with occurrence of islet autoimmunity (IA) in the offspring. Methods: Of 21 700 infants invited to the All Babies in South-east Sweden (ABIS) study, 16 004 screening questionnaires, including a 22-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) regarding the mothers diet during pregnancy, were completed after delivery. Follow-up of the children (questionnaires and blood sampling) was performed at 1, 2.5 and 5 yr of age. IA was defined as being positive (above the 95th percentile for healthy children) in two or more measurements of autoantibodies [glutamic acid decarboxylase (GADA); tyrosine phosphatase (IA-2A), insulin autoantibodies (IAA)] analysed at the three time points or being diagnosed with type 1 diabetes during the 5-yr follow-up period. The 5 724 children in whom we carried out two to three possible blood samplings were included in the study. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify variables predicting IA. Results: Of 5 724 children,191 (3.3%) were considered positive for IA. In a univariate analysis, less than daily consumption of vegetables (3-5 times/week) in the mothers diet was associated with increased risk of IA (OR 1.71, 95% CI:1.24-2.35, p = 0.001) compared to daily consumption (p for trend = 0.004). The association was strengthened when adjusting for known IA-risk factors (p for trend andlt; 0.001). Conclusions: Daily consumption of vegetables in the mothers diet during pregnancy was associated with a decreased risk of IA in the offspring.

  • 35. Brekke, Hilde
    et al.
    Ludvigsson, Johnny
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Pediatrics. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Paediatrics and Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Paediatrics in Linköping.
    Vitamin D supplementation and diabetes-related autoimmunity in the ABIS study2007In: Pediatric Diabetes, ISSN 1399-543X, E-ISSN 1399-5448, Vol. 8, no 1, p. 11-14Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Supplementation with vitamin D during infancy, as well as intake of vitamin D during pregnancy, has been associated with decreased risk of type 1 diabetes or diabetes-related autoantibodies in children. The primary aim of this report was to investigate whether vitamin D supplementation during infancy is associated with diabetes-related autoimmunity at 1 and 2.5 yr in the children. Second, we examined whether consumption of vitamin-D-containing supplements during pregnancy is related to risk of autoimmunity in the offspring. Screening questionnaires were completed for 16 070 infants after delivery, including a food-frequency questionnaire regarding the mother's use of dietary supplements during pregnancy. Parents of 11 081 and 8805 infants completed a follow-up questionnaire regarding the use of vitamin supplementation at 1 and 2.5 yr, respectively. Autoantibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase and islet antigen-2 (IA-2) were analyzed in whole blood from 8694 children at 1 yr and 7766 children at 2.5 yr. Supplementation with AD-drops was not associated with autoantibodies at 1 or 2.5 yr. Use of vitamin-D-containing supplements during pregnancy was associated with reduced diabetes-related autoimmunity at 1 yr (adjusted odds ratio: 0.707, confidence interval: 0.520-0.962, p = 0.028) but not at 2.5 yr. In conclusion, no association was found between an intermediate dose of vitamin D supplementation during infancy and development of diabetes-related autoantibodies at 1 and 2.5 yr. Use of vitamin-D-containing supplements during pregnancy was associated with reduced development.

  • 36.
    Brekke, Hilde
    et al.
    Avd för klin nutrition, Sahlgrenska sjukhuset.
    Ludvigsson, Jonas
    Barnkliniken, Örebro.
    van Odijk, J
    Avd för klin nutrition Sahlgrenska sjukhuset.
    Ludvigsson, Johnny
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Pediatrics. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Paediatrics and Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Paediatrics in Linköping.
    Breastfeeding and introduction of solid foods in Swedish infants; the All Babies in Southeast Sweden study2005In: British Journal of Nutrition, ISSN 0007-1145, E-ISSN 1475-2662, Vol. 94, no 3, p. 377-382Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The aim of this report is to describe breastfeeding duration and introduction of foods in Swedish infants born 1997-9, in relation to current recommendations. A secondary aim is to examine breastfeeding duration and introduction of certain allergenic foods in allergy-risk families (for whom allergy-preventive advice has been issued). Out of 21 700 invited infants, screening questionnaires were completed for 16 070 infants after delivery. Parents to 11 081 infants completed a follow-up questionnaire regarding breastfeeding and introduction of foods and 9849 handed in detailed food diaries at 1 year of age. The percentages of infants who were exclusively breast-fed at 3, 6 and =9 months of age were 78.4, 10.1 and 3.9, respectively. The corresponding percentages for partial breastfeeding were 87.8, 68.9 and 43.6. Gluten-containing foods were introduced to 66 % of infants between 4 and 6 months, as recommended at the time of the study, and one-quarter had stopped breastfeeding when gluten was introduced. More than 90 % of parents introduced the first sample of solid food during months 4-6, as recommended. Fish and eggs had been introduced during the first year in 43 % and 29 %, respectively, of infants with atopic heredity. Exclusive breastfeeding duration and time of introduction of solid foods, including gluten, seemed to have been in line with Swedish recommendations at the time, although gluten was often introduced late, and not during ongoing breastfeeding as recommended. The adherence to allergy-preventive advice was less than optimal in infants with atopic heredity.

