Det första studieåret vid universitet eller högskola har visat sig utgöra en kritisk period för nya studenter och en stor del av alla avhopp sker under den här perioden. Forskning har visat att hög studiemotivation, självtillit och högt akademiskt engagemang hos studenter predicerar goda studieresultat och motverkar avhopp.

I den här rapporten redogör vi för en studie av nyantagna lä-rarstudenters motiv för studieval, akademiska självtillit, studiemo-tivation och akademiska engagemang. I rapporten beskrivs även relationerna mellan dessa variabler och deras koppling till kön och lärarkategori. Studieavhopp analyseras i relation till kön, lärarkategori och studenternas initiala motiv för att läsa till lärare. En central teoribildning som forskningsprojektet utgår ifrån är teorin om själv-beslutsamhet (”self-determination theory”). Urvalet utgörs av stu-denter vid Linköpings universitet som avser att studera till grundskol- och gymnasielärare. Data har samlats in med enkäter och bearbetats med deskriptiv och analytisk statistisk.

Av resultaten framgår att studenterna rapporterar att de i första hand har valt att läsa till lärare till följd av altruistiska och inre skäl, och att de i högre grad motiveras av autonom motivation än kontrollerad motivation i sina studier. De blivande lärarna i grundskolans senare år och gymnasiet (senarelärare) uppvisade en högre akademisk självtillit än de blivande lärarna i grundskolans tidigare år (tidigarelärare). För akademiskt engagemang var resul-tatet det omvända. Medelvärdena för självbeslutsamhet, akademisk självtillit och akademiskt engagemang i studien är dock inte högre än att det finns utrymme för att försöka höja dem för kommande kohorter av lärarstudenter. Andelen avhopp bland lärarstudenterna som ingår i studien ligger på drygt 40%. Andelen avhopp var större för senarelärarna än för tidigarelärarna. Resultaten visar också att altruistiska motiv bakom valet att studera till lärare sammanhänger med en lägre benägenhet till avhopp via akademiskt engagemang som medierande variabel. Avslutningsvis diskuteras pedagogiska implikationer av studien för lärarutbildningen.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate a recently developed classroom collective moral disengagement scale (CMD). The 18-item scale was evaluated on a sample of 1626 fourth grade students in Sweden. Through confirmatory factor analysis, the unidimensional structure of the scale was verified, and the internal consistency was good. The scale is related to individual moral disengagement and to bullying behavior both on an individual level, which supports the criteria validity of the scale and on class level, which supports the construct validity of the scale. Multigroup analyses demonstrated measurement invariance across gender. These results indicate that the scale can be used in studies on CMD, and girls’ and boys’ mean scores may be compared.

Background: This study sought to analyse the metric properties of the scores obtained with an adaptation of the Student Bystander Behaviour Scale (SBBS; Thornberg & Jungert, 2013) in Spanish primary-school students and to examine the types of responses students reported as witnesses to school bullying, along with their relationship to empathy. Method: The Spanish adaptation of the SBBS and a self-report questionnaire about empathy were given to 1108 primary-school students, aged 9-11 years old (48.4% girls) in Asturias (Spain). The students were from 29 schools, selected by simple random sampling from all of the primary schools in the region. Results: Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the adapted version, like the original SBBS, measured three types of witness response to school bullying: defender, passive, and pro-bully. Most students reported that they defended, or would defend, the victim. This trend was more marked in those who had not witnessed bullying. The type of response to bullying was related to empathy, positively with defender responses, and negatively with passive and pro-bully responses. Conclusions: The scores from the adapted version of the SBBS demonstrated metrics of reliability and validity suitable for identifying the type of response to school bullying from primary-school students.

This paper addresses how emotionally challenging experiences during work-based education may influence the professional becoming of student teachers and medical students. We conducted a qualitative analysis of eight focus group interviews with undergraduates from two universities in Sweden who studied to become either physicians or teachers, and interpreted their experiences through Wenger’s theory of communities of practice. The findings show that students’ ideal view of how to be caring in their aspiring professional role as physician or teacher collided with existing practices, which affected them emotionally. In particular, the students found it challenging when norms and practices differed from their values of professionalism and when the professional culture within practices reflected hardness (physicians) or resignation (teachers). Both medical students and student teachers experienced that professional decision making and legitimacy challenged them emotionally, however in different ways and for different reasons. This study makes visible both general and specific aspects of how students view their future role in the welfare sector and challenging dimensions of professional practice. The findings bring into focus the question of how professional education can support students’ professional becoming in relation to their emotional challenges.

