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  • 1.
    Andersson, Per
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering.
    Eriksson, Lars
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering.
    Nielsen, Lars
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering.
    Modeling and Architecture Examples of Model Based Engine Control1999Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 2. Andersson, Per
    et al.
    Eriksson, Lars
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems.
    Nielsen, Lars
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems.
    Modelling and Architecture Examples of Model Based Engine Control1999Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Environmental regulations and drivability issues are driving forces in the development of control systems for automotive engines. Precise control of the air and fuel is fundamental for achieving the goals. Furthermore, the architecture for the controller plays a central role in how the goals are achieved.

    A comparison is made between two conventional controller structures and a model based structure. The performance of the different control structures is evaluated on a simulation model. To point out the differences the evaluation is concentrated to transient conditions where a step in throttle angle is used as input to the system. In addition, connections between controllers and the engine model is discussed.

  • 3.
    Anistratov, Pavel
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Olofsson, Björn
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Burdakov, Oleg
    Linköping University, Department of Mathematics, Optimization. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Nielsen, Lars
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Autonomous-Vehicle Maneuver Planning Using Segmentation and the Alternating Augmented Lagrangian Method2020In: 21th IFAC World Congress Proceedings / [ed] Rolf Findeisen, Sandra Hirche, Klaus Janschek, Martin Mönnigmann, Elsevier, 2020, Vol. 53, p. 15558-15565Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Segmenting a motion-planning problem into smaller subproblems could be beneficial in terms of computational complexity. This observation is used as a basis for a new sub-maneuver decomposition approach investigated in this paper in the context of optimal evasive maneuvers for autonomous ground vehicles. The recently published alternating augmented Lagrangianmethod is adopted and leveraged on, which turns out to fit the problem formulation with several attractive properties of the solution procedure. The decomposition is based on moving the coupling constraints between the sub-maneuvers into a separate coordination problem, which is possible to solve analytically. The remaining constraints and the objective function are decomposed into subproblems, one for each segment, which means that parallel computation is possible and benecial. The method is implemented and evaluated in a safety-critical double lane-change scenario. By using the solution of a low-complexity initialization problem and applying warm-start techniques in the optimization, a solution is possible to obtain after just a few alternating iterations using the developed approach. The resulting computational time is lower than solving one optimization problem for the full maneuver.

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  • 4.
    Anistratov, Pavel
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Olofsson, Björn
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. Lund Univ, Sweden.
    Nielsen, Lars
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Analysis and design of recovery behaviour of autonomous-vehicle avoidance manoeuvres2022In: Vehicle System Dynamics, ISSN 0042-3114, E-ISSN 1744-5159, Vol. 60, no 7, p. 2231-2254Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Autonomous vehicles allow utilisation of new optimal driving approaches that increase vehicle safety by combining optimal all-wheel braking and steering even at the limit of tyre-road friction. One important case is an avoidance manoeuvre that, in previous research, for example, has been approached by different optimisation formulations. An avoidance manoeuvre is typically composed of an evasive phase avoiding an obstacle followed by a recovery phase where the vehicle returns to normal driving. Here, an analysis of the different aspects of the recovery phase is presented, and a subsequent formulation is developed in several steps based on theory and simulation of a double lane-change scenario. Each step leads to an extension of the optimisation criterion. Two key results are a theoretical redundancy analysis of wheel-torque distribution and the subsequent handling of it. The overall contribution is a general treatment of the recovery phase in an optimisation framework, and the method is successfully demonstrated for three different formulations: lane-deviation penalty, minimum time, and squared lateral-error norm.

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  • 5.
    Anistratov, Pavel
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. Chalmers Univ Technol, Sweden.
    Olofsson, Björn
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. Lund Univ, Sweden.
    Nielsen, Lars
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Dynamics-Based Optimal Motion Planning of Multiple Lane Changes using Segmentation2022In: IFAC PAPERSONLINE, ELSEVIER , 2022, Vol. 55, no 24, p. 233-240Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Avoidance maneuvers at normal driving speed or higher are demanding driving situations that force the vehicle to the limit of tire-road friction in critical situations. To study and develop control for these situations, dynamic optimization has been in growing use in research. One idea to handle such optimization computations effectively is to divide the total maneuver into a sequence of sub-maneuvers and to associate a segmented optimization problem to each sub-maneuver. Here, the alternating augmented Lagrangian method is adopted, which like many other optimization methods benefits strongly from a good initialization, and to that purpose a method with motion candidates is proposed to get an initially feasible motion. The two main contributions are, firstly, the method for computing an initially feasible motion that is found to use obstacle positions and progress of vehicle variables to its advantage, and secondly, the integration with a subsequent step with segmented optimization showing clear improvements in paths and trajectories. Overall, the combined method is able to handle driving scenarios at demanding speeds.

  • 6.
    Anistratov, Pavel
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Olofsson, Björn
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. Lund Univ, Sweden.
    Nielsen, Lars
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Efficient Motion Planning for Autonomous Vehicle Maneuvers Using Duality-Based Decomposition2019In: IFAC PAPERSONLINE, ELSEVIER , 2019, Vol. 52, no 5, p. 78-84Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A method to decompose a motion-planning problem into several segments is presented. It is based on a modification of the original problem, such that certain variables at the splitting points are considered to be precomputed and thus fixed and the remaining variables are obtained by performing Lagrange relaxation. The resulting dual problem is split into several subproblems, allowing parallel computation. The method is formalized as a computational algorithm and evaluated in a safety critical double lane-change situation. The resulting maneuver has close-to-optimal behavior and, for certain initialization strategies, it is obtained in shorter computational time compared to computing the full maneuver in one step. (C) 2019, IFAC (International Federation of Automatic Control) Hosting by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  • 7.
    Anistratov, Pavel
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Olofsson, Björn
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Nielsen, Lars
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Lane-Deviation Penalty for Autonomous Avoidance Maneuvers2018In: Proceedings of the 14th International Symposium on Advanced Vehicle Control, Beijing, July 16-20, 2018, 2018Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A formulation of an offline motion-planning method for avoidance maneuvers based on a lane-deviation penalty function is proposed,which aims to decrease the risk of a collision by minimizing the time when a vehicle is outside of its own driving lane in the case ofavoidance maneuvers. The penalty function is based on a logistic function. The method is illustrated by computing optimal maneuversfor a double lane-change scenario. The results are compared with minimum-time maneuvers and squared-error norm maneuvers. Thecomparison shows that the use of the considered penalty function requires fewer constraints and that the vehicle stays less time in theopposing lane. The similarity between the obtained trajectories for different problem configurations was noticed. This property couldbe used in the future for predicting an intermediate trajectory online from a sparse data set of maneuvers.

  • 8.
    Anistratov, Pavel
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Olofsson, Björn
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. Lund Univ, Sweden.
    Nielsen, Lars
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Lane-deviation penalty formulation and analysis for autonomous vehicle avoidance maneuvers2021In: Proceedings of the Institution of mechanical engineers. Part D, journal of automobile engineering, ISSN 0954-4070, E-ISSN 2041-2991, Vol. 235, no 12, p. 3036-3050, article id 09544070211007979Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Autonomous vehicles hold promise for increased vehicle and traffic safety, and there are several developments in the field where one example is an avoidance maneuver. There it is dangerous for the vehicle to be in the opposing lane, but it is safe to drive in the original lane again after the obstacle. To capture this basic observation, a lane-deviation penalty (LDP) objective function is devised. Based on this objective function, a formulation is developed utilizing optimal all-wheel braking and steering at the limit of road-tire friction. This method is evaluated for a double lane-change scenario by computing the resulting behavior for several interesting cases, where parameters of the emergency situation such as the initial speed of the vehicle and the size and placement of the obstacle are varied, and it performs well. A comparison with maneuvers obtained by minimum-time and other lateral-penalty objective functions shows that the use of the considered penalty function decreases the time that the vehicle spends in the opposing lane.

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  • 9.
    Anistratov, Pavel
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Olofsson, Björn
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Nielsen, Lars
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Segmentation and Merging of Autonomous At-the-Limit Maneuvers for Ground Vehicles2018In: Proceedings of the 14th International Symposium on Advanced Vehicle Control, Beijing, July 16-20, 2018, 2018, p. 1-6Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    To decrease the complexity of motion-planning optimizations, a segmentation and merging strategy for maneuvers is proposed. Maneuvers that are at-the-limit of friction are of special interest since they appear in many critical situations. The segmentation pointsare used to set constraints for several smaller optimizations for parts of the full maneuver, which later are merged and compared withoptimizations of the full maneuver. The technique is illustrated for a double lane-change maneuver.

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    Segmentation and Merging of Autonomous At-the-Limit Maneuvers for Ground Vehicles
  • 10.
    Berntorp, Karl
    et al.
    Lund University, Sweden.
    Olofsson, Bjorn
    Lund University, Sweden.
    Lundahl, Kristoffer
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Nielsen, Lars
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Models and methodology for optimal trajectory generation in safety-critical road-vehicle manoeuvres2014In: Vehicle System Dynamics, ISSN 0042-3114, E-ISSN 1744-5159, Vol. 52, no 10, p. 1304-1332Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    There is currently a strongly growing interest in obtaining optimal control solutions for vehicle manoeuvres, both in order to understand optimal vehicle behaviour and, perhaps more importantly, to devise improved safety systems, either by direct deployment of the solutions or by including mimicked driving techniques of professional drivers. However, it is non-trivial to find the right combination of models, optimisation criteria, and optimisation tools to get useful results for the above purposes. Here, a platform for investigation of these aspects is developed based on a state-of-the-art optimisation tool together with adoption of existing vehicle chassis and tyre models. A minimum-time optimisation criterion is chosen for the purpose of gaining an insight into at-the-limit manoeuvres, with the overall aim of finding improved fundamental principles for future active safety systems. The proposed method to trajectory generation is evaluated in time-manoeuvres using vehicle models established in the literature. We determine the optimal control solutions for three manoeuvres using tyre and chassis models of different complexities. The results are extensively analysed and discussed. Our main conclusion is that the tyre model has a fundamental influence on the resulting control inputs. Also, for some combinations of chassis and tyre models, inherently different behaviour is obtained. However, certain variables important in vehicle safety-systems, such as the yaw moment and the body-slip angle, are similar for several of the considered model configurations in aggressive manoeuvring situations.

  • 11.
    Berntorp, Karl
    et al.
    Department of Automatic Control, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
    Olofsson, Björn
    Department of Automatic Control, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
    Lundahl, Kristoffer
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Bernhardsson, Bo
    Department of Automatic Control, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
    Nielsen, Lars
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Models and Methodology for Optimal Vehicle Maneuvers Applied to a Hairpin Turn2013Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    There is currently a strongly growing interest in obtaining optimal control solutions for vehicle maneuvers, both in order to understand optimal vehicle behavior and to devise improved safety systems, either by direct deployment of the solutions or by including mimicked driving techniques of professional drivers. However, it is nontrivial to find the right mix of models, formulations, and optimization tools to get useful results for the above purposes. Here, a platform is developed based on a stateof-the-art optimization tool together with adoption of existing vehicle models, where especially the tire models are in focus. A minimum-time formulation is chosen to the purpose of gaining insight in at-the-limit maneuvers, with the overall aim of possibly finding improved principles for future active safety systems. We present optimal maneuvers for different tire models with a common vehicle motion model, and the results are analyzed and discussed. Our main result is that a few-state singletrack model combined with different tire models is able to replicate the behavior of experienced drivers. Further, we show that the different tire models give quantitatively different behavior in the optimal control of the vehicle in the maneuver.

  • 12.
    Biteus, Jonas
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Cedersund, Gunnar
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Frisk, Erik
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Krysander, Mattias
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Nielsen, Lars
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Improving Airplane Safety by Incorporating Diagnosis into Existing Safety Practice2004Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Safety has always been at premium in airfare. There is a long history of systematic work in the field, and current practice has established a high degree of safety that has resulted in so low failure numbers that the public finds confidence in the process of air worthiness certification. However, the design and development process of airplanes to achieve this is costly and may be even more so since modern airplanes become more and more complex. Furthermore, recent trends towards Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) are likely to require even more efforts and costs, to fulfill the increased safety requirements. Therefore it is interesting to investigate modern techniques that promises to improve safety at reduced costs. One such technique is diagnosis. Diagnosis in general is a term that includes several research and application fields. Examples of such fields, that are technology drivers, are the fields of supervision both on-line (on-board) and off-line (on ground), operator support that evolved from the Harrisburg accident, and law based emission diagnostics regulation e.g. as stipulated by California Air Resource Board (CARB).

    The current work is an investigation in the cross field between safety assessment and diagnosis techniques. The first step was to root the work in existing safety practice. This means that the Swedish defense procedure has been adopted as described in H SystSäk E. It is a safety framework that uses fault tree analysis and failure mode effect analysis as important tools. Thereafter some flight applications were investigated together with Saab specialists to capture and formulate some aspects that are non-trivial to cast in the existing safety framework. Examples of such aspects found are for instance related to performance requirements in different operational model. A principle case study was then formulated using laboratory equipment, with the aim to capture some of the identified aspects in the problem formulation. A complete process for safety analysis was then completed along the lines of H SystSäk E including all meetings and documents required therein. Several observations were done during this work, but the overall conclusion so far is that the effect of introducing diagnosis algorithms can be handled in the safety analysis, and, yes, that there is a promise that diagnosis algorithms can improve safety in a structured quantitative way by lowering the contribution to the total failure risk from the subsystem being diagnosed.

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    Improving Airplane Safety by Incorporating Diagnosis into Existing Safety Practice
  • 13.
    Brugård, Jan
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Eriksson, Lars
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Nielsen, Lars
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Mean Value Engine Modeling of a Turbo Charged Spark Ignited Engine: A Principle Study2001Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Object oriented modeling of physical systems is an interesting paradigm, which has the potential to offer reusable models and model components. The aim of this study i to investigate how to build mean value models for automotive engines. MathModelica, a modeling tool for the object oriented modeling language Modelica, is used in this study. Several sub models have been developed for the different parts of the engine. Th models cover the air filter, intercooler, throttle, base engien, exhaust system, compressor, turbine, turbine shaft, and volumes. It is shown how the components can be connected to form both turbo charged engines as well as a naturally aspirated engines, which shows that the paradigm is applicable for the modeling and confirms the modeling principle. One problem that has popped up att several occasions is the selection of initial conditions for the simulation. Especially when restrictions with low pressure drops are connected between two volumes, the simulation engine has problems finding initial conditions. The models have been compared to measured engine data collected at a test bench in Vehicular Systems laboratory at Linköping University. The agreement with measurement data is good and the models work as expected.

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    Mean Value Engine Modeling of a Turbo Charged Spark Ignited Engine - A Principle Study
  • 14.
    Edlund, Simon
    et al.
    Nokia Svenska AB, Linköping, SWEDEN.
    Eriksson, Lars
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Nielsen, Lars
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Pettersson, Magnus
    SCANIA AB, Södertälje. SWEDEN.
    A Real-Time Platform for Collaboration Projects in Power Train Modeling and Control1999Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The requirements on research and development in automotive control are growing fast, and therefore convenient and efficient ways to make prototype experiments and demonstrations are sought for. Collaboration projects put some additional constraints on the experimental system used due to issues of safety and secrecy. These requirements are outlined, a real-time platform is developed, and experiences from some collaboration projects between industry and academia are discussed.

  • 15.
    Eriksson, Lars
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems.
    Nielsen, Lars
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems.
    Increasing the Efficiency of SI-Engines by Spark-Advance Control and Water Injection1998Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Engine efficiency can be maximized by directly measuring in-cylinder parameters and adjusting the spark advance, using a feedback scheme based on the ionization current as sensed variable. Water injection is shown to increase the engine efficiency, if at the same time the spark advance is also changed when water is injected to obtain maximum efficiency. A spark-advance control scheme, that takes the water injection into account, is thus necessary to increase the efficiency.

  • 16.
    Eriksson, Lars
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Nielsen, Lars
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Ionization Current Interpretation for Ignition Control in Internal Combustion Engines1997In: Control Engineering Practice, ISSN 0967-0661, E-ISSN 1873-6939, Vol. 5, no 8, p. 1107-1113Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Spark advance setting in spark-ignited engines is used to place the in-cylinder pressure curve relative to the top dead center. A feedback scheme, not a calibration scheme, based on ionization current is proposed here. It is thus related to pressure sensor feedback schemes, that have reported good results, but have not yet been proved cost effective, due to the cost of the pressure sensor. The method proposed here is very cost-effective, since it uses exactly the same hardware and instrumentation (already used in production cars) that is used to utilize the spark plug as a sensor to detect misfire and as a sensor for knock control. A key idea in the method is to use parameterized functions to describe the ionization current. These parameterized functions are used to separate out the different phases of the ionization current. Special emphasis is laid on getting a correct description of the pressure development. The results are validated on a SAAB 2.3 l production engine by direct comparison with an in-cylinder pressure sensor (used only for validation, not for control), but also by using a physical model relating the ionization current to the pressure.

  • 17.
    Eriksson, Lars
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Nielsen, Lars
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Modeling and control of engines and drivelines2014Book (Refereed)
  • 18.
    Eriksson, Lars
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Nielsen, Lars
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Non-linear Model-Based Throttle Control2000Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Spark ignited engines require accurate control of both air and fuel, and one important component in this system is the throttle servo. A non-linear throttle model is built and used for control design. It is shown that the non-linear model-based controller improves the performance compared to a conventional gain scheduled PI controller. Furthermore a method for estimating the load torque that the air flow produces on the throttle shaft is presented.

  • 19.
    Eriksson, Lars
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Nielsen, Lars
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Towards On-Board Engine Calibration with Feedback Control Incorporating Combustion Models and Ion-sense2003In: Automatisierungstechnik, ISSN 0178-2312, Vol. 51, no 5, p. 204-212Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Die Technik der Ionenstrommessung dient der Untersuchung des Verbrennungsvorganges im Zylinder. Bei der Ionenstrommessung wird nach der Zündung eine Spannung zwischen der Mittel- und der Massenelektrode der Zündkerze angelegt. Anschliessend wird der Stromfluss zwischen diesen beiden Elektroden gemessen. Das Signal des Ionenstroms ist eine komplexe Funktion, die Informationüber den Zylinderdruck, die Zylindertemperatur und den Verbrennungsvorgang enth ält. Um diese Information zu erhalten, bedient man sich eines einfachen analytischen Ionenstrommodells. Das Modell besteht aus detaillierten Untermodellen zur Analyse des Drucks, der Temperatur, der thermischen Ionisierung und des Ionisierungsstroms innerhalb des Zylinders. Die Kalibrierung der Modellparameter erfolgt on-board durch eine Signalinterpretation. Experimentelle Untersuchungen zeigen eine gute Übereinstimmung mit dem Modell und ebnen damit den Weg hin zu einer Echtzeit-Kalibrierung des Motors. Ion-sense is a technique to probe the in-cylinder combustion by applying, after ignition, a sense voltage across the spark plug gap and measure the current through the gap. This current measurement is a complicated function that contains a lot of information about the in-cylinder pressure, temperature and combustion. To extract this information, a major contribution here is a simple analytical ionization current model that consists of explicit analytical submodels for in-cylinder pressure, temperature, thermal ionization, and ionization current. Since the model is analytical, the on-board signal interpretation is a simple adaptation of some model parameters. Experimental validation shows good agreement, and thus paves the way towards real-time on-board engine calibration.

  • 20.
    Eriksson, Lars
    et al.
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems.
    Nielsen, Lars
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering.
    Brugard, J.
    Bergstrom, J.
    Pettersson, F.
    Andersson, Per
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems.
    Modeling of a turbocharged SI engine2002In: Annual Reviews in Control, ISSN 1367-5788, E-ISSN 1872-9088, Vol. 26 I, p. 129-137Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Turbocharged SI engines are a major possibility in the current trend of down-sized engines with preserved drivability performance. Considering control and supervision it is favorable to have a mean value model to be used e.g. in observer design. Such models of turbo engines are similar to those of naturally aspirated engines, but there are some special characteristics, e.g. the interconnected gas flows, the intercooler, the difference in relative sizes between the gas volumes (compared to naturally aspirated engines), the turbo, and the waste gate. Here, a model is developed with a strategy to find a model for each engine component (air filter, compressor, after cooler (or intercooler), throttle, engine, turbine, waste gate, and a lumped model for the catalyst and exhaust) as they behave in an engine setting. When investigating agreement with measured data and sensitivity of possible model structures, a number of interesting issues are raised. The experiments and the model validation have been performed on a Saab 2.3 1 production engine.

  • 21.
    Eriksson, Lars
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering.
    Nielsen, Lars
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering.
    Brugård, Jan
    Bergström, Johan
    Pettersson, Fredrik
    Andersson, Per
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering.
    Modeling and Simulation of a Turbo Charged SI Engine2001Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 22.
    Eriksson, Lars
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering.
    Nielsen, Lars
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering.
    Brugård, Jan
    Bergström, Johan
    Pettersson, Fredrik
    Andersson, Per
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering.
    Modeling and Simulation of a Turbo Charged SI Engine2002In: Annual Reviews in Control, ISSN 1367-5788, E-ISSN 1872-9088, Vol. 26, p. 129-137Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 23.
    Eriksson, Lars
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Nielsen, Lars
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Glavenius, Mikael
    Mecel AB.
    Closed Loop Ignition Control by Ionization Current Interpretation1998In: SAE technical paper series, ISSN 0148-7191, Vol. 106, no SAE Technical Paper 970854, p. 1216-1223Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The main result of this paper is a real-time closed loop demonstration of spark advance control by interpretation of ionization current signals. The advantages of such a system is quantified. The ionization current, obtained by using the spark plug as a sensor, is rich on information, but the signal is also complex. A key step in our method is to use parameterized functions to describe the ionization current. The results are validated on a SAAB 2.3 l, normally aspirated, production engine, showing that the placement of the pressure trace relative to TDC is controlled using only the ionization current for feedback.

  • 24.
    Eriksson, Lars
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Nielsen, Lars
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Nytomt, Jan
    Mecel AB.
    Ignition Control by Ionization Current Interpretation1997In: SAE technical paper series, ISSN 0148-7191, Vol. 105, no SAE Technical Paper 960045, p. 165-171Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Spark advance setting in spark-ignited engines is used to place the in-cylinder pressure curve relative to the top dead center. It is demonstrated that ionization current interpretation is feasible to use for spark advance control to optimize engine performance. A feedback scheme, not a calibration scheme, based on ionization current is proposed. It is thus related to pressure sensor feedback schemes, that have reported good results, but have not yet proven cost effective due to the cost of the pressure sensor. The method proposed here is very cost effective since it uses exactly the same hardware and instrumentation (already used in production cars) that is used to utilize the spark plug as a sensor to detect misfire and as a sensor for knock control. The only addition for ignition control is further signal interpretation in the electronic engine control unit.</P> A key idea in our method is to use parameterized functions to describe the ionization current. These parameterized functions are used to separate out the different phases of the ionization current. Special emphasis is made to get a correct description of the pressure development. The results are validated on a SAAB 2.3 l production engine by direct comparison with an in-cylinder pressure sensor (used only for validation, not for control), but also by using a physical model relating the ionization current to the pressure.

  • 25.
    Fors, Victor
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Anistratov, Pavel
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Olofsson, Björn
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Nielsen, Lars
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Predictive Force-Centric Emergency Collision Avoidance2021In: Journal of Dynamic Systems Measurement, and Control, ISSN 0022-0434, E-ISSN 1528-9028, Vol. 143, no 8, article id 081005Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A controller for critical vehicle maneuvering is proposed that avoids obstacles and keeps the vehicle on the road while achieving heavy braking. It operates at the limit of friction and is structured in two main steps: a motion-planning step based on receding-horizon planning to obtain acceleration-vector references, and a low-level controller for following these acceleration references and transforming them into actuator commands. The controller is evaluated in a number of challenging scenarios and results in a well behaved vehicle with respect to, e.g., the steering angle, the body slip, and the path. It is also demonstrated that the controller successfully balances braking and avoidance such that it really takes advantage of the braking possibilities. Specifically, for a moving obstacle, it makes use of a widening gap to perform more braking, which is a clear advantage of the online replanning capability if the obstacle should be a moving human or animal. Finally, real-time capabilities are demonstrated. In conclusion, the controller performs well, both from a functional perspective and from a real-time perspective.

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    fulltext
  • 26.
    Fors, Victor
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Gao, Yangyan
    Univ Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7TS, England.
    Olofsson, Björn
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Gordon, Timothy
    Univ Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7TS, England.
    Nielsen, Lars
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Real-Time Minimum-Time Lane Change Using the Modified Hamiltonian Algorithm2020In: Advances in Dynamics of Vehicles on Roads and Tracks / [ed] Matthijs Klomp, Fredrik Bruzelius, Jens Nielsen, Angela Hillemyr, SPRINGER INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHING AG , 2020, p. 1457-1465Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A minimum-time lane change maneuver is executed under friction-limited conditions using (1) the Modified Hamiltonian Algorithm (MHA) suitable for real-time control and (2) numerical optimization for comparison. A key variable is the switching time of the acceleration reference in MHA. Considering that MHA is based on an approximate vehicle model to target real-time control, it cannot exactly match the ideal reference as obtained from offline optimization; this paper shows that incorporation of a limited-jerk condition successfully predicts the switching time and that the desired lane position is reached in near minimum time.

  • 27.
    Fors, Victor
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Olofsson, Björn
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Nielsen, Lars
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Attainable force volumes of optimal autonomous at-the-limit vehicle manoeuvres2020In: Vehicle System Dynamics, ISSN 0042-3114, E-ISSN 1744-5159, Vol. 58, no 7, p. 1101-1122Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    With new developments in sensor technology, a new generation of vehicle dynamics controllers is developing, where the braking and steering strategies use more information, e.g. knowledge of road borders. The basis for vehicle-safety systems is how the forces from tyre–road interaction is vectored to achieve optimal total force and moment on the vehicle. To study this, the concept of attainable forces previously proposed in literature is adopted, and here a new visualisation technique is devised. It combines the novel concept of attainable force volumes with an interpretation of how the optimal solution develops within this volume. A specific finding is that for lane-keeping it is important to maximise the force in a certain direction, rather than to control the direction of the force vector, even though these two strategies are equivalent for the friction-limited particle model previously used in some literature for lane-keeping control design. More specifically, it is shown that the optimal behaviour develops on the boundary surface of the attainable force volume. Applied to lane-keeping control, this observation indicates a set of control principles similar to those analytically obtained for friction-limited particle models in earlier research, but result in vehicle behaviour close to the globally optimal solution also for more complex models and scenarios.

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    Attainable force volumes of optimal autonomous at-the-limit vehicle manoeuvres
  • 28.
    Fors, Victor
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Olofsson, Björn
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. Department of Automatic Control, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
    Nielsen, Lars
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Autonomous Wary Collision Avoidance2021In: IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles, ISSN 2379-8858, E-ISSN 2379-8904, Vol. 6, no 2, p. 353-365Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Handling of critical situations is an important part in the architecture of an autonomous vehicle. A controller for autonomous collision avoidance is developed based on a wary strategy that assumes the least tireroad friction for which the maneuver is still feasible. Should the friction be greater, the controller makes use of this and performs better. The controller uses an acceleration-vector reference obtained from optimal control of a friction-limited particle, whose applicability is verified by using numerical optimization on a full vehicle model. By employing an analytical tire model of the tireroad friction limit, to determine slip references for steering and body-slip control, the result is a controller where the computation of its output is explicit and independent of the actual tire-road friction. When evaluated in real-time on a high-fidelity simulation model, the developed controller performs close to that achieved by offline numerical optimization.

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    fulltext
  • 29.
    Fors, Victor
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Olofsson, Björn
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Nielsen, Lars
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Formulation and interpretation of optimal braking and steering patterns towards autonomous safety-critical manoeuvres2019In: Vehicle System Dynamics, ISSN 0042-3114, E-ISSN 1744-5159, Vol. 57, no 8, p. 1206-1223Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Stability control of a vehicle in autonomous safety-critical at-the-limit manoeuvres is analysed from the perspective of lane keeping or lane changing, rather than that of yaw control as in traditional ESC systems. An optimal control formulation is developed, where the optimisation criterion is a linear combination of the initial and final velocity of the manoeuvre. Varying the interpolation parameter in this formulation turns out to result in an interesting family of optimal braking and steering patterns in stabilising manoeuvres. The two different strategies of optimal lane-keeping control and optimal yaw control are shown to be embedded in the formulation and result from the boundary values of the parameter. The results provide new insights and have the potential to be used for future safety systems that adapt the level of braking to the situation at hand, which is demonstrated through examples of how to exploit theresults.

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    Formulation and interpretation of optimal braking and steering patterns towards autonomous safety-critical manoeuvres
  • 30.
    Fors, Victor
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Olofsson, Björn
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Nielsen, Lars
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Formulation and Interpretation of Optimal Braking Patterns in Autonomous Lane-Keeping Maneuvers2017Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The two perspectives of autonomous driving and new active safety in vehicles are complementary, and both hold promise to reduce the number of accidents and associated severe or fatal injuries. They both coincide in the recent interest in finding alternatives to traditional yaw-control systems that can utilize the full potential of the vehicle. By considering the control problem as that of lane-keeping, also at high speed and at-the-limit of tire friction, rather than that of yaw control, leads to the possibility of optimization-based active-braking systems with better performance than those existing today. Here, we investigate the optimal braking patterns in completely autonomous lane-keeping maneuvers resulting from a formulation where the optimization criterion used is an interpolation between the initial and final velocities of the maneuver. Varying the interpolation parameter, i.e., the relative weight between the initial and final velocity, results in different vehicle behavior. The analysis of these behaviors provides several new insights into stabilizing braking patterns for vehicles in at-the-limit maneuvers. Specifically, it is to be noted that the benefits of a lane-keeping strategy are immediate, both in terms of the maximum possible initial velocity and the velocity reduction. The formulation embeds the traditional yaw control and optimal lane-keeping as the end-point values of the interpolation parameter, and adds a continuous family of behaviors in between. This gives a new perspective for investigating the relation between traditional yaw control and optimal lane-keeping for autonomous vehicles.

  • 31.
    Fors, Victor
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Olofsson, Björn
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Nielsen, Lars
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Slip-Angle Feedback Control for Autonomous Safety-Critical Maneuvers At-the-Limit of Friction2018In: Proceedings of the 14th International Symposium on Advanced Vehicle Control (AVEC’ 18), 2018Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    From the basis of optimal control, a closed-loop controller for autonomous vehicle maneuvers at-the-limit of friction is developed.The controller exploits that the optimal solution tends to be close to the friction limit of the tires.This observation allows for simplifications that enable the use of a proportional feedback control in the control loop,which provides a smooth trajectory promising for realization in an actual control system.The controller is in comparison with an open-loop numerical optimal control solution shown to exhibit promising performance at low computational cost in a challenging turn scenario.

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    Slip-Angle Feedback Control for Autonomous Safety-Critical Maneuvers At-the-Limit of Friction
  • 32.
    Fors, Victor
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Olofsson, Björn
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. Department of Automatic Control, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
    Nielsen, Lars
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Yaw-Moment Control At-the-Limit of Friction Using Individual Front-Wheel Steering and Four-Wheel Braking2019Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A simplified combined-slip model that only considers the extreme case at the friction limit is suggested and used in a closed-loop controller for autonomous vehicle handling in at-the-limit maneuvers. In the development of the controller it is assumed that the front wheels are individually steered, but it is demonstrated in a left-hand turn scenario that with a simple adaptation, the method is still applicable for a vehicle with equal front-wheel angles.

  • 33.
    Frisk, Erik
    et al.
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems.
    Nielsen, Lars
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems.
    Robust Residual Generation for Diagnosis Including a Reference Model for Residual Behavior2006In: Automatica, ISSN 0005-1098, E-ISSN 1873-2836, Vol. 42, no 3, p. 437-445Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 34.
    Frisk, Erik
    et al.
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems.
    Nielsen, Lars
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems.
    Robust Residual Generation for Diagnosis Including a Reference Model for Residual Behavior1999In: IFAC World Congress,1999, 1999Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 35.
    Frisk, Erik
    et al.
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems.
    Nyberg, Mattias
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems.
    Nielsen, Lars
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems.
    FDI with adaptive residual generation applied to a DC-servo1997In: IFAC Safeprocess,1997, Hull: IFAC , 1997Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 36.
    Fröberg, Anders
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Hellström, Erik
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Nielsen, Lars
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Explicit Fuel Optimal Speed Profiles for Heavy Trucks on a Set of Topograhic Road Profiles2006In: Electronic Engine Controls, SAE World Congress 2006, 2006Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The problem addressed is how to drive a heavy truck over various road topographies such that the fuel consumption is minimized. Using a realistic model of a truck powertrain, an optimization problem for minimization of fuel consumption is formulated. Through the solutions of this problem optimal speed profiles are found. An advantage here is that explicit analytical solutions can be found, and this is done for a few constructed test roads. The test roads are constructed to be easy enough to enable analytical solutions but still capture the important properties of real roads. In this way the obtained solutions provide explanations to some behavior obtained by ourselves and others using more elaborate modelling and numeric optimization like dynamic programming.

    The results show that for level road and in small gradients the optimal solution is to drive with constant speed. For large gradients in downhill slopes it is optimal to utilize the kinetic energy of the vehicle to accelerate in order to gain speed. This speed increase is used to lower the speed on other road sections such that the total average speed is kept. Taking account for limitations of top speed the optimal speed profile changes to a strategy that minimizes brake usage. This is done by, e.g., slowing down before steep down gradients where the truck will accelerate even though the engine does not produce any torque.

  • 37.
    Fröberg, Anders
    et al.
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems.
    Hellström, Erik
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems.
    Nielsen, Lars
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems.
    Explicit Fuel Optimal Speed Profiles for Heavy Trucks on a Set of Topographic Road Profiles2006In: SAE World Congress 2006,2006, SAE , 2006Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

     The problem addressed is how to drive a heavy truck over various road topographies such that the fuel consumption is minimized. Using a realistic model of a truck powertrain, an optimization problem for minimization of fuel consumption is formulated. Through the solutions of this problem optimal speed profiles are found. An advantage here is that explicit analytical solutions can be found, and this is done for a few constructed test roads. The test roads are constructed to be easy enough to enable analytical solutions but still capture the important properties of real roads. In this way the obtained solutions provide explanations to some behaviour obtained by ourselves and others using more elaborate modeling and numeric optimization like dynamic programming. The results show that for level road and in small gradients the optimal solution is to drive with constant speed. For large gradients in downhill slopes it is optimal to utilize the kinetic energy of the vehicle to accelerate in order to gain speed. This speed increase is used to lower the speed on other road sections such that the total average speed is kept. Taking account for limitations of top speed the optimal speed profile changes to a strategy that minimizes brake usage. This is done by e.g. slowing down before steep down gradients were the truck will accelerate even though the engine does not produce any torque.

  • 38.
    Fröberg, Anders
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems.
    Nielsen, Lars
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems.
    A Method to Extend Inverse Dynamic Simulation of Powertrains with Additional Dyanmics2004Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Inverse dynamic powertrain simulation, like in Advisor or the QSS-toolbox, has proven to be an efficient and successful approach to simulate vehicles during drive cycles. The approach is based on back-calculation of accelerations and torques from the prescribed velocities in the drive cycle, and the differentiation requirements in this simulation process limits the possibility to include additional states in the powertrain models. The main objective here is to extend the simulation with additional dynamics like e.g. mean value models of the engine. This is achieved using stable inversion of nonlinear systems that can handle such additional dynamics. Computer algebra can be used to perform the necessary model transformations. A key step in obtaining sufficient differentiation properties is to smooth the drive cycle using a kernel with interpretation as an implicit driver model. The proposed method is demonstrated using Mathematica for model transformation and Matlab for simulation.

  • 39.
    Fröberg, Anders
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering.
    Nielsen, Lars
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering.
    A Method to Extend Inverse Dynamic Simulation of Powertrains with Additional Dynamics2004In: 1st IFAC symposium on Advances in Automotive Control,2004, IFAC , 2004Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 40.
    Fröberg, Anders
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering.
    Nielsen, Lars
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering.
    Dynamic Vehicle Simulation -Forward, Inverse and New Mixed Possibilites for Optimized Design and Control2004In: SAE World Congress,2004, SAE , 2004Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 41.
    Fröberg, Anders
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems.
    Nielsen, Lars
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems.
    Dynamic Vehicle Simulation -Forward, Inverse and New Mixed Possibilities for Optimized Design and Control2004In: Modeling Diesel Engines, Multi-Dimensional Engine, and Vehicle and Engine Systems, 2004Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Inverse dynamic simulation is a successful method to make fast simulations of powertrains modeled using vehicle velocity and acceleration. This method is here extended so that additional dynamics can be included, and it is compared to the standard/usual forward dynamic simulation. Simulation results show that extended inverse dynamic simulation is a good method for maintaining speed and increasing accuracy in simulations. This gives the possibility to use the inverse dynamic simulation as a tool for powertrain optimization and control strategy evaluation.

  • 42.
    Fröberg, Anders
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Nielsen, Lars
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Efficient Drive Cycle Simulation2008In: IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, ISSN 0018-9545, E-ISSN 1939-9359, Vol. 57, no 3, p. 1442-1453Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Drive cycle simulations of longitudinal vehicle models are important aids for the design and analysis of power trains, and tools currently on the market mainly use two different methods for such simulations: the forward dynamic and quasi-static inverse simulations. Here, a known theory for the stable inversion of nonlinear systems is used to combine the fast simulation times of the quasi-static inverse simulation with the ability of the forward dynamic simulation to include transient dynamics. The stable inversion technique and a new implicit driver model together form a new concept: inverse dynamic simulation. This technique is demonstrated to be feasible for vehicle propulsion simulation and specifically for three power train applications that include important dynamics that cannot be handled using quasi-static inverse simulation. The extensions are engine dynamics, driveline dynamics, and gas flow dynamics for diesel engines, which are also selected to represent important properties, such as zero dynamics, resonances, and nonminimum-phase systems. It is shown that inverse dynamic simulation is easy to set up, gives short simulation times, and gives consistent results for design space exploration. This makes inverse dynamic simulation a suitable method to use for drive cycle simulation, particularly in situations requiring many simulations, such as optimization over design space, power train configuration optimization, or the development of power train control strategies.

  • 43.
    Fröberg, Anders
    et al.
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems.
    Nielsen, Lars
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems.
    Optimal fuel and gear ratio control for heavy trucks with piece wise affine engine characteristics2007In: Fifth IFAC symposium on advances in automotive control,2007, IFAC: IFAC , 2007, p. 335-Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 44.
    Fröberg, Anders
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Nielsen, Lars
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Hedström, Lars-Gunnar
    Scania, Södertälje, Sweden.
    Pettersson, Magnus
    Scania, Södertälje, Sweden.
    Controlling Gear Engagement and disengagement on heavy trucks for minimization of fuel consumption2005In: Proceedings of the 16th IFAC World Congress, 2005Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    There is a potential to save fuel for heavy trucks by storing kineticenergy in the vehicle when driving downhill, because the speed adds kinetic energyto the vehicle which can be used after the downhill slope to propell the vehicle.This behavior can be even more utilized by disengaging the gear to reduce thefriction in the driveline and thus increase the speed even more. Two differentcontrol strategies to choose when to disengage the gear is presented: One schemethat uses instantaneous inclination and one predictive control scheme that useslook ahead information of the road topology. Simulation results show that geardisengagement in downhills can reduce the fuel consumption about 3%.

  • 45.
    Gustafsson, Fredrik
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Automatic Control. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Åslund, Jan
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems.
    Frisk, Erik
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems.
    Krysander, Mattias
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems.
    Nielsen, Lars
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems.
    On Threshold Optimization in Fault Tolerant Systems2008In: Proceedings of the 17th IFAC World Congress, 2008, p. 7883-7888Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Fault tolerant systems are considered, where a nominal system is monitored by a fault detection algorithm, and the nominal system is switched to a backup system in case of a detected fault. Conventional fault detection is in the classical setting a trade-off between detection probability and false alarm probability. For the considered fault tolerant system, a system failure occurs either when the nominal system gets a fault that is not detected, or when the fault detector signals an alarm and the backup system breaks down. This means that the trade-off for threshold setting is different and depends on the overall conditions, and the characterization and understanding of this trade-off is important. It is shown that the probability of system failure can be expressed in a general form based on the probability of false alarm and detection power, and based on this form the influence ratio is introduced. This ratio includes all information about the supervised system and the backup system that is needed for the threshold optimization problem. It is shown that the influence ratio has a geometrical interpretation as the gradient of the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve at the optimal point, and furthermore, it is the threshold for the optimal test quantity in important cases.

  • 46.
    Hellström, Erik
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Fröberg, Anders
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Nielsen, Lars
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    A Real-Time Fuel-Optimal Cruise Controller for Heavy Trucks using Road Topography Information2006In: SAE World Congress, 2006Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    New and exciting possibilities in vehicle control are revealed by the consideration of topography, for example through the combination of GPS and three-dimensional road maps. How information about future road slopes can be utilized in a heavy truck is explored. The aim is set at reducing the fuel consumption over a route without increasing the total travel time.

    A model predictive control (MPC) scheme is used to control the longitudinal behavior of the vehicle, which entails determining accelerator and brake levels and also which gear to engage. The optimization is accomplished through discrete dynamic programming. A cost function that weighs fuel use, negative deviations from the reference velocity, velocity changes, gear shifts and brake use is used to define the optimization criterion.

    Computer simulations back and forth on 127 km of a typical highway route in Sweden show that the fuel consumption in a heavy truck can be reduced 2.5% with a negligible change in travel time.

  • 47.
    Hellström, Erik
    et al.
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems.
    Ivarsson, Maria
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems.
    Åslund, Jan
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems.
    Nielsen, Lars
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems.
    Look-ahead Control for Heavy Trucks to minimize Trip Time and Fuel Consumption2007In: Fifth IFAC Symposium on Advances in Automotive Control,2007, 2007Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 48.
    Hellström, Erik
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Ivarsson, Maria
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Åslund, Jan
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Nielsen, Lars
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Look-ahead control for heavy trucks to minimize trip time and fuel consumption2009In: Control Engineering Practice, ISSN 0967-0661, E-ISSN 1873-6939, Vol. 17, no 2, p. 245-254Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The scenario studied is a drive mission for a heavy diesel truck. With aid of an on board road slope database in combination with a GPS unit, information about the road geometry ahead is extracted. This look-ahead information is used in an optimization of the velocity trajectory with respect to a criterion formulation that weighs trip time and fuel consumption. A dynamic programming algorithm is devised and used in a predictive control scheme by constantly feeding the conventional cruise controller with new set points. The algorithm is evaluated with a real truck on a highway, and the experimental results show that the fuel consumption is significantly reduced.

    Download full text (pdf)
    FULLTEXT01
  • 49.
    Hellström, Erik
    et al.
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems.
    Åslund, Jan
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems.
    Nielsen, Lars
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering.
    Design of a Well-behaved Algorithm for On-board Look-ahead Control2008In: IFAC World Congress,2008, 2008Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A look-ahead controller is developed for a heavy diesel truck that utilizes information about the road topography ahead of the vehicle when the route is known. A dedicated prediction model is formulated where special attention is given to properly include gear shifting. The nature of the problem is analyzed for the purpose of optimization, and a well performing dynamic programming algorithm is tailored. A key step for satisfactory solutions with a sufficiently low computational effort is to avoid numerical problems. The focus here is the choice of discretization method, and it turns out that a basic analysis give decisive insight into the interplay between the criterion and the discretization errors. The resulting algorithm is demonstrated to perform well in real on-line tests on a highway.

  • 50.
    Hellström, Erik
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Åslund, Jan
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Vehicular Systems. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Nielsen, Lars
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Design of an efficient algorithm for fuel-optimal look-ahead control2010In: Control Engineering Practice, ISSN 0967-0661, E-ISSN 1873-6939, Vol. 18, no 11, p. 1318-1327Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A fuel-optimal control algorithm is developed for a heavy diesel truck that utilizes information about the road topography ahead of the vehicle when the route is known. A prediction model is formulated where special attention is given to properly include gear shifting. The aim is an algorithm with sufficiently low computational complexity. To this end, a dynamic programming algorithm is tailored, and complexity and numerical errors are analyzed. It is shown that it is beneficial to formulate the problem in terms of kinetic energy in order to avoid oscillating solutions and to reduce linear interpolation errors. A residual cost is derived from engine and driveline characteristics. The result is an on-board controller for an optimal velocity profile and gear selection.

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