  • 37.
    Brekke, Hilde
    et al.
    Göteborgs Universitet.
    van Odijk, Jenny
    Göteborgs Universitet.
    Ludvigsson, Johnny
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Pediatrics. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Paediatrics and Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Paediatrics in Linköping.
    Predictors and dietary consequences of frequent intake of high-sugar, low-nutrient foods in 1-year-old children participating in the ABIS study2007In: British Journal of Nutrition, ISSN 0007-1145, E-ISSN 1475-2662, Vol. 97, no 1, p. 176-181Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Foods rich in sugar have been suggested to contribute to the increasing prevalence of obesity in children. The aim of this report is to investigate the dietary pattern in 1-year-old children who frequently receive foods rich in sugar but low in nutrients and to study associated demographic and parental factors. During 1977-9, 21 700 infants were invited to participate in this prospective, population-based, longitudinal cohort study. Screening questionnaires were completed for 16 070 infants after delivery. Follow-up questionnaires from 10 762 children at 1 year of age are included in the analysis. It was found that 24% of the children received sweets/pastries more often than one or two times per week. They had a higher intake of French fries, potato crisps and cream as well as a lower intake of fruit and vegetables. A frequent intake of sugar-rich, low-nutrient foods was significantly associated with several maternal factors (high intake of sweets/pastries during pregnancy, young age, mother living alone) as well as presence of older siblings. Maternal smoking during pregnancy and maternal overweight were of borderline significance. Parental education level was inversely associated with the frequency of intake of sweets/pastries in the child. Children who frequently receive sweets/pastries also have an otherwise unfavourable dietary pattern. Several parental and demographic factors were associated with this feeding pattern, especially high intake of sweets/pastries during pregnancy. Screening of pregnant women for risk predictors like consumption of sweets/pastries, young age and smoking could be possible ways of identifying children at future risk for low dietary quality.

  • 38.
    Bruzzaniti, Sara
    et al.
    CNR, Italy.
    Piemonte, Erica
    Univ Naples Federico II, Italy.
    Bruzzese, Dario
    Univ Napoli Federico II, Italy.
    Lepore, Maria Teresa
    CNR, Italy.
    Strollo, Rocky
    Univ Telemat San Raffaele Roma, Italy.
    Izzo, Lavinia
    Univ Naples Federico II, Italy.
    Di Candia, Francesca
    Univ Napoli Federico II, Italy.
    Franzese, Adriana
    Univ Napoli Federico II, Italy.
    Bifulco, Maurizio
    Univ Naples Federico II, Italy.
    Mozzillo, Enza
    Univ Napoli Federico II, Italy.
    Ludvigsson, Johnny
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Children's and Women's Health. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Center of Paediatrics and Gynaecology and Obstetrics, H.K.H. Kronprinsessan Victorias barn- och ungdomssjukhus.
    Matarese, Giuseppe
    CNR, Italy; Univ Naples Federico II, Italy.
    Galgani, Mario
    CNR, Italy; Univ Naples Federico II, Italy.
    Progression of type 1 diabetes is associated with high levels of soluble PD-1 in islet autoantibody-positive children2024In: Diabetologia, ISSN 0012-186X, E-ISSN 1432-0428Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aims/hypothesisType 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disorder that is characterised by destruction of pancreatic beta cells by autoreactive T lymphocytes. Although islet autoantibodies (AAb) are an indicator of disease progression, specific immune biomarkers that can be used as target molecules to halt development of type 1 diabetes have not been discovered. Soluble immune checkpoint molecules (sICM) play a pivotal role in counteracting excessive lymphocyte responses, but their role in type 1 diabetes is unexplored. In this longitudinal study, we measured sICM levels in AAb-positive (AAb+) children to identify molecules related to type 1 diabetes progression.MethodsWe measured the levels of 14 sICM in the sera of AAb+ children (n=57) compared to those with recent-onset type 1 diabetes (n=79) and healthy children (n=44), obtained from two cohorts. AAb+ children were followed up and divided based on their progression to type 1 diabetes (AAbP) or not (AAbNP) (if they lost islet autoimmunity and did not develop disease in subsequent years). sICM were also measured in the sample taken at the visit closest to disease onset in AAbP children.ResultsWe found that AAb+ children had a distinct sICM profile compared with healthy children and those with recent-onset type 1 diabetes. In addition, AAb+ children who progressed to type 1 diabetes (AAbP) had higher sICM concentrations than non-progressors (AAbNP). Further, sICM levels decreased in AAbP children close to disease onset. Application of Cox regression models highlighted that high concentrations of soluble programmed cell death protein 1 (sPD-1) are associated with type 1 diabetes progression (HR 1.71; 95% CI 1.16, 2.51; p=0.007).Conclusions/interpretationThis study reveals an sICM profile that is dysregulated during the preclinical stage of type 1 diabetes, and identifies sPD-1 as a pathophysiologically-relevant molecule that is associated with disease progression, offering a potential target for early interventions in autoimmune diabetes.

  • 39.
    Bruzzaniti, Sara
    et al.
    CNR, Italy; Univ Napoli Federico II, Italy.
    Piemonte, Erica
    Univ Napoli Federico II, Italy.
    Mozzillo, Enza
    Univ Napoli Federico II, Italy.
    Bruzzese, Dario
    Univ Napoli Federico II, Italy.
    Lepore, Maria Teresa
    CNR, Italy.
    Carbone, Fortunata
    CNR, Italy; Fdn Santa Lucia, Italy.
    de Candia, Paola
    Univ Napoli Federico II, Italy.
    Strollo, Rocky
    Univ Campus Biomed Roma, Italy.
    Porcellini, Antonio
    Univ Napoli Federico II, Italy.
    Marigliano, Marco
    Univ Verona, Italy; Azienda Osped Univ Integrata Verona, Italy.
    Maffeis, Claudio
    Univ Verona, Italy; Azienda Osped Univ Integrata Verona, Italy.
    Bifulco, Maurizio
    Univ Napoli Federico II, Italy.
    Ludvigsson, Johnny
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Children's and Women's Health. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Center of Paediatrics and Gynaecology and Obstetrics, H.K.H. Kronprinsessan Victorias barn- och ungdomssjukhus.
    Franzese, Adriana
    Univ Napoli Federico II, Italy.
    Matarese, Giuseppe
    CNR, Italy; Univ Napoli Federico II, Italy.
    Galgani, Mario
    CNR, Italy; Univ Napoli Federico II, Italy.
    High levels of blood circulating immune checkpoint molecules in children with new-onset type 1 diabetes are associated with the risk of developing an additional autoimmune disease2022In: Diabetologia, ISSN 0012-186X, E-ISSN 1432-0428, Vol. 65, p. 1390-1397Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aims/hypothesis We assessed the levels of blood circulating immune checkpoint molecules (ICMs) at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes, and determined their association with the risk of developing an additional autoimmune disorder over time. Methods Children with new-onset type 1 diabetes (n = 143), without biological and/or clinical signs of additional autoimmune disorders, and healthy children (n = 75) were enrolled, and blood circulating levels of 14 ICMs were measured. The children with type 1 diabetes were divided into two groups on the basis of the development of an additional autoimmune disease in the 5 years after diabetes onset. Differences in soluble ICM levels between the groups were assessed, and a Cox regression analysis was used to evaluate their association with the risk of development of an additional autoimmune disease over time. To validate the data, circulating ICMs were measured in an independent cohort of 60 children with new-onset type 1 diabetes stratified into two groups. Results We found that the levels of circulating ICMs were significantly higher in children with new-onset diabetes compared with healthy children. Further, we observed that children with type 1 diabetes who developed a second autoimmune disease over time (T1D-AAD(+) children) had higher levels of soluble ICMs than children with type 1 diabetes who did not (T1D-AAD(-) children). Cox regression models revealed that high circulating levels of CD137/4-1BB and PD-1 molecules at diabetes diagnosis were associated with the risk of developing an additional autoimmune disease in both type 1 diabetes cohorts. Conclusions/interpretation Our findings suggest that soluble CD137/4-1BB and PD-1 molecules may be used as prognostic biomarkers in children with type 1 diabetes, and may pave the way for novel immunological screening at diabetes onset, allowing early identification of children at higher risk of developing other autoimmune conditions over time.