The aim of this study was to examine whether collective moral disengagement and authoritative teaching at the classroom level, and student-teacher relationship quality at the individual level, predicted individual moral disengagement among pre-adolescent students 1 year later. In this short-term longitudinal study, 1,373 students from 108 classrooms answered a web-based questionnaire on tablets during school, once in fifth grade (T1) and once in sixth grade (T2). The results showed, after controlling for T1 moral disengagement, gender, and immigrant background, that students with better student-teacher relationship quality at T1 were more inclined to score lower on moral disengagement at T2, whereas students in classrooms with higher levels of collective moral disengagement at T1 were more inclined to score higher on moral disengagement at T2. In addition, both collective moral disengagement and authoritative teaching were found to moderate the associations between student-teacher relationship quality at T1 and moral disengagement at T2. These findings underscore the importance of fostering positive relationships between students and teachers, as well as minimizing collective moral disengagement in classrooms. These measures may prevent the potential escalation of moral disengagement in a negative direction.

Research into the prevalence of bullying is important to enable the correct allocation of resources to prevent and end bullying. One problem when gatheringknowledge in how prevalent bullying is, is the considerable variation in percentage points in research studies. The aim of this study was to analyze how the estimatedprevalence in Swedish national population-based studies of peer bullying victimization is related to how it is defined and measured.T

he analysis focused on national population-based studies in Sweden, in order to ensure that the sampling and cultural aspects of data collection were similar throughoutthe period. Data came from three sources: 1) a scoping review of peer bullying victimization in Sweden, 2) reports from Swedish government agencies and non-governmentorganizations that were not included in the scoping review, and 3) data from the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) Sweden 1993–2017 study.

The results showed that although the estimated levels of bullying victimization depend on the measurement method, they all followed a similar pattern over timewith a higher prevalence of bullying in recent years. The study raised conceptual inconsistencies between bullying, peer aggression, and peer victimization, which arefurther discussed in relation to prevalence and measurement.

The study aimed to explore bullying disclosures to teachers from the victims' point of view, with a special focus on the influence of direct and indirect bullying and student -teacher relationship quality. A sequential explanatory mixed methods design was adopted. First, 190 students with bullying experience completed a questionnaire. Second, 20 students were interviewed. One of several of the findings revealed that students were more inclined to tell a teacher about victimization when bullying was indirect. Bullying and how teachers managed it had an impact on the quality of the student -teacher relationship, but not solely dependent on whether the bullying ended.

Although bullied adolescents' leisure activities and friendships may impact their wellbeing, the leisure environments of bullied adolescents has received limited attention in previous research. The aim of this study was to explore bullied adolescents' perspectives on their out-of-school time, with a special focus on structured recreational and sports activities and how these relate to friendships and wellbeing. Based on interviews with 20 Swedish adolescents who experienced bullying in lower secondary school, we used a constructivist grounded theory approach to guide the research, further informed by concepts from the social-ecological perspective and identity theory. The findings indicate that structured recreational and sports activities can serve as a temporary refuge from school bullying, providing a safe environment that promotes self-recovery and friendship development. However, if bullies are present in these activities, it can undermine the positive effects and may lead victims to quit.

Introduction:

There is strong empirical support for the link between moral disengagement (MD) and bullying in late childhood. However, only a few studies have examined these associations longitudinally. Given that previous research suggest that verbal bullying is the most common type of bullying in adolescence, with increasing prevalence during the childhood years, understanding factors associated with verbal bullying during these years may be of great importance. This study examines changes in verbal bullying across late childhood, focusing specifically on associations between moral disengagement and the individual child’s change trajectory.

Method:

A total of 1214 Swedish children completed a web-based questionnaire at three time points (in grades 4, 5, and 6). Multilevel growth modeling was used to examine unique trajectories of groups(classrooms) and individuals.

Result:

The results showed that verbal bullying increased between grades four, five, and six, and that bullying scores were positively associated with MD scores over time. In addition, the bullying trajectories of children with higher levels of MD were higher and steeper, indicating that these children scored higher on bullying in general as well as increased more in bullying over time, compared to children with lower levels of MD.

Discussion:

Our findings add to the literature, by exploring temporal and dispositional aspects of moral disengagement. The results are discussed in relation to the literature and the socio-cognitive perspective of bullying behavior as a result of reciprocal interplay between personal and social influences. 

School bullying is a complex social and relational phenomenon with severe consequences for those involved. Most children view bullying as wrong and recognize its harmful consequences; nevertheless, it continues to be a persistent problem within schools. Previous research has shown that childrens engagement in bullying perpetration can be influenced by multiple factors (e.g., different forms of cognitive distortions) and at different ecological levels (e.g., child, peer-group, school, and society). However, the complexity of school bullying warrants further investigation of the interplay between factors, at different levels. Grounded in social cognitive theory, which focuses on both cognitive factors and social processes, this study examined whether childrens bullying perpetration was associated with moral disengagement at the child level and with collective moral disengagement and prevalence of pro-bullying behavior at the classroom level. Cross-level interactions were also tested to examine the effects of classroom-level variables on the association between childrens tendency to morally disengage and bullying perpetration. The studys analyses were based on cross-sectional self-report questionnaire data from 1,577 Swedish fifth-grade children from 105 classrooms (53.5% girls; M-age = 11.3, SD = 0.3). Multilevel modeling techniques were used to analyze the data. The results showed that bullying perpetration was positively associated with moral disengagement at the child level and with collective moral disengagement and pro-bullying behavior at the classroom level. Furthermore, the effect of individual moral disengagement on bullying was stronger for children in classrooms with higher levels of pro-bullying behaviors. These findings further support the argument that both moral processes and behaviors within classrooms, such as collective moral disengagement and pro-bullying behavior, need to be addressed in schools preventive work against bullying.

This study examined the links between seven specific mechanisms of moral disengagement and indirect bullying, direct bullying, and pro-aggressive bystander behavior. In addition, the moderating role of gender on these associations was examined. Participants were 317 Swedish students in Grades 4 to 8 (𝑋⎯⎯⎯age=12.6X¯age=12.6, SD = 1.35; 62% girls). Multivariate multiple regression analyses showed that indirect bullying was predicted by gender and victim attribution. Direct bullying was predicted by moral justification, and for girls, by victim attribution. Pro-aggressive bystander behavior was predicted by diffusion of responsibility, victim attribution, gender, and age. That is, boys and younger students were more prone to take the aggressor’s side compared with girls and older students. Furthermore, the relation between pro-aggressive bystander behavior and distortion of consequences appeared stronger in boys than in girls. These results highlight the relative importance of specific moral disengagement mechanisms and may have implications for interventions targeting bullying.

This three-year longitudinal study examined both within- and between-person effects of moral disengagement on verbal bullying perpetration in early adolescence. Data came from the first four waves (T1–T4, Grades 4 to 7) of an ongoing longitudinal project examining social and moral correlates of bullying in Swedish schools. Participants included 2432 Swedish early adolescents (52% girls; Mage at T1 = 10.55 years). Students completed self-report measures of verbal bullying perpetration and moral disengagement. Results of a multilevel growth model showed that verbal bullying increased over time (regression coefficient for Grade was b = 0.04, SE = 0.01, p < .001). Additionally, the verbal bullying trajectories of participants with higher average levels of MD were higher (regression coefficient for MD¯ was b = 0.28, SE = 0.02, p < .001) and steeper (regression coefficient for the Grade ×MD¯ interaction was b = 0.02, SE = 0.01, p = .018), indicating that these students scored higher on verbal bullying in general and increased more in verbal bullying over time, compared to students with lower levels of average MD. Variations around one's own mean of MD over time was also significantly associated with concurrent changes in verbal bullying (regression coefficient for time-varying MD was b = 0.21, SE = 0.01, p < .001).

A vast body of research shows that children and youth who use moral disengagement strategies tend to engage more in aggressive behavior, including bullying. However only a handful studies have investigated the association between perceptions of moral disengagement processes shared within the group (e.g., the peer group of the classroom) and bullying. In the present study we extended previous research by exploring both unique and interactive effects of individual and collective moral disengagement on bullying behavior among 1535 Swedish fifth grade students (M = 11.6, SD = 0.3). Results of multilevel analyses showed that both individual and collective moral disengagement were positively associated with bullying behavior. Additionally, collective moral disengagement moderated the association between individual moral disengagement and bullying.

Research suggests that about a quarter of bullying incidences occur within friendships. Yet little attention is given to the underlying social processes and wider macro-system forces that shape friendship victimization experiences. Guided by constructivist grounded theory and Wade's work on resistance, this research explored the phenomenon of victimization within adolescent girls’ friendships. Canadian women reflecting on their school-based victimization experiences were interviewed for this study. Results suggest that participants resisted victimization in important ways but that their resistance strategies were negotiated within gender expectations and ambient discursive constructions of resistance and victimization. Our findings illuminate the ways that discourses concealing women's resistance and privileging overt responses to bullying run counter to gendered expectations for resistance, leaving women in a double bind. Consequently, we found that retaliatory relational aggression allowed girls to deny their victim status while complying with gendered expectations for resistance but led to their bullying experiences being normalized and overlooked.

Extant quantitative data suggest that about a quarter of bullying incidences occur within reciprocated friendships. Yet, little attention is given to the underlying social processes and wider macro-system forces that shape friendship victimization experiences. Guided by constructivist grounded theory, this research developed a theoretical framework of victimization within adolescent friendships, from the retrospective accounts of Canadian women. Our findings suggest that participants resisted victimization in important ways but that their resistance strategies were negotiated within gendered and discursive constructions of resistance, bullying, and victimhood. The results illuminate the ways that discourses that conceal women’s resistance and privilege overt responses to bullying run counter to gendered expectations for resistance, leaving women in a double bind.

Bystander passivity has received increased attention in the prevention of interpersonal harm, but it is poorly understood in many settings. In this article we explore bystander passivity in three settings based on existing literature: patient abuse in health care; bullying among schoolchildren; and oppressive treatment of students by teachers. Throughout the article we develop a theoretical approach that connects Obermann's unconcerned and guiltybