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  • 1.
    Akbarian-Tefaghi, Ladan
    et al.
    Unit of Functional Neurosurgery, Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
    Akram, Harith
    Unit of Functional Neurosurgery, Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
    Johansson, Johannes
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Biomedical Engineering. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Zrinzo, Ludvic
    Unit of Functional Neurosurgery, Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
    Kefalopoulou, Zinovia
    Unit of Functional Neurosurgery, Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
    Limousin, Patricia
    Unit of Functional Neurosurgery, Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
    Joyce, Eileen
    Unit of Functional Neurosurgery, Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
    Hariz, Marwan
    Unit of Functional Neurosurgery, Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
    Wårdell, Karin
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Biomedical Engineering. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Foltynie, Tom
    Unit of Functional Neurosurgery, Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
    Refining the Deep Brain Stimulation Target within the Limbic Globus Pallidus Internus for Tourette Syndrome2017In: Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, ISSN 1011-6125, E-ISSN 1423-0372, Vol. 95, no 4, p. 251-258Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    BACKGROUND: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) in patients with severe, refractory Tourette syndrome (TS) has demonstrated promising but variable results thus far. The thalamus and anteromedial globus pallidus internus (amGPi) have been the most commonly stimulated sites within the cortico-striato thalamic circuit, but an optimal target is yet to be elucidated.

    OBJECTIVES: This study of 15 patients with long-term amGPi DBS for severe TS investigated whether a specific anatomical site within the amGPi correlated with optimal clinical outcome for the measures of tics, obsessive compulsive behaviour (OCB), and mood.

    METHODS: Validated clinical assessments were used to measure tics, OCB, quality of life, anxiety, and depression before DBS and at the latest follow-up (17-82 months). Electric field simulations were created for each patient using information on electrode location and individual stimulation parameters. A subsequent regression analysis correlated these patient-specific simulations to percentage changes in outcome measures in order to identify any significant voxels related to clinical improvement.

    RESULTS: A region within the ventral limbic GPi, specifically on the medial medullary lamina in the pallidum at the level of the AC-PC, was significantly associated with improved tics but not mood or OCB outcome.

    CONCLUSIONS: This study adds further support to the application of DBS in a tic-related network, though factors such as patient sample size and clinical heterogeneity remain as limitations and replication is required.

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  • 2.
    Alonso, Fabiola
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Hemm-Ode, Simone
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland.
    Wårdell, Karin
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Influence on Deep Brain Stimulation from Lead Design, Operating Mode and Tissue Impedance Changes – A Simulation Study2015In: Brain Disorders and Therapy, ISSN 2168-975X, Vol. 4, no 3, article id 1000169Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) systems in current mode and new lead designs are recently available. To switch between DBS-systems remains complicated as clinicians may lose their reference for programming. Simulations can help increase the understanding.

    Objective: To quantitatively investigate the electric field (EF) around two lead designs simulated to operate in voltage and current mode under two time points following implantation.

    Methods: The finite element method was used to model Lead 3389 (Medtronic) and 6148 (St Jude) with homogenous surrounding grey matter and a peri-electrode space (PES) of 250 μm. The PES-impedance mimicked the acute (extracellular fluid) and chronic (fibrous tissue) time-point. Simulations at different amplitudes of voltage and current (n=236) were performed using two different contacts. Equivalent current amplitudes were extracted by matching the shape and maximum EF of the 0.2 V/mm isolevel.

    Results: The maximum EF extension at 0.2 V/mm varied between 2-5 mm with a small difference between the leads. In voltage mode EF increased about 1 mm at acute compared to the chronic PES. Current mode presented the opposite relationship. Equivalent EFs for lead 3389 at 3 V were found for 7 mA (acute) and 2.2 mA (chronic).

    Conclusions: Simulations showed a major impact on the electric field extension between postoperative time points. This may explain the clinical decisions to reprogram the amplitude weeks after implantation. Neither the EF extension nor intensity is considerably influenced by the lead design.

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  • 3.
    Alonso, Fabiola
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Latorre, Malcolm
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Göransson, Nathanael
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. Region Östergötland, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Department of Neurosurgery.
    Zsigmond, Peter
    Region Östergötland, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Department of Neurosurgery. Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Neuro and Inflammation Science. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    Wårdell, Karin
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Investigation into Deep Brain Stimulation Lead Designs: A Patient-Specific Simulation Study2016In: Brain Sciences, ISSN 2076-3425, E-ISSN 2076-3425, Vol. 6, no 3, p. 1-16Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    New deep brain stimulation (DBS) electrode designs offer operation in voltage and current mode and capability to steer the electric field (EF). The aim of the study was to compare the EF distributions of four DBS leads at equivalent amplitudes (3 V and 3.4 mA). Finite element method (FEM) simulations (n = 38) around cylindrical contacts (leads 3389, 6148) or equivalent contact configurations (leads 6180, SureStim1) were performed using homogeneous and patient-specific (heterogeneous) brain tissue models. Steering effects of 6180 and SureStim1 were compared with symmetric stimulation fields. To make relative comparisons between simulations, an EF isolevel of 0.2 V/mm was chosen based on neuron model simulations (n = 832) applied before EF visualization and comparisons. The simulations show that the EF distribution is largely influenced by the heterogeneity of the tissue, and the operating mode. Equivalent contact configurations result in similar EF distributions. In steering configurations, larger EF volumes were achieved in current mode using equivalent amplitudes. The methodology was demonstrated in a patient-specific simulation around the zona incerta and a “virtual” ventral intermediate nucleus target. In conclusion, lead design differences are enhanced when using patient-specific tissue models and current stimulation mode.

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  • 4.
    Alonso, Fabiola
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering.
    Latorre, Malcolm
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering.
    Zsigmond, Peter
    Region Östergötland, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Department of Neurosurgery. Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Neuro and Inflammation Science.
    Wårdell, Karin
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering.
    Brain Stimulation Steering of the Electric Field: A Patient-Specific Simulation Study2016Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 5.
    Alonso, Fabiola
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Vogel, Dorian
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland FHNW, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland.
    Johansson, Johannes
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Wårdell, Karin
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Hemm, Simone
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. rthwestern Switzerland FHNW, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland.
    Electric Field Comparison between Microelectrode Recording and Deep Brain Stimulation Systems: A Simulation Study2018In: Brain Sciences, ISSN 2076-3425, E-ISSN 2076-3425, Vol. 8, no 2, article id 28Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The success of deep brain stimulation (DBS) relies primarily on the localization of the implanted electrode. Its final position can be chosen based on the results of intraoperative microelectrode recording (MER) and stimulation tests. The optimal position often differs from the final one selected for chronic stimulation with the DBS electrode. The aim of the study was to investigate, using finite element method (FEM) modeling and simulations, whether lead design, electrical setup, and operating modes induce differences in electric field (EF) distribution and in consequence, the clinical outcome. Finite element models of a MER system and a chronic DBS lead were developed. Simulations of the EF were performed for homogenous and patient-specific brain models to evaluate the influence of grounding (guide tube vs. stimulator case), parallel MER leads, and non-active DBS contacts. Results showed that the EF is deformed depending on the distance between the guide tube and stimulating contact. Several parallel MER leads and the presence of the non-active DBS contacts influence the EF distribution. The DBS EF volume can cover the intraoperatively produced EF, but can also extend to other anatomical areas. In conclusion, EF deformations between stimulation tests and DBS should be taken into consideration as they can alter the clinical outcome

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  • 6.
    Alonso, Fabiola
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Biomedical Engineering. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Vogel, Dorian
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Biomedical Engineering. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Wårdell, Karin
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Biomedical Engineering. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Hemm-Ode, Simone
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Biomedical Engineering. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. Institute for Medical and Analytical Technologies and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences and Art Northwestern Switzerland.
    Comparison between intraoperative and chronic and deep brain stimulation2017Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    INTRODUCTION

    The success of the deep brain stimulation (DBS) therapy relies primarily in the localization of the implanted electrode, implying the need of utmost accuracy in the targeting process. Intraoperative microelectrode recording and stimulation tests are a common procedure before implanting the permanent DBS lead to determine the optimal position with a large therapeutic window where side effects are avoided and the best improvement of the symptoms is achieved. Differences in dimensions and operating modes exist between the exploration and the permanent DBS electrode which might lead to different stimulation fields, even when ideal placement is achieved. The aim of this investigation is to compare the electric field (EF) distribution around the intraoperative and the chronic electrode, assuming that both have exactly the same position.

    METHODS

    3D models of the intraoperative exploration electrode and the chronically implanted DBS lead 3389 (Medtronic Inc., USA) were developed using COMSOL 5.2 (COMSOL AB, Sweden). Patient-specific MR images were used to determine the conductive medium around the electrode. The exploration electrode and the first DBS contact were set to current and voltage respectively (0.2mA(V) - 3 mA(V) in 0.1 mA(V) steps). The intraoperative model included the grounded guide tube used to introduce the exploration electrode; for the chronic DBS model, the outer boundaries were grounded and the inactive contacts were set to floating potential considering a monopolar configuration. The localization of the exploration and the chronic electrode was set according to the planned trajectory. The EF was visualized and compared in terms of volume and extension using a fixed isocontour of 0.2 V/mm.

    RESULTS

    The EF distribution simulated for the exploration electrode showed the influence of the parallel trajectory and the grounded guide tube. For an amplitude of e.g. 2 mA/2 V, the EF extension of the intraoperative was 0.6 mm larger than the chronic electrode at the target level; the corresponding difference in volume was 76.1 mm3.

    CONCLUSION

    Differences in the EF shape between the exploration and the chronic DBS electrode have been observed using patient-specific models. The larger EF extension obtained for the exploration electrode responds to its higher impedance and the use of current controlled stimulation. The presence of EF around the guide tube and the influence of the parallel trajectory require further experimental and clinical evaluation.

  • 7.
    Alonso, Fabiola
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Wårdell, Karin
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Comparison of deep brain stimulation systems2014In: Poster Presentations, 2014, Vol. 29, p. 1173-1173, article id Suppl 1Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Objective: To quantitatively compare the electric field generated by voltage and current controlled deep brain stimulation systems.

    Background: Traditionally deep brain stimulation (DBS) systems have used voltage control however more recently, current controlled systems have been approved to treat Parkinson's disease and related movement disorders. In the endeavor of understanding the behavior of DBS systems a common approach is the use of computer models suitable to simulate the electric field, current density and other related electric parameters.

    Methods: 2D finite element models based on commercially available DBS systems have been built for each system: I. Model 3389, Medtronic Inc., USA for voltage control; and II. Model 6142, St Jude Medical Inc. USA for current control. The brain tissue has been simplified to homogeneous and isotropic medium. The electric settings correspond to a monopolar configuration, using one of the four contacts available as the active electrode and the outer boundary of the tissue as the reference. Three simulations were performed to mimic different stages of the leads implantation: a) an original stage where the brain tissue is considered as pure gray matter, b) an acute stage that simulates the leakage of cerebral spinal fluid immediately after the electrodes' insertion; and c) a chronic stage mimicking fibrous tissue created around the electrodes some weeks after implantation. Both systems were submitted to the same conditions using as active electrode the third contact from the tip of the lead. The comparison is based on the maximal distance reached by the isopotential of 0.2 V/mm.

    Results: The simulations showed that voltage controlled stimulation systems are more susceptible to changes in the electrical conductivity of the medium i.e. change over time of the tissue around the electrode. This agrees with the adjustment of the stimulation amplitude often necessary a few weeks postoperatively. Current controlled stimulation in turn, presented a linear behavior of the distance reached at different stimulation amplitudes at all stages.

    Conclusions: Current controlled stimulation might be a good option due to its linear behavior over time, nevertheless more studies including a more realistic brain model, different designs of DBS electrodes and different electric parameter, are needed to encourage the use of this type of systems.

  • 8.
    Alonso, Fabiola
    et al.
    Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation.
    Wårdell, Karin
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Electric Field Comparison of Deep Brain Stimulation Lead Designs - a Stimulation Study2016Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 9.
    Alonso, Fabiola
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Wårdell, Karin
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Latorre, Malcolm
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Comparison of Three Deep Brain Stimulation Lead Designs under Voltage and Current Modes2015In: WORLD CONGRESS ON MEDICAL PHYSICS AND BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING, 2015, VOLS 1 AND 2 / [ed] David A. Jaffray, Springer, 2015, Vol. 51, p. 1196-1199Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Since the introduction of deep brain stimulation (DBS) the technique has been dominated by Medtronic sys-tems. In recent years, new DBS systems have become available for patients, and some are in clinical trials. The present study aims to evaluate three DBS leads operated in either voltage or current mode. 3D finite element method (FEM) models were built in combination with a neuron model for this purpose. The axon diameter was set to D = 5 μm and simulations performed in both voltage (0.5-5 V) and current (0.5-5 mA) mode. The evaluation was achieved based on the distance from the lead for neural activation and the electric field (EF) extension at 0.1 V/mm. The results showed that the neural activation distance agrees well between the leads with an activation distance dif-ference less than 0.5 mm. The shape of the field at the 0.1 V/mm isopotential surface in 3D is mostly spherical in shape around the activated section of the steering lead.

  • 10.
    Alonso, Fabiola
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Wårdell, Karin
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Latorre, Malcolm
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Neural Activation Compared to Electric Field Extension of Three DBS Lead Designs2015Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    SINCE the introduction of deep brain stimulation (DBS) about 20 years ago, the stimulation technique has been dominated by Medtronic DBS-system setup. In recent years, new DBS systems have become available, of which some are in clinical trials or available to patients [1]. In the present study three different lead designs are investigated via computer simulation:

    Medtronic 3389, St. Jude 6148 and Sapiens SureStim. The aim was to compare the neural activation distance and the electric field (EF) maximum spatial extension for each lead.

    A 3D finite element method model was built using COMSOL Multiphysics 4.4a (COMSOL AB, Stockholm, Sweden) to simulate the electric potential around the DBS lead. Brain tissue was modelled as a homogeneous volume of grey matter (electric conductivity of 0.09 S/m). The electrode-tissue interface was modelled with a 250μm thick peri-electrode space mimicking the fibrous tissue which covers the lead at the chronic stimulation stage (σ = 0.06S/m, equivalent to white matter electric conductivity). The stimulation amplitude was set to 1V in monopolar configuration using C1 electrode or equivalent in all cases. Each simulated electric potential distribution was exported to MatLab (The MathWorks, USA) and used as input to a cable neuron simulation.

    An axon cable model with 21 nodes based on the concept by Åström et al., [2] was set up in MatLab and combined with the exported field distributions. The model considered a 5 μm thick neuron, a pulse width of 60 μs and a drive potential ranging from 0.5 V to 5 V in 0.5 V steps.

    The SureStim lead results showed a shorter neural activation distance and EF extension. The distance to the isolevel of 0.2 V/mm is close to the neural activation distance at each stimulation amplitude, and we conclude that the electric field is a suitable predictor to visualize the stimulated regions.

  • 11.
    Alonso, Fabiola
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Biomedical Engineering. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Zsigmond, Peter
    Region Östergötland, Center for Surgery, Orthopaedics and Cancer Treatment, Department of Surgery in Linköping. Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Neuro and Inflammation Science. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Department of Neurosurgery.
    Wårdell, Karin
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Biomedical Engineering. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Influence of Virchow-Robin spaces in the Electric Field Distribution in Subthalamic Nucleus Deep Brain Stimulation2019Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Objectives: Previous investigations have shown the appearance of cysts i.e. Virchow-Robin spaces (VR) in the basal ganglia and their relationship with parkinsonian symptoms [1-3]. Simulations [4]using the finite element method (FEM) suggests that VR affects the electric field around deep brain stimulation (DBS) electrodes. The aim of the study was to evaluate how the electric field is modified by the presence of cysts in the STN. Methods: The effect of cysts on the electric field around the DBS lead placed in the STN was evaluated using FEM. 3D patient-specific brain models were built with COMSOL 5.2 (COMSOL AB, Sweden) and an in-house developed software [5] to convert a T2 weighted MRI of Parkinsonian patients (ethics approval no: 2012/434-3) into electrical conductivity matrix readable by FEM software. VR was classified as CSF [6]assigning a high electrical conductivity (2.0 S/m). The stimulation amplitudes were set to the clinically programmed values. Depending on the lead used, the stimulation was set to voltage control (3389) or current control (6180, ring mode). The coordinates corresponding to the lowest (first) electrode and the third higher up in the lead, taken from the postoperative CT electrode artefact, were used to localize the leads in the brain model [7]. The electric field was visualized with a 0.2V/mm isosurface. Results: Simulations showed that the electric field distribution is affected by the cysts. The higher conductivity at these regions in the vicinity of the electrode redistributes the electric field pushing it away from the cyst. The same effect occurs regardless of the operating mode or the lead design as long as the directional lead is configured in ring mode. Conclusions: The use of patient-specific models has shown the importance of considering nuances of the patients’ anatomy in the STN. This information can be used to determine the stimulation parameter and to support the analysis of side effects induced by the stimulation. The potential advantage of directional leads can also be assessed by including in the model patient-specific data.

  • 12.
    Alonso, Fabiola
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Biomedical Engineering. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Zsigmond, Peter
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Surgery, Orthopedics and Oncology. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Department of Neurosurgery.
    Wårdell, Karin
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Biomedical Engineering. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. Linköping University, Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV).
    Influence of Virchow-Robin spaces on the electric field distribution in subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation2021In: Clinical neurology and neurosurgery, ISSN 0303-8467, E-ISSN 1872-6968, Vol. 204, article id 106596Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Patient MRI from DBS implantations in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) were reviewed and it was found that around 10% had Virchow-Robin spaces (VRS). Patient-specific models were developed to evaluate changes in the electric field (EF) around DBS leads. The patients (n = 7) were implanted bilaterally either with the standard voltage-controlled lead 3389 or with the directional current-controlled lead 6180. The EF distribution was evaluated by comparing simulations using patient-specific models with homogeneous models without VRS. The EF, depicted with an isocontour of 0.2 V/mm, showed a deformation in the presence of the VRS around the DBS lead. For patient-specific models, the radial extension of the EF isocontours was enlarged regardless of the operating mode or the DBS lead used. The location of the VRS in relation to the active contact and the stimulation amplitude, determined the changes in the shape and extension of the EF. It is concluded that it is important to take the patients? brain anatomy into account as the high conductivity in VRS will alter the electric field if close to the DBS lead. This can be a cause of unexpected side effects.

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  • 13.
    Alonso, Fabiola
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Biomedical Engineering. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Zsigmond, Peter
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Surgery, Orthopedics and Oncology. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Department of Neurosurgery.
    Wårdell, Karin
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Biomedical Engineering. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Virchow-Robin spaces in subthalamic nucleus Deep Brain Stimulation - Influence in the electric field2019Conference paper (Other academic)
  • 14. Anderson, C.
    et al.
    Andersson, T.
    Wårdell, Karin
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Changes in skin circulation after microdialysis probe insertion visualized by laser Doppler perfusion imaging1994In: Journal of Investigative Dermatology, ISSN 0022-202X, E-ISSN 1523-1747, Vol. 102, no 5, p. 807-811Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Microdialysis makes possible in vivo estimation of endogenous and exogenous substances in the dermal extracellular space. Insertion of the microdialysis probe and its subsequent presence in the skin may affect both the reactivity of the skin test site and the measurement of target substances. Laser Doppler flowmetry is a non-invasive method for estimating cutaneous blood flow. A further development of this technique, laser Doppler perfusion imaging, has been used to study the time course of the circulatory changes caused in the area of microdialysis probe insertion. Laser Doppler perfusion imaging was performed prior to, during, and after microdialysis probe insertion in the skin of the ventral forearm in three subjects. Probe insertion caused an increase in skin blood perfusion in the whole test area. About 15 min after probe insertion, the flare, which is presumed to be of chiefly axon reflex origin, began to subside and the circulatory response could be seen to center around the site of insertion and the tip of the probe. Skin perfusion levels had returned to near normal levels within 60 min. Local anesthesia of the point of guide insertion inhibited the flare, but did not affect circulatory reactivity in the skin nearby. Both microdialysis and laser Doppler perfusion imaging seem to be promising new methods in dermatologic research.

  • 15. Anderson, C.
    et al.
    Svensson, .
    Sjögren, F.
    Andersson, T.
    Wårdell, Karin
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Human in vivo microdialysis technique can be used to measure cytokines in contact reactions.1995In: Current Problems in Dermatology, ISSN 1421-5721, E-ISSN 1662-2944, Vol. 23, p. 121-130Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 16.
    Anderson, Chris
    et al.
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Division of dermatology and venereology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre for Medicine, Department of Dermatology and Venerology in Östergötland.
    Wårdell, Karin
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation.
    Analysis of laser Doppler perfusion images from contact reactions1996In: Jadassohn Centenary Congress,1996, 1996Conference paper (Other academic)
  • 17. Andersson, T.
    et al.
    Anderson, C.
    Wårdell, Karin
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Human in vivo cutaneous microdialysis: Estimation of histamine release in cold urticaria.1995In: Acta Dermato-Venereologica, ISSN 0001-5555, E-ISSN 1651-2057, no 75, p. 343-347Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A novel bioanalytical in vivo sampling technique, cutaneous microdialysis, was used to follow the chronology of skin histamine release in 3 patients with cold urticaria and in 2 healthy volunteers. Laser Doppler perfusion imaging was used simultaneously to monitor the skin circulatory response. Microdialysis samples were collected at 10-min intervals and analysed by radioimmunoassay technique. Fifty minutes after probe insertion, the ventral forearm skin in the area of the dialysis membrane was provoked for 5-15 min with a 25 x 40 mm ice cube covered with plastic foil. In the cold urticaria patients, an up to 80-fold increase of histamine was observed, with peak levels 20-30 min after challenge. Histamine levels then fell to reach "baseline" levels within 50 min. In the healthy subjects, the histamine increase was earlier, less pronounced and of shorter duration. Cutaneous microdialysis and laser Doppler imaging offer new possibilities for the chronological multiparameter assessment of inflammatory skin disorders in vivo.

  • 18.
    Andersson-Engels, Stefan
    et al.
    Inst för fysik Lunds Tekniska Högskola.
    Pålsson, S
    Backlund, Erik Olof
    IMT LiU.
    Sturnegk, Patrik
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Neurosurgery. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Reconstruction Centre, Department of Neurosurgery UHL.
    Lundberg, Peter
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Care, Radiation Physics. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Radiation Physics. Linköping University, Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV).
    Smedby, Örjan
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Care, Medical Radiology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology UHL. Linköping University, Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV).
    Svanberg, K
    Eriksson, Ola
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation.
    Wårdell, Karin
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation.
    ALA-PpIX Fluorescence and spectroscopy in connection with stereotactic biopsy of human glioblastomas2005In: European Conference on Biomedical Optics,2005, 2005Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 19.
    Antonsson, Johan
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Eriksson, Ola
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Blomstedt, Patric
    Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden.
    Bergenheim, Tommy
    Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden.
    Hariz, Marwan
    Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden.
    Richter, Johan
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation.
    Zsigmond, Peter
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Neurosurgery. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Wårdell, Karin
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy measurements for tissue type discrimination during deep brain stimulation2008In: Journal of neural engineering, ISSN 1741-2560, Vol. 5, no 2, p. 185-190Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy as a method for improving intracerebral guidance during functional neurosurgery has been investigated. An optical probe was developed for measurements during stereotactic and functional neurosurgery in man. The aim of the study was to investigate the spectral differences between white and grey matter and between white matter and functional targets. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy measurements in ten patients were recorded at incremental steps towards and in three different functional targets (STN, GPi and Zi). The recorded spectra along the trajectory were sorted into white or grey matter, based on preoperative MRI images or the recorded spectral shape and intensity. The difference between tissue types was calculated as a quotient. Significant intensity differences between white and grey matter were found to be at least 14% (p < 0.05) and 20% (p < 0.0001) for MRI and spectral-sorted data respectively. The reflectance difference between white matter and the functional targets of GPi was higher than for STN and Zi. The results indicate that diffuse reflectance spectroscopy has a potential to be developed to a suitable complement to other intracerebral guidance methods.

  • 20.
    Antonsson, Johan
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Eriksson, Ola
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Lundberg, Peter
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Radiation Physics. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Wårdell, Karin
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Optical measurements during experimental stereotactic radiofrequency lesioning2006In: Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, ISSN 1011-6125, E-ISSN 1423-0372, Vol. 84, no 2-3, p. 118-124Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The aim of this study was to evaluate in vivo a laser Doppler measurement system in porcine brain tissue during thermal lesioning. A 2-mm monopolar radiofrequency lesioning electrode was equipped with optical fibers in order to monitor the lesioning procedure. Laser Doppler and backscattered light intensity signals were measured along the electrode trajectory and during bilateral lesioning in the central gray (70, 80 and 90°C, n = 14). The time course of the coagulation process could be followed by optical recordings. Two separate groups of tissue were identified from the intensity signals. The changes in the perfusion levels in both groups displayed significant changes (p < 0.05, n = 48) at all temperature settings, while backscattered light intensity was significant for only one group at the different temperatures (p < 0.05, n = 39). These results indicate that optical measurements correlate with lesion development in vivo. The study also indicates that it is possible to follow the lesioning process intra-operatively.

  • 21.
    Antonsson, Johan
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Eriksson, Ola
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Wårdell, Karin
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    In-vivo reflection spectroscopy measurements in pig brain during stereotactic surgery2003In: Biophotonics West: Biomedical Optics, 2003, Vol. 4958, p. 242-250Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Radiofrequency (RF) lesioning in the human brain is a commonsurgical therapy for relieving severe pain as well as formovement disorders such as Parkinsonia. During the procedure a smallelectrode is introduced by stereotactic means towards a target arealocalized by CT or MRI. An RF-current is applied throughthe electrode tip when positioned in the target area. Thetissue in the proximity of the tip is heated bythe current and finally coagulated.The overall aim of this studywas to improve the RF-technique and its ability to estimatelesion size by means of optical methods. Therefore, the opticaldifferences between white and gray matter, as well as lesionedand unlesioned tissue were investigated. Reflection spectroscopy measurements in therange of 450-800 nm were conducted on fully anesthetized pigsduring stereotactic RF-lesioning (n=6). Light from a tungsten lamp wasguided to the electrode tip through optical fibers, inserted alonga 2 mm in diameter monopolar RF-electrode. Measurements were performedin steps of 0-10 mm from the target in eachhemisphere towards the entry point of the skull. In thecentral gray of the porcine brain measurements were performed bothbefore and after the creation of a lesion. A totalof 55 spectra were collected during this study. Correlation totissue type was done using post-operative MR-images. The spectral signaturefor white and gray matter differs significantly for the entirespectral range of 450-800 nm. Pre- and post-lesioning reflection spectroscopyshowed the largest differences below 600 and above 620 nm,which implies that lasers within this wavelength range may beuseful for in-vivo measurements of tissue optical changes during RF-lesioning.

  • 22.
    Antonsson, Johan
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Eriksson, Ola
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Wårdell, Karin
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Radio frequency electrode system for optical lesion size estimation in functional neurosurgery2005In: Journal of Biomedical Optics, ISSN 1083-3668, E-ISSN 1560-2281, Vol. 10, no 3, p. 1-6Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Radiofrequency(RF) lesioning in the human brain is one possible surgicaltherapy for severe pain as well as movement disorders. Oneobstacle for a safer lesioning procedure is the lack ofsize monitoring. The aim of this study was to investigateif changes in laser Doppler or intensity signals could beused as markers for size estimation during experimental RF lesioning.A 2 mm in diameter monopolar RF electrode was equippedwith optical fibers and connected to a digital laser Dopplersystem. The optical RF electrode's performance was equal to astandard RF electrode with the same dimensions. An albumin solutionwith scatterers was used to evaluate the intensity and laserDoppler signal changes during lesioning at 70, 80, and 90 °C.Significant signal changes were found for these three different clotsizes, represented by the temperatures (p<0.05,  n=10). The volume, width, andlength of the created coagulations were correlated to the intensitysignal changes (r=0.88, n=30, p<0.0001) and to the perfusion signalchanges (r=0.81, n=30, p<0.0001). Both static and Doppler-shifted light canbe used to follow the lesioning procedure as well asbeing used for lesion size estimation during experimental RF lesioning.

  • 23.
    Arildsson, Mikael
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Nilsson, Gert
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Wårdell, Karin
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Critical design parameters in laser Doppler perfusion imaging1996In: Proc. SPIE 2678: Optical Diagnostics of Living Cells and Biofluids / [ed] Daniel L. Farkas; Robert C. Leif; Alexander V. Priezzhev; Toshimitsu Asakura; Bruce J. Tromberg, SPIE Proceedings Series , 1996, Vol. 2678, p. 401-408Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Laser Doppler Perfusion Imaging (LDPI) is a method for visualization of tissue blood perfusion. A low power laser beam is used to step-wise scan a tissue area of interest and a perfusion estimate based on the backscattered, partially Doppler broadened, light is generated. Although the basic operating principle of LDPI is the same as that of conventional Laser Doppler Perfusion Monitoring (LDPM), significant differences exist between the implementation of the methods which must be taken into account in order to generate high quality perfusion images. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relevance of a number of LDPI design parameters, such as:

    (1) The influence of artifact noise when using a continuously moving laser beam instead of a step-wise moving beam to scan the image.

    (2) The signal processor output's dependency on the distance between the measurement object and the scanner head when using collimated laser light.

    (3) The speed and mode of the scanning.

    The results show a substantial rise in the noise level when using a continuously moving beam as opposed to a step-wise. Skin measurements using a collimated laser beam demonstrated an amplification factor dependency on the distance between the skin surface and the scanner head not present when using a divergent laser beam. The scanning speed is limited by the trade-off between the Doppler signal lower cut-off frequency and the image quality.

  • 24.
    Arildsson, Mikael
    et al.
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation.
    Nilsson, Gert
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation.
    Wårdell, Karin
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation.
    Tracking of small blood vessels by a new laser Doppler imaging technique1996In: SPIE-Bios96,1996, 1996Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 25.
    Arildsson, Mikael
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Wårdell, Karin
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Nilsson, Gert
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Higher order moment processing of laser Doppler perfusion signals1997In: Journal of Biomedical Optics, ISSN 1083-3668, E-ISSN 1560-2281, Vol. 2, no 4, p. 358-363Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The laser Doppler technique is used to assess tissue perfusion. Traditionally an integrated, ω-weighted (first-order filter) power spectrum is used to estimate perfusion. In order to be able to obtain selective information about the flow in vessels with different blood cell velocities, higher order filters have been implemented, investigated, and evaluated. Theoretical considerations show that the output of the signal processor will depend on the flow speed, for a given concentration of blood cells, according to Soutνn where v is the average blood cell speed and n is the spectral filter order. An implementation of filters using zero-, first-, second-, and third-order spectral moments was utilized to experimentally verify the theory by using a laser Doppler perfusion imager. Two different flow models were utilized: A Plexiglas model was used to demonstrate the various signatures of the power spectrum for different flow speeds and filter orders, whereas a Delrin model was used to study the relationship between the flow velocity and the output of the signal processor for the different filters. The results show good agreement with theory and also good reproducibility. Recordings made on the skin of the wrist area demonstrated that the flow in small veins can be visualized by the use of higher spectral orders.

  • 26.
    Black, David
    et al.
    Medical Image Computing, University of Bremen; Jacobs University, Bremen; Fraunhofer MEVIS, Bremen, Germany.
    Hahn, Horst
    Jacobs University, Bremen; Fraunhofer, MEVIS, Germany.
    Kikinis, Ron
    Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.
    Wårdell, Karin
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Biomedical Engineering. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Haj-Hosseini, Neda
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Biomedical Engineering. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Auditory display for Fluorescence-guided open brain tumor surgery2018In: International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery, ISSN 1861-6410, E-ISSN 1861-6429, Vol. 13, no 1, p. 25-35Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    PURPOSE:

    Protoporphyrin (PpIX) fluorescence allows discrimination of tumor and normal brain tissue during neurosurgery. A handheld fluorescence (HHF) probe can be used for spectroscopic measurement of 5-ALA-induced PpIX to enable objective detection compared to visual evaluation of fluorescence. However, current technology requires that the surgeon either views the measured values on a screen or employs an assistant to verbally relay the values. An auditory feedback system was developed and evaluated for communicating measured fluorescence intensity values directly to the surgeon.

    METHODS:

    The auditory display was programmed to map the values measured by the HHF probe to the playback of tones that represented three fluorescence intensity ranges and one error signal. Ten persons with no previous knowledge of the application took part in a laboratory evaluation. After a brief training period, participants performed measurements on a tray of 96 wells of liquid fluorescence phantom and verbally stated the perceived measurement values for each well. The latency and accuracy of the participants' verbal responses were recorded. The long-term memorization of sound function was evaluated in a second set of 10 participants 2-3 and 7-12 days after training.

    RESULTS:

    The participants identified the played tone accurately for 98% of measurements after training. The median response time to verbally identify the played tones was 2 pulses. No correlation was found between the latency and accuracy of the responses, and no significant correlation with the musical proficiency of the participants was observed on the function responses. Responses for the memory test were 100% accurate.

    CONCLUSION:

    The employed auditory display was shown to be intuitive, easy to learn and remember, fast to recognize, and accurate in providing users with measurements of fluorescence intensity or error signal. The results of this work establish a basis for implementing and further evaluating auditory displays in clinical scenarios involving fluorescence guidance and other areas for which categorized auditory display could be useful.

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  • 27.
    Brydegaard, Mikkel
    et al.
    Department of Physics, Lund University.
    Haj-Hosseini, Neda
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Wårdell, Karin
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Andersson-Engels, Stefan
    Department of Physics, Lund University.
    Photobleaching-Insensitive Fluorescence Diagnostics in Skin and Brain Tissue2011In: IEEE Photonics Journal, ISSN 1943-0655, Vol. 3, no 3, p. 407-421Article in journal (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    In this paper, we investigate the possibility of using accurate prediction models for the prediction of protoporphyrin bleaching dynamics to achieve photobleaching-insensitive methods to improve the evaluation of data in an existing clinical fluorescence-guided resection technique. To simulate the scenario, measurements were carried out in vivo on skin of healthy volunteers using a compact fiber-based fluorescence spectroscopy system. We have developed an effective method for the parameterization of sequences of bleaching spectra. We analyze convergence and decay rates with respect to initial conditions and excitation irradiance. We also discuss the consequences and the potential for bleaching-insensitive measurements and their applicability in a few examples from in vivo open brain surgery.

  • 28.
    Diczfalusy, Elin
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Andersson, Mats
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical Informatics. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Wårdell, Karin
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV).
    A diffusion tensor-based finite element model of microdialysis in the deep brain2015In: Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, ISSN 1025-5842, E-ISSN 1476-8259, Vol. 18, no 2, p. 201-212Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Microdialysis of the basal ganglia was recently used to study neurotransmitter levels in relation to deep brain stimulation. In order to estimate the anatomical origin of the obtained data, the maximum tissue volume of influence (TVImax) for a microdialysis catheter was simulated using the finite element method. This study investigates the impact of brain heterogeneity and anisotropy on the TVImax using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to create a second-order tensor model of the basal ganglia. Descriptive statistics showed that the maximum migration distance for neurotransmitters varied by up to 55% (n = 98,444) for DTI-based simulations compared with an isotropic reference model, and the anisotropy differed between different targets in accordance with theory. The size of the TVImax was relevant in relation to the size of the anatomical structures of interest, and local tissue properties should be accounted for when relating microdialysis data to their anatomical targets.

  • 29.
    Diczfalusy, Elin
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Andersson, Mats
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical Informatics. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Wårdell, Karin
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    The effect of tissue heterogeneity and anisotropy on microdialysis of the deep brainManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Microdialysis of the basal ganglia was recently used to study changes of neurotransmitter levels in relation to deep brain stimulation (DBS). In order to estimate the anatomical origin of the microdialysis data, the maximum tissue volume of influence (TVImax) for a microdialysis catheter was simulated and visualized using the finite element method (FEM). In the current study the impact of brain heterogeneity and anisotropy on the TVImax was investigated, using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to create a second-order tensor model of the basal ganglia. The results were presented using descriptive statistics, indicating that the mean radius of the TVImax varied by up to 0.5 mm (n = 98444) for FEM simulations based on DTI compared to a homogeneous and isotropic reference model. The internal capsule and subthalamic area showed significantly higher anisotropy (p < 0.0001, n = 600) than the putamen and the globus pallidus, in accordance with theory. It was concluded that the size of the TVImax remained small enough to be relevant in relation to the anatomical structures of interest, and that local tissue properties should be accounted for when relating the microdialysis data to their anatomical targets.

  • 30.
    Diczfalusy, Elin
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Didzar, Nil
    Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Local Health Care Services in Central Östergötland, Department of Neurology.
    Kullman, Anita
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Clinical Chemistry. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Åström, Mattias
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Zsigmond, Peter
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Neurosurgery. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Reconstruction Centre, Department of Neurosurgery UHL.
    Wårdell, Karin
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Biochemical monitoring and simulation of the electric field during deep brain stimulation (oral)2010Conference paper (Other academic)
  • 31.
    Diczfalusy, Elin
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Dizdar (Dizdar Segrell), Nil
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Neurology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Local Health Care Services in Central Östergötland, Department of Neurology.
    Zsigmond, Peter
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Neurosurgery. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Department of Neurosurgery.
    Kullman, Anita
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Clinical Chemistry. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Loyd, Dan
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Applied Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Wårdell, Karin
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Simulations and visualizations for interpretation of brain microdialysis data during deep brain stimulation2012In: IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), 2012, IEEE , 2012, p. 6438-6441Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Microdialysis of the basal ganglia was used in parallel to deep brain stimulation (DBS) for patients with Parkinson’s disease. The aim of this study was to patientspecifically simulate and visualize the maximum tissue volume of influence (TVImax) for each microdialysis catheter and the electric field generated around each DBS electrode. The finite element method (FEM) was used for the simulations. The method allowed mapping of the anatomical origin of the microdialysis data and the electric stimulation for each patient. It  was seen that the sampling and stimulation targets differed among the patients, and the results will therefore be used in the future interpretation of the biochemical data.

  • 32.
    Diczfalusy, Elin
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Wårdell, Karin
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Simulation of Deep Brain Stimulation for Tourette's Syndrome (oral)2011Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 33.
    Diczfalusy, Elin
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Zsigmond, Peter
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Neurosurgery. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Department of Neurosurgery.
    Dizdar (Dizdar Segrell), Nil
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Neurology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Local Health Care Services in Central Östergötland, Department of Neurology.
    Kullman, Anita
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Clinical Chemistry. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Loyd, Dan
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Applied Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Wårdell, Karin
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    A model for simulation and patient-specific visualization of the tissue volume of influence during brain microdialysis2011In: Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing, ISSN 0140-0118, E-ISSN 1741-0444, Vol. 49, no 12, p. 1459-1469Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Microdialysis can be used in parallel to deep brain stimulation (DBS) to relate biochemical changes to the clinical outcome. The aim of the study was to use the finite element method to predict the tissue volume of influence (TVI(max)) and its cross-sectional radius (r (TVImax)) when using brain microdialysis, and visualize the TVI(max) in relation to patient anatomy. An equation based on Fick's law was used to simulate the TVI(max). Factorial design and regression analysis were used to investigate the impact of the diffusion coefficient, tortuosity and loss rate on the r (TVImax). A calf brain tissue experiment was performed to further evaluate these parameters. The model was implemented with pre-(MRI) and post-(CT) operative patient images for simulation of the TVI(max) for four patients undergoing microdialysis in parallel to DBS. Using physiologically relevant parameter values, the r (TVImax) for analytes with a diffusion coefficient D = 7.5 × 10(-6) cm(2)/s was estimated to 0.85 ± 0.25 mm. The simulations showed agreement with experimental data. Due to an implanted gold thread, the catheter positions were visible in the post-operative images. The TVI(max) was visualized for each catheter. The biochemical changes could thereby be related to their anatomical origin, facilitating interpretation of results.