  • 40.
    Bybrant, Mara Cerqueiro
    et al.
    Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Grahnquist, Lena
    Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Hepatology and Nutrition, Astrid Lindgren Children’s Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Ortqvist, Eva
    Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Pediatric Diabetes Clinic, Astrid Lindgren Children’s Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Andersson, Cecilia
    Department of clinical sciences, Lund University, Skåne University hospital, Malmö, Sweden.
    Forsander, Gun
    The Queen Silvia Children’s hospital, Sahlgrenska University hospital and The Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Elding Larsson, Helena
    Department of clinical sciences, Lund University, Skåne University hospital, Malmö, Sweden.
    Lernmark, Ake
    Department of clinical sciences, Lund University, Skåne University hospital, Malmö, Sweden.
    Ludvigsson, Johnny
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Children's and Women's health. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Center of Paediatrics and Gynaecology and Obstetrics, H.K.H. Kronprinsessan Victorias barn- och ungdomssjukhus.
    Marcus, Claude
    Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Carlsson, Annelie
    Department of Pediatrics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
    Ivarsson, Sten A.
    Department of clinical sciences, Lund University, Skåne University hospital, Malmö, Sweden.
    Tissue transglutaminase autoantibodies in children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes are related to human leukocyte antigen but not to islet autoantibodies: A Swedish nationwide prospective population-based cohort study2018In: Autoimmunity, ISSN 0891-6934, E-ISSN 1607-842X, Vol. 51, no 5, p. 221-227Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Objectives: This study explored the association between tissue transglutaminase autoantibody (tTGA), high-risk human leucocyte antigen (HLA) genotypes and islet autoantibodies in children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes (T1D).

    Patients and methods: Dried blood spots and serum samples were taken at diagnosis from children <18 years of age participating in Better Diabetes Diagnosis (BDD), a Swedish nationwide prospective cohort study of children newly diagnosed with T1D. We analyzed tTGA, high-risk HLA DQ2 and DQ8 (DQX is neither DQ2 nor DQ8) and islet auto-antibodies (GADA, IA-2A, IAA, and three variants of Zinc transporter; ZnT8W, ZnT8R, and ZnT8QA).

    Results: Out of 2705 children diagnosed with T1D, 85 (3.1%) had positive tTGA and 63 (2.3%) had borderline values. The prevalence of tTGA was higher in children with the HLA genotypes DQ2/2, DQ2/X or DQ2/8 compared to those with DQ8/8 or DQ8/X (p = .00001) and those with DQX/X (p ≤ .00001). No significant differences were found in relation to islet autoantibodies or age at diagnosis, but the presence of tTGA was more common in girls than in boys (p = .018).

    Conclusion: tTGA at T1D diagnosis (both positive and borderline values 5.4%) was higher in girls and in children homozygous for DQ2/2, followed by children heterozygous for DQ2. Only children with DQ2 and/or DQ8 had tTGA. HLA typing at the diagnosis of T1D can help to identify those without risk for CD.

  • 41.
    Bybrant, Mara Cerqueiro
    et al.
    Karolinska Inst, Sweden.
    Uden, Elin
    Lund Univ, Sweden.
    Frederiksen, Filippa
    Karolinska Inst, Sweden.
    Gustafsson, Anna L.
    Hallands Hosp, Sweden.
    Arvidsson, Carl-Goran
    Vastmanlands Hosp, Sweden.
    Fureman, Anna-Lena
    Ostersund Hosp, Sweden.
    Forsander, Gun
    Univ Gothenburg, Sweden; Sahlgrens Univ Hosp, Sweden.
    Larsson, Helena Elding
    Lund Univ, Sweden.
    Ivarsson, Sten A.
    Lund Univ, Sweden.
    Lindgren, Marie
    Region Östergötland, Center of Paediatrics and Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Department of Paediatrics in Norrköping. Lund Univ, Sweden.
    Ludvigsson, Johnny
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Children's and Women's Health. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Center of Paediatrics and Gynaecology and Obstetrics, H.K.H. Kronprinsessan Victorias barn- och ungdomssjukhus.
    Marcus, Claude
    Karolinska Inst, Sweden.
    Lycka, Auste Pundziute
    Sahlgrens Univ Hosp, Sweden.
    Persson, Martina
    Karolinska Univ Hosp, Sweden.
    Samuelsson, Ulf
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Children's and Women's Health. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Center of Paediatrics and Gynaecology and Obstetrics, H.K.H. Kronprinsessan Victorias barn- och ungdomssjukhus.
    Sarnblad, Stefan
    Orebro Univ, Sweden.
    Akesson, Karin
    Ryhov Cty Hosp, Sweden; Jonkoping Univ, Sweden.
    Ortqvist, Eva
    Karolinska Inst, Sweden.
    Carlsson, Annelie
    Lund Univ, Sweden.
    Celiac disease can be predicted by high levels of tissue transglutaminase antibodies in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes2021In: Pediatric Diabetes, ISSN 1399-543X, E-ISSN 1399-5448, Vol. 22, no 3, p. 417-424Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Objectives Children with type 1 diabetes (T1D) are not included in guidelines regarding diagnosis criteria for celiac disease (CD) without a diagnostic biopsy, due to lack of data. We explored whether tissue transglutaminase antibodies (anti-tTG) that were &gt;= 10 times the upper limit of normal (10x ULN) predicted CD in T1D. Methods Data from the Swedish prospective Better Diabetes Diagnosis study was used, and 2035 children and adolescents with T1D diagnosed between 2005-2010 were included. Of these, 32 had been diagnosed with CD before T1D. The children without CD were repeatedly screened for CD using anti-tTG antibodies of immunoglobulin type A. In addition, their human leukocyte antigen (HLA) were genotyped. All children with positive anti-tTG were advised to undergo biopsy. Biopsies were performed on 119 children and graded using the Marsh-Oberhuber classification. Results All of the 60 children with anti-tTG &gt;= 10x ULN had CD verified by biopsies. The degree of mucosal damage correlated with anti-tTG levels. Among 2003 screened children, 6.9% had positive anti-tTG and 5.6% were confirmed CD. The overall CD prevalence, when including the 32 children with CD before T1D, was 7.0% (145/2035). All but one of the children diagnosed with CD had HLA-DQ2 and/or DQ8. Conclusions As all screened children and adolescents with T1D with tissue transglutaminase antibodies above 10 times the positive value 10x ULN had CD, we propose that the guidelines for diagnosing CD in screened children, when biopsies can be omitted, should also apply to children and adolescents with T1D as a noninvasive method.

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  • 42.
    Bélteky, Malin
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Surgery, Orthopedics and Oncology. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Center of Paediatrics and Gynaecology and Obstetrics, H.K.H. Kronprinsessan Victorias barn- och ungdomssjukhus.
    Milletich, Patricia L.
    Univ Florida, FL 32611 USA.
    Ahrens, Angelica P.
    Univ Florida, FL 32611 USA.
    Triplett, Eric W.
    Univ Florida, FL 32611 USA.
    Ludvigsson, Johnny
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Children's and Women's Health. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Center of Paediatrics and Gynaecology and Obstetrics, H.K.H. Kronprinsessan Victorias barn- och ungdomssjukhus.
    Infant gut microbiome composition correlated with type 1 diabetes acquisition in the general population: the ABIS study2023In: Diabetologia, ISSN 0012-186X, E-ISSN 1432-0428Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aims/hypothesis While autoantibodies are traditional markers for type 1 diabetes development, we identified gut microbial biomarkers in 1-year-old infants associated with future type 1 diabetes up to 20 years before diagnosis. Methods Infants enrolled in the longitudinal general population cohort All Babies In Southeast Sweden (ABIS) provided a stool sample at a mean age of 12.5 months. Samples (future type 1 diabetes, n=16; healthy controls, n=268) were subjected to 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequencing and quantitative PCR. Microbial differences at the taxonomic and core microbiome levels were assessed. PICRUSt was used to predict functional content from the 16S rRNA amplicons. Sixteen infants, with a future diagnosis of type 1 diabetes at a mean age of 13.3 +/- 5.4 years, and one hundred iterations of 32 matched control infants, who remained healthy up to 20 years of age, were analysed. Results Parasutterella and Eubacterium were more abundant in healthy control infants, while Porphyromonas was differentially more abundant in infants with future type 1 diabetes diagnosis. Ruminococcus was a strong determinant in differentiating both control infants and those with future type 1 diabetes using random forest analysis and had differing trends of abundance when comparing control infants and those with future type 1 diabetes. Flavonifractor and UBA1819 were the strongest factors for differentiating control infants, showing higher abundance in control infants compared with those with future type 1 diabetes. Alternatively, Alistipes (more abundant in control infants) and Fusicatenibacter (mixed abundance patterns when comparing case and control infants) were the strongest factors for differentiating future type 1 diabetes. Predicted gene content regarding butyrate production and pyruvate fermentation was differentially observed to be higher in healthy control infants. Conclusions/interpretation This investigation suggests that microbial biomarkers for type 1 diabetes may be present as early as 1 year of age, as reflected in the taxonomic and functional differences of the microbial communities. The possibility of preventing disease onset by altering or promoting a healthy gut microbiome is appealing. Data availability The forward and reverse 16S raw sequencing data generated in this study are available through the NCBI Sequence Read Archive under BioProject PRJNA875929. Associated sample metadata used for statistical comparison are available in the source data file. R codes used for statistical comparisons and figure generation are available at: https://github.com/PMilletich/T1D_Pipeline.

  • 43.
    Bélteky, Malin
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Children's and Women's Health. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Center of Paediatrics and Gynaecology and Obstetrics, H.K.H. Kronprinsessan Victorias barn- och ungdomssjukhus.
    Wahlberg, Jeanette
    Linköping University, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Diagnostics and Specialist Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Medicine Center, Department of Endocrinology.
    Ludvigsson, Johnny
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Children's and Women's Health. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Center of Paediatrics and Gynaecology and Obstetrics, H.K.H. Kronprinsessan Victorias barn- och ungdomssjukhus.
    Maternal respiratory infections in early pregnancy increases the risk of type 1 diabetes2020In: Pediatric Diabetes, ISSN 1399-543X, E-ISSN 1399-5448, Vol. 21, no 7, p. 1193-1201Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background/Objective

    Is exposure to maternal infections and use of antibiotics in the prenatal period associated with increased risk of T1D, regardless of genetic risk? Methods Data on infections and use of antibiotics during pregnancy were collected from questionnaires at birth from parents to 16 292 children in the All Babies in Southeast Sweden (ABIS) cohort and validated against national diagnosis registers. As of November 2017, 137 ABIS children had developed T1D, 72 boys and 65 girls (0.8% of the original cohort).

    Results

    More cases were born in spring and summer than fall and winter. However, onset of T1D appeared to be more common in either summer or winter. In univariate analyses, respiratory tract infection in the first trimester (P= .002) and gastroenteritis during pregnancy (P= .04) were associated with later risk of T1D in the offspring. Other types of infection or antibiotic treatment were not associated with an increased risk. In a multiple logistic regression model, a mother with an autoimmune disease (P &lt; .001), father with T1D (P &lt; .001) and respiratory tract infection during the first trimester (P= .005) remained as risk factors for T1D in the offspring. In children with neutral HLA alleles antibiotic treatment may increase the risk of T1D (P= .01, OR 3.46, 95% CI 1.25-9.55).

    Conclusions

    In the general population there seems to be an association between seasonal maternal respiratory tract infection in the first trimester of pregnancy and later risk of T1D in the offspring. HLA may play a role for the effect of exposure to infections and antibiotics.

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  • 44.
    Cardwell, C R
    et al.
    Queens University Belfast.
    Stene, L C
    Norwegian Institute Public Health.
    Joner, G
    Oslo University Hospital.
    Davis, E A
    University Western Australia.
    Cinek, O
    Charles University Prague.
    Rosenbauer, J
    University Dusseldorf.
    Ludvigsson, Johnny
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pediatrics . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Paediatrics and Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Paediatrics in Linköping.
    Castell, C
    Advisory Comm Diabet Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain .
    Svensson, J
    Glostrup University Hospital.
    Goldacre, M J
    University of Oxford.
    Waldhoer, T
    Medical University of Vienna.
    Polanska, J
    Silesian Technical University.
    Gimeno, S G A
    University Fed Sao Paulo.
    Chuang, L-M
    National Taiwan University Hospital.
    Parslow, R C
    University of Leeds.
    Wadsworth, E J K
    Cardiff University.
    Chetwynd, A
    University Lancaster.
    Pozzilli, P
    University Campus Biomed, Rome, Italy .
    Brigis, G
    Riga Stradins University.
    Urbonaite, B
    Kaunas University of Medicine.
    Sipetic, S
    University of Belgrade.
    Schober, E
    Medical University of Vienna.
    Ionescu-Tirgoviste, C
    N Paulescu Institute Diabet, Nutr and Metab Disease Clin, Bucharest, Romania .
    de Beaufort, C E
    Pediat Clin, Luxembourg.
    Stoyanov, D
    Childrens Diabet Centre, Sofia, Bulgaria .
    Buschard, K
    Rigshosp, Copenhagen.
    Patterson, C C
    Queens University Belfast.
    Birthweight and the risk of childhood-onset type 1 diabetes: a meta-analysis of observational studies using individual patient data2010In: DIABETOLOGIA, ISSN 0012-186X, Vol. 53, no 4, p. 641-651Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We investigated whether children who are heavier at birth have an increased risk of type 1 diabetes. Relevant studies published before February 2009 were identified from literature searches using MEDLINE, Web of Science and EMBASE. Authors of all studies containing relevant data were contacted and asked to provide individual patient data or conduct pre-specified analyses. Risk estimates of type 1 diabetes by category of birthweight were calculated for each study, before and after adjustment for potential confounders. Meta-analysis techniques were then used to derive combined ORs and investigate heterogeneity between studies. Data were available for 29 predominantly European studies (five cohort, 24 case-control studies), including 12,807 cases of type 1 diabetes. Overall, studies consistently demonstrated that children with birthweight from 3.5 to 4 kg had an increased risk of diabetes of 6% (OR 1.06 [95% CI 1.01-1.11]; p = 0.02) and children with birthweight over 4 kg had an increased risk of 10% (OR 1.10 [95% CI 1.04-1.19]; p = 0.003), compared with children weighing 3.0 to 3.5 kg at birth. This corresponded to a linear increase in diabetes risk of 3% per 500 g increase in birthweight (OR 1.03 [95% CI 1.00-1.06]; p = 0.03). Adjustments for potential confounders such as gestational age, maternal age, birth order, Caesarean section, breastfeeding and maternal diabetes had little effect on these findings. Children who are heavier at birth have a significant and consistent, but relatively small increase in risk of type 1 diabetes.

  • 45.
    Cardwell, Chris R
    et al.
    Queens University Belfast.
    Stene, Lars C
    Norwegian Institute for Public Health .
    Joner, Geir
    University of Oslo.
    Bulsara, Max K
    University of Notre Dame.
    Cinek, Ondrej
    Charles University Prague.
    Rosenbauer, Joachim
    University of Dusseldorf.
    Ludvigsson, Johnny
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pediatrics . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Paediatrics and Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Paediatrics in Linköping.
    Jane, Mireia
    Department of Health, Public Health Div, Barcelona, Spain .
    Svensson, Jannet
    Glostrup University Hospital.
    Goldacre, Michael J
    University Oxford.
    Waldhoer, Thomas
    Medical University of Vienna.
    Jarosz-Chobot, Przemyslawa
    Medical University of Silesia.
    Gimeno, Suely G A
    University Fed Sao Paulo.
    Chuang, Lee-Ming
    National Taiwan University Hospital.
    Parslow, Roger C
    University of Leeds.
    Wadsworth, Emma J K
    Cardiff University.
    Chetwynd, Amanda
    University of Lancaster.
    Pozzilli, Paolo
    University Campus Biomed, Rome, Italy .
    Brigis, Girts
    Riga Stradins University.
    Urbonaite, Brone
    Kaunas University of Medicine.
    Sipetic, Sandra
    University of Belgrade.
    Schober, Edith
    Medical University of Vienna.
    Devoti, Gabriele
    University of Lecce.
    Ionescu-Tirgoviste, Constantin
    N Paulescu Institute Diabet.
    de Beaufort, Carine E
    Pediat Clin, Luxembourg.
    Stoyanov, Denka
    Childrens Diabet Centre, Sofia, Bulgaria .
    Buschard, Karsten
    Rigshosp, Bartholin Institute, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark .
    Patterson, Chris C
    Queens University Belfast.
    Maternal Age at Birth and Childhood Type 1 Diabetes: A Pooled Analysis of 30 Observational Studies2010In: DIABETES, ISSN 0012-1797, Vol. 59, no 2, p. 486-494Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    OBJECTIVE-The aim if the study was to investigate whether children born to older mothers have an increased risk of type 1 diabetes by performing a pooled analysis of previous studies using individual patient data to adjust for recognized confounders. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS-Relevant studies published before June 2009 were identified from MEDLINE, Web of Science, and EMBASE. Authors of studies were contacted and asked to provide individual patient data or conduct prespecified analyses. Risk estimates of type 1 diabetes by maternal age were calculated for each study, before and after adjustment for potential confounders. Meta-analysis techniques were used to derive combined odds ratios and to investigate heterogeneity among studies. RESULTS-Data were available for 5 cohort and 25 case-control studies, including 14,724 cases of type 1 diabetes. Overall, there was, on average, a 5% (95% CI 2-9) increase in childhood type 1 diabetes odds per 5-year increase in maternal age (P = 0.006), but there was heterogeneity among studies (heterogeneity I-2 = 70%). In studies with a low risk of bias, there was a more marked increase in diabetes odds of 10% per 5-year increase in maternal age. Adjustments for potential confounders little altered these estimates. CONCLUSIONS-There was evidence of a weak but significant linear increase in the risk of childhood type 1 diabetes across the range of maternal ages, but the magnitude of association varied between studies. A very small percentage of the increase in the incidence of childhood type 1 diabetes in recent years could be explained by increases in maternal age.

  • 46.
    Cardwell, Chris R
    et al.
    Queens University Belfast.
    Stene, Lars C
    Norwegian Institute Public Health.
    Joner, Geir
    University of Oslo.
    Bulsara, Max K
    University of Western Australia.
    Cinek, Ondrej
    Charles University Prague.
    Rosenbauer, Joachim
    University of Dusseldorf.
    Ludvigsson, Johnny
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pediatrics. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Paediatrics and Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Paediatrics in Linköping.
    Svensson, Jannet
    Glostrup University Hospital.
    Goldacre, Michael J
    University of Oxford.
    Waldhoer, Thomas
    Medical University of Vienna.
    Jarosz-Chobot, Przemyslawa
    Medical University of Silesia.
    Gimeno, Suely G A
    University Fed Sao Paulo.
    Chuang, Lee-Ming
    National Taiwan University Hospital.
    Roberts, Christine L
    University of Sydney.
    Parslow, Roger C
    University of Leeds.
    Wadsworth, Emma J K
    Cardiff University.
    Chetwynd, Amanda
    University of Lancaster.
    Brigis, Girts
    Riga Stradins University.
    Urbonaite, Brone
    Kaunas University Medical.
    Sipetic, Sandra
    University of Belgrade.
    Schober, Edith
    Medical University of Vienna.
    Devoti, Gabriele
    University of Lecce.
    Ionescu-Tirgoviste, Constantin
    N Paulescu Institute Diabet, Nutr and Metab Disease Clin.
    de Beaufort, Carine E
    Pediat Clin, Luxembourg.
    Stoyanov, Denka
    Childrens Diabet Centre, Sofia.
    Buschard, Karsten
    Rigshosp, Copenhagen.
    Radon, Katja
    Hospital LMU Munich.
    Glatthaar, Christopher
    Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital.
    Patterson, Chris C
    Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK.
    Birth order and childhood type 1 diabetes risk: a pooled analysis of 31 observational studies2011In: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY, ISSN 0300-5771, Vol. 40, no 2, p. 363-374Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background The incidence rates of childhood onset type 1 diabetes are almost universally increasing across the globe but the aetiology of the disease remains largely unknown. We investigated whether birth order is associated with the risk of childhood diabetes by performing a pooled analysis of previous studies. Methods Relevant studies published before January 2010 were identified from MEDLINE, Web of Science and EMBASE. Authors of studies provided individual patient data or conducted pre-specified analyses. Meta-analysis techniques were used to derive combined odds ratios (ORs), before and after adjustment for confounders, and investigate heterogeneity. Results Data were available for 6 cohort and 25 case-control studies, including 11 955 cases of type 1 diabetes. Overall, there was no evidence of an association prior to adjustment for confounders. After adjustment for maternal age at birth and other confounders, a reduction in the risk of diabetes in second- or later born children became apparent [fully adjusted OR = 0.90 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.83-0.98; P = 0.02] but this association varied markedly between studies (I-2 = 67%). An a priori subgroup analysis showed that the association was stronger and more consistent in children andlt; 5 years of age (n = 25 studies, maternal age adjusted OR = 0.84 95% CI 0.75, 0.93; I-2 = 23%). Conclusion Although the association varied between studies, there was some evidence of a lower risk of childhood onset type 1 diabetes with increasing birth order, particularly in children aged andlt; 5 years. This finding could reflect increased exposure to infections in early life in later born children.

  • 47.
    Cardwell, Chris R
    et al.
    Queens University of Belfast, North Ireland .
    Stene, Lars C
    Norwegian Institute Public Heatlh, Norway Oslo University Hospital, Norway .
    Ludvigsson, Johnny
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pediatrics. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Center of Paediatrics and Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Department of Paediatrics in Linköping.
    Rosenbauer, Joachim
    University of Dusseldorf, Germany .
    Cinek, Ondrej
    Charles University of Prague, Czech Republic University Hospital Motol, Czech Republic .
    Svensson, Jannet
    Herlev University Hospital, Denmark .
    Perez-Bravo, Francisco
    University of Chile, Chile .
    Memon, Anjum
    Brighton and Sussex Medical School and NHS Brighton and Hove, England .
    Gimeno, Suely G
    University of Federal Sao Paulo, Brazil .
    Wadsworth, Emma J K
    Cardiff University, Wales .
    Strotmeyer, Elsa S
    University of Pittsburgh, PA USA .
    Goldacre, Michael J
    University of Oxford, England .
    Radon, Katja
    Hospital Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Germany .
    Chuang, Lee-Ming
    National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan .
    Parslow, Roger C
    University of Leeds, England .
    Chetwynd, Amanda
    University of Lancaster, England .
    Karavanaki, Kyriaki
    University of Athens, Greece .
    Brigis, Girts
    Riga Stradins University, Latvia .
    Pozzilli, Paolo
    University of Campus Biomed, Italy .
    Urbonaite, Brone
    Lithuanian University of Health Science, Lithuania .
    Schober, Edith
    Medical University of Vienna, Austria .
    Devoti, Gabriele
    University of Salento, Italy .
    Sipetic, Sandra
    University of Belgrade, Serbia .
    Joner, Geir
    University of Oslo, Norway Oslo University Hospital, Norway .
    Ionescu-Tirgoviste, Constantin
    N Paulescu Institute Diabet, Romania .
    de Beaufort, Carine E
    Clin Pediat Luxembourg, Luxembourg .
    Harrild, Kirsten
    University of Aberdeen, Scotland .
    Benson, Victoria
    University of Oxford, England .
    Savilahti, Erkki
    University of Helsinki, Finland .
    Ponsonby, Anne-Louise
    Royal Childrens Hospital, Australia .
    Salem, Mona
    Ain Shams University, Egypt .
    Rabiei, Samira
    Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science and Health Serv, Iran .
    C Patterson, Chris
    Queens University of Belfast, North Ireland .
    Breast-Feeding and Childhood-Onset Type 1 Diabetes A pooled analysis of individual participant data from 43 observational studies2012In: Diabetes Care, ISSN 0149-5992, E-ISSN 1935-5548, Vol. 35, no 11, p. 2215-2225Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    OBJECTIVE-To investigate if there is a reduced risk of type 1 diabetes in children breastfed or exclusively breastfed by performing a pooled analysis with adjustment for recognized confounders. less thanbrgreater than less thanbrgreater thanRESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS-Relevant studies were identified from literature searches using MEDLINE, Web of Science, and EMBASE. Authors of relevant studies were asked to provide individual participant data or conduct prespecified analyses. Meta-analysis techniques were used to combine odds ratios (ORs) and investigate heterogeneity between studies. less thanbrgreater than less thanbrgreater thanRESULTS-Data were available from 43 studies including 9,874 patients with type 1 diabetes. Overall, there was a reduction in the risk of diabetes after exclusive breast-feeding for andgt;2 weeks (20 studies; OR = 0.75, 95% CI 0.64-0.88), the association after exclusive breast-feeding for andgt;3 months was weaker (30 studies; OR = 0.87, 95% CI 0.75-1.00), and no association was observed after (nonexclusive) breast-feeding for andgt;2 weeks (28 studies; OR = 0.93, 95% CI 0.81-1.07) or andgt;3 months (29 studies; OR = 0.88, 95% CI 0.78-1.00). These associations were all subject to marked heterogeneity (I-2 = 58, 76, 54, and 68%, respectively). In studies with lower risk of bias, the reduced risk after exclusive breast-feeding for andgt;2 weeks remained (12 studies; OR = 0.86, 95% CI 0.75-0.99), and heterogeneity was reduced (I-2 = 0%). Adjustments for potential confounders altered these estimates very little. less thanbrgreater than less thanbrgreater thanCONCLUSIONS-The pooled analysis suggests weak protective associations between exclusive breast-feeding and type 1 diabetes risk. However, these findings are difficult to interpret because of the marked variation in effect and possible biases (particularly recall bias) inherent in the included studies.

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  • 48.
    Cardwell, Chris R
    et al.
    Queens University of Belfast.
    Svensson, Jannet
    Glostrup University Hospital.
    Waldhoer, Thomas
    Medical University of Vienna.
    Ludvigsson, Johnny
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pediatrics. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Center of Paediatrics and Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Department of Paediatrics in Linköping.
    Sadauskaite-Kuehne, Vaiva
    Lithuanian University of Health Science.
    Roberts, Christine L
    University of Sydney.
    Parslow, Roger C
    University of Leeds.
    Wadsworth, Emma J K
    Cardiff University.
    Brigis, Girts
    Riga Stradins University.
    Urbonaite, Brone
    Kaunas University of Medicine.
    Schober, Edith
    Medical University of Vienna.
    Devoti, Gabriele
    University of Lecce.
    Ionescu-Tirgoviste, Constantin
    N Paulescu Institute Diabet.
    de Beaufort, Carine E
    Clin Pediat Luxembourg.
    Soltesz, Gyula
    University of Pecs.
    C Patterson, Chris
    Queens University of Belfast.
    Interbirth Interval Is Associated With Childhood Type 1 Diabetes Risk2012In: Diabetes, ISSN 0012-1797, E-ISSN 1939-327X, Vol. 61, no 3, p. 702-707Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Short interbirth interval has been associated with maternal complications and childhood autism and leukemia, possibly due to deficiencies in maternal micronutrients at conception or increased exposure to sibling infections. A possible association between interbirth interval and subsequent risk of childhood type 1 diabetes has not been investigated. A secondary analysis of 14 published observational studies of perinatal risk factors for type 1 diabetes was conducted. Risk estimates of diabetes by category of interbirth interval were calculated for each study. Random effects models were used to calculate pooled odds ratios (ORs) and investigate heterogeneity between studies. Overall, 2,787 children with type 1 diabetes were included. There was a reduction in the risk of childhood type 1 diabetes in children born to mothers after interbirth intervals andlt;3 years compared with longer interbirth intervals (OR 0.82 [95% CI 0.72-0.93]). Adjustments for various potential confounders little altered this estimate. In conclusion, there was evidence of a 20% reduction in the risk of childhood diabetes in children born to mothers after interbirth intervals andlt;3 years.

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  • 49.
    Carlsson, A
    et al.
    Skåne University Hospital SUS.
    Kockum, I
    Karolinska Institute.
    Lindblad, B
    Queen Silvia Childrens Hospital.
    Engleson, L
    Skåne University Hospital SUS.
    Nilsson, A
    Lund University.
    Forsander, G
    Queen Silvia Childrens Hospital.
    Karlsson, A-K
    Queen Silvia Childrens Hospital.
    Kernell, A
    Sachs Childrens Hospital.
    Ludvigsson, Johnny
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pediatrics. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Paediatrics and Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Paediatrics in Linköping.
    Marcus, C
    Karolinska Institute.
    Zachrisson, I
    Karolinska Institute.
    Ivarsson, S-A
    Lund University.
    Lernmak, A
    Lund University.
    Low risk HLA-DQ and increased body mass index in newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes children in the Better Diabetes Diagnosis study in Sweden2012In: International Journal of Obesity, ISSN 0307-0565, E-ISSN 1476-5497, Vol. 36, no 5, p. 718-724Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Objective: Type 1 diabetes and obesity has increased in childhood. We therefore tested the hypothesis that type 1 diabetes human leukocyte antigen DQ (HLA-DQ) risk genotypes may be associated with increased body mass index (BMI). less thanbrgreater than less thanbrgreater thanDesign: The type 1 diabetes high-risk HLA-DQ A1*05:01-B1*02:01/A1*03:01-B1*03:02 genotype along with lower risk DQ genotypes were determined at the time of clinical onset by PCR and hybridization with allele-specific probes. BMI was determined after diabetes was stabilized. less thanbrgreater than less thanbrgreater thanSubjects: A total of 2403 incident type 1 diabetes children below 18 years of age were ascertained in the Swedish national Better Diabetes Diagnosis (BDD) study between May 2005 to September 2009. All children classified with type 1 diabetes, including positivity for at least one islet autoantibody, were investigated. less thanbrgreater than less thanbrgreater thanResults: Overall, type 1 diabetes HLA-DQ risk was negatively associated with BMI (Pandlt;0.0008). The proportion of the highest risk A1*05:01-B1*02:01/A1*03:01-B1*03:02 genotype decreased with increasing BMI (Pandlt;0.0004). However, lower risk type 1 diabetes DQ genotypes were associated with an increased proportion of patients who were overweight or obese (Pandlt;0.0001). Indeed, the proportion of patients with the low-risk A1*05:01-B1*02:01/A1*05:01-B1*02:01 genotype increased with increasing BMI (Pandlt;0.003). The magnitude of association on the multiplicative scale between the A1*05:01-B1*02:01/A1*05:01-B1*02:01 genotype and increased BMI was significant (Pandlt;0.006). The odds ratio in patients with this genotype of being obese was 1.80 (95% confidence interval 1.21-2.61; Pandlt;0.006). The increased proportion of overweight type 1 diabetes children with the A1*05:01-B1*02:01 haplotype was most pronounced in children diagnosed between 5 and 9 years of age. less thanbrgreater than less thanbrgreater thanConclusions: Susceptibility for childhood type 1 diabetes was unexpectedly found to be associated with the A1*05:01-B1*02:01/A1*05:01-B1*02:01 genotype and an increased BMI. These results support the hypothesis that overweight may contribute to the risk of type 1 diabetes in children positive for HLA-DQ A1*05:01-B1*02:01.

  • 50.
    Carlsson, Annelie
    et al.
    Lund University, Sweden .
    Forsander, Gun
    Sahlgrens University Hospital, Sweden .
    Ludvigsson, Johnny
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Clinical Sciences. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Center of Paediatrics and Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Department of Paediatrics in Linköping.
    Larsen, Sara
    Novo Nordisk Scandinavia AB, Sweden .
    Ortqvist, Eva
    Karolinska University Hospital, Sweden .
    A multicenter observational safety study in Swedish children and adolescents using insulin detemir for the treatment of type 1 diabetes2013In: Pediatric Diabetes, ISSN 1399-543X, E-ISSN 1399-5448, Vol. 14, no 5, p. 358-365Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This 26-wk observational study in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D) in Sweden investigated the safety and efficacy of insulin detemir (IDet) in newly diagnosed (ND) patients and those with established diabetes (ED) switching to IDet. A total of 159 patients initiated IDet as part of basal-bolus therapy, 59 in the ND stratum (mean age 9.7yr) and 97 in the ED stratum (mean age 12.5 yr). The primary outcome measure was the incidence of severe adverse drug reactions; just one major hypoglycemic event occurred in a patient in the ND stratum during the study and one patient was withdrawn due to injection-site reactions. All other events were classified as mild. In the ED stratum, there was a reduction in hypoglycemic events in the 4wk prior to study end from baseline (mean reduction of 2.46 events, not significant) and a significant reduction in nocturnal hypoglycemia (mean reduction of 2.24 events, p=0.0078). Glycemic control improved in the ND stratum as expected and, in the ED stratum, there was no significant change in HbA1c from baseline (mean reduction of -0.45%). At study end, mean daily IDet doses were 0.39U/kg (ND) and 0.54U/kg (ED). Weight increased by 5.7 and 2.0kg in the ND and ED strata, respectively, and was within the normal limits for growing children. IDet provided good glycemic control and was well tolerated, with a reduced risk of nocturnal hypoglycemia in a heterogeneous cohort of children and adolescents with T1D.

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