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  • 34.
    Diczfalusy, Elin
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Åström, Mattias
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Didzar, Nil
    Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Local Health Care Services in Central Östergötland, Department of Neurology.
    Kullman, Anita
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Clinical Chemistry. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Zsigmond, Peter
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Neurosurgery. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Reconstruction Centre, Department of Neurosurgery UHL.
    Wårdell, Karin
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    A finite element model for biochemical monitoring in the brain during deep brain stimulation (poster)2010Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 35.
    Diczfalusy, Elin
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Åström, Mattias
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Dizdar, Nil
    Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Local Health Care Services in Central Östergötland, Department of Neurology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Reconstruction Centre, Department of Neurosurgery UHL.
    Kullman, Anita
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Clinical Chemistry. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Reconstruction Centre, Department of Neurosurgery UHL.
    Zsigmond, Peter
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Neurosurgery. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Reconstruction Centre, Department of Neurosurgery UHL.
    Wårdell, Karin
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    A Finite Model for Biochemical Monitoring in the Brain during Deep Brain Stimulation (oral)2010Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 36.
    Diczfalusy, Elin
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Åström, Mattias
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Wårdell, Karin
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Software for Patient Specific Modeling and Simulation of Deep Brain Stimulation (poster)2011Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 37. Eriksson, O.
    et al.
    Johansson, Johannes
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Wårdell, Karin
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Finite element simulations of rf lesions in porcine brain2002Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 38.
    Eriksson, Ola
    et al.
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation.
    Backlund, Erik Olof
    Lindstam, Håkan
    Lundberg, Peter
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Care, Radiation Physics. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Radiation Physics.
    Lindström, Sivert
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Division of cell biology.
    Wårdell, Karin
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation.
    Stereotactic RF-lesioning - A study in the pig brain2000In: Scandinavian Neurosurgical Society Meeting,2000, 2000Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 39.
    Eriksson, Ola
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Backlund, Erik-Olof
    Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Neurosurgery. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Lundberg, Peter
    Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Care, Radiation Physics. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Lindstam, Håkan
    Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Care, Radiology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Lindström, Sivert
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Cell biology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Wårdell, Karin
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Experimental radiofrequency brain lesions: a volumetric study2002In: Neurosurgery, ISSN 0148-396X, E-ISSN 1524-4040, Vol. 51, no 3, p. 781-788Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    OBJECTIVE : This study describes the production, under strictly standardized and controlled conditions, of radiofrequency lesions with identical neurogenerator settings: in vitro in two different albumin solutions (nongelatinous and gelatinous) and in vivo in the thalamus of the pig.

    METHODS : The radiofrequency lesions were investigated in vitro by the use of a specially designed video system and in vivo by magnetic resonance imaging. Moreover, the size of the in vivo lesions was estimated with the use of histological sectioning. The statistical analysis included the calculation of a correlation coefficient for the length, width, and volume for each lesion estimation.

    RESULTS : A high correlation (R = 0.96, P < 0.005; n = 14) was found between clot sizes in the two albumin solutions. Albumin clots generated in gelatinous albumin showed systematically larger volumes. In the pig, two concentric zones were seen in all magnetic resonance images and all histological preparations. The width correlation of the completely coagulated brain tissue (inner zones) was R = 0.94, P < 0.005, and n = 7. The corresponding correlation between magnetic resonance images and gelatinous albumin was R = 0.93, P < 0.005, and n = 7. As a rule, the in vitro clots were smaller than the outer zone but larger than the inner zone of the magnetic resonance imaging-recorded lesions for all of the electrode and temperature combinations tested. In vivo lesions generated with the same electrode and parameter settings showed high reproducibility.

    CONCLUSION : The value of presurgical electrode tests to validate the electrode function and lesion size in vitro has become evident in this study, which shows a high correlation between the in vitro albumin clots and the in vivo lesions observed on magnetic resonance images.

  • 40.
    Eriksson, Ola
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Wren, Joakim
    Linköping University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Fluid and Mechanical Engineering Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Loyd, Dan
    Linköping University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Fluid and Mechanical Engineering Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Wårdell, Karin
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    A comparison between in vitro studies of protein lesions generated by brain electrodes and finite element model simulations1999In: Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing, ISSN 0140-0118, E-ISSN 1741-0444, Vol. 37, no 6, p. 737-741Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The aim of this study was to develop a finite element model for simulation of the thermal characteristics of brain electrodes and to compare its performances with an in vitro experimental albumin model. Ten lesions were created in albumin using a monopolar electrode connected to a Leksell Neuro Generator and a computer-assisted video system was used to determine the size of the generated lesions. A finite element model was set up of the in vitro experiments using the same thermal properties. With a very simple heat source applied to the finite element model in the proximity of the upper part of the tip, a good agreement (no deviations in width and distance from tip but a deviation in length of −1.6 mm) with the in vitro experiments (width 4.6±0.1 mm and length 7.4±0.1 mm) was achieved when comparing the outline of the lesion. In addition, a gelatinous albumin-model was set up and compared to computer simulations resulting in deviations in width of −0.4 mm, length of −2.2 mm and distance from the tip of −0.1 mm. Hence, the utilisation of finite element model simulations may be a useful complement to in-vitro experiments.

  • 41.
    Eriksson, Ola
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Wårdell, Karin
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    In-vitro size estimation of protein clots generated by brain electrodes1998In: Proceedings of the 20th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 1998 / [ed] H. K. Chang, Y. T. Zhang, Hong Kong: IEEE , 1998, p. 1783-Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A method for in-vitro size estimation of protein clots generated by brain electrodes is presented. Radiofrequency generated thermal brain lesions are widely used in functional neurosurgery and in-vitro tests are used to confirm the electrodes' ability to generate lesions. To be able to estimate the size of protein clots generated in-vitro by brain electrodes, a computer-assisted video system was set up. The size estimation is carried out by software using two captured images of the protein clot. The “true” length and width (9.5 mm) of a sphere as measured with a slide-caliper differed at the most 0.5 mm (5%) and 0.3 mm (3%) respectively, all random errors fall within 2s.d

  • 42.
    Eriksson, Ola
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Wårdell, Karin
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Optical changes as a marker for lesion size estimation during radio frequency ablation: a model study2001In: SPIE Proceedings | Volume 4254 | Guidance, Surgical-Assist and Treatment Systems / [ed] Warren S. Grundfest; David A. Benaron; Tuan Vo-Dinh, 2001, Vol. 4254, p. 164-171Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Stereotactic radiofrequency (RF)-lesioning in the central part of the brain is performed on patients that, for instance, have severe movement or psychiatric disorders. The size of the generated lesion can to some extent be controlled by RF-generator settings such as temperature and time as well as the electrode configuration. Today, MR- imaging and CT are the essential diagnostic methods to confirm the lesion size in vivo. The aim of this study was to investigate whether it is possible to use changes in the reflected light intensity and laser Doppler flowmetry as a marker for size estimation during RF-lesioning.

  • 43.
    Eriksson, Ola
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Wårdell, Karin
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Eriksson-Bylund, Nina
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Kullberg, Gunvor
    Department of Neurosurgery, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden.
    Rehncrona, Stig
    Department of Neurosurgery, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden.
    In vitro evaluation of brain lesioning electrodes (Leksell) using a computer-assisted video system1999In: Neurological Research, ISSN 0161-6412, E-ISSN 1743-1328, Vol. 21, no 1, p. 89-95Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Radiofrequency (RF) generated thermal brain lesions are widely used in functional neurosurgery. The size, shape and development of the lesions depends on system parameter settings and the electrode configuration. Difficulties in studying the effect of these factors in vivo stimulated us to develop an in vitro system for standardized comparison between different electrodes and physical parameters. A computer-assisted video system was set-up allowing continuous video recording of RF-generated coagulations in either a standard albumin solution or in the fresh white of a hen's egg as transparent test substrates. Ten lesions were made with each test electrode (two bipolar and three monopolar) in each of the two substrates at 70 degrees, 80 degrees and 90 degrees C (t = 60 sec). Due to the better homogeneity the lesions in the albumin solution were much more regular and reproducible. This made it possible to calculate the size (width 2.2 +/- 0.1 to 5.3 +/- 0.1 mm and length 3.0 +/- 0.1 to 8.7 +/- 0.3 mm) as well as the volume (8.5 +/- 1.4 mm3 to 133.5 +/- 26.8 mm3). It is concluded that this in vitro system offers a reproducible way to study and document the effect of different electrode configurations and RF-generator settings on the formation of a heat lesion. Even if the results are not directly applicable to the living human brain they give an estimate of the form and size of a coagulation lesion and can be of value for standardized comparisons between different electrodes.

  • 44.
    Eriksson, Ola
    et al.
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation.
    Wårdell, Karin
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation.
    Kullberg, G
    Rehncrona, S
    Invitro evaluation of brain lesioning electrodes (Leksell) using a computer-based video system1997In: XIIth Meeting World Society Stereotactic Functional Neurosurgery,1997, 1997Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 45.
    Eriksson, Ola
    et al.
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation.
    Wårdell, Karin
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation.
    Wren, Joakim
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Applied Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics.
    Loyd, Dan
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Applied Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics.
    A finite element model for brain electrodes and its comparison with in-vitro albumin lesions1999In: Congress of the International Society for Neurosurgical Technology and Instrument Invention ISNTII,1999, 1999Conference paper (Other academic)
  • 46.
    Eriksson, Olle
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Computer and Information Science, Statistics. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Backlund, EO
    Lundberg, Peter
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Radiological Sciences. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV). Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Center for Surgery, Orthopaedics and Cancer Treatment, Department of Radiation Physics.
    Lindstam, H
    Wårdell, Karin
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV).
    A method for comparisons between in vitro, in vivo and post mortem appearance of tereotactic RF-lesions in the pig brain.2000Conference paper (Other academic)
  • 47.
    Falk, Magnus
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Dermatology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Ilias, Michail
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Wårdell, Karin
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Anderson, Chris
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Dermatology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Phototesting with a divergent UVB beam in the investigation of anti-inflammatory effects of topically applied substances2003In: Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine, ISSN 0905-4383, E-ISSN 1600-0781, Vol. 19, no 4, p. 195-202Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: Phototesting based on a single exposure to a divergent ultraviolet B (UVB) beam with radially decreasing UVB doses can be used to determine an individual's minimal erythema dose (MED). Laser Doppler perfusion imaging (LDPI) data can be combined with dosimetry data to produce objective dose–response plots in addition to the MED. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the divergent beam protocol could be used to demonstrate and quantify the anti-inflammatory effects of clobetasol diproprionate (Dermovate®), pharmaceutical-grade acetone and a gel vehicle, applied after skin provocation by UVB.

    Method: Sixteen Caucasian subjects were illuminated with the divergent beam on three areas close together on the left side of their upper backs. Two of the provoked areas on each subject were treated with acetone, gel vehicle or Dermovate®, and one area was left untreated as a control. Skin blood perfusion was assessed 6 and 24 h after UVB illumination using LDPI. The reaction diameter, the mean perfusion, and the average dose–response plots for each group and treatment were extracted from the LDPI data.

    Results: Application of the topical steroid clobetasol diproprionate after UVB provocation markedly decreased the inflammatory response. Acetone and the gel vehicle also showed mild anti-inflammmatory effects in two of the parameters but not for the mean perfusion response. The mean diameter differences between controls and treated reactions had predominantly positive 99% confidence intervals. Analysis of the dose–response data at doses higher than the MED showed a linear relationship (0.89≤R2≤0.98) for all reactions but with lower gradients in treated reactions, mostly marked for clobetasol diproprionate.

    Conclusions:  The divergent beam protocol can be used to demonstrate and quantify the effects of topical agents on the UVB reaction, in terms of reaction diameter, mean perfusion and changes in dose–response characteristics. The dose–response approach seems to be applicable even in diagnostic testing of an individual patient's response to UVB.

  • 48.
    Fors, Carina
    et al.
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation.
    Ahn, Henrik Casimir
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Care, Thoracic Surgery. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Heart Centre, Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery.
    Wårdell, Karin
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation.
    Analysis of Breathing-related Variations in ECG-triggered Laser Doppler Perfusion Signals Measured on the Beating Heart during Surgery2006In: IEEE 2006,2006, 2006, p. 181-184Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

        

  • 49.
    Fors, Carina
    et al.
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation.
    Ahn, Henrik Casimir
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Thoracic Surgery. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Heart Centre, Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery.
    Wårdell, Karin
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation.
    Online Laser Doppler Measurements of Myocardial Perfusion2008In: IFMBE Proceedings 22,2008, Springer Berlin Heidelberg , 2008, p. 1718-1721Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Laser Doppler perfusion monitoring is a suitable method for microvascular blood perfusion measurements. When used on a moving tissue or organ, the Doppler signal arising from the moving blood cells may be distorted. ECG triggering of the laser Doppler signal can be used for reducing the influence from movements during measurements on the beating heart. The aim of this study was to determine the most appropriate triggering intervals during the cardiac cycle for online measurements. Recordings from thirteen coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) patients were included in the study. During surgery, the fibre-optic probe was passed through the chest wall and sutured to the left anterior ventricular wall with the probe tip inserted 3–5 mm into the myocardium. After the patient arrived at the intensive care unit a second measurement was initiated and lasted for about two hours. Before the probe was removed a third measurement was performed for about 5 minutes the following morning. A total of 97 data sequences were analysed and the intervals of low and stable perfusion signal were compared to the positions of the T and P peaks in the ECG.

    It was found that the most appropriate time intervals were in late systole at the T peak [−3, 9] ms and just before the P peak [−28, -10] ms in late diastole. However, the position of these intervals may vary between individuals, because of e.g., abnormal cardiac motion. With the use of the appropriate interval online measurement of the myocardial perfusion on a beating heart appears possible.

  • 50.
    Fors, Carina
    et al.
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation.
    Ahn, Henrik Casimir
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Care, Thoracic Surgery. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Heart Centre, Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery.
    Wårdell, Karin
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation.
    Postoperativa mätningar av myokardperfusion med EKG-triggad laser Doppler2006In: Medicinteknikdagarna 2006,2006, 2006Conference paper (Other academic)
1234567 1 - 50 of 308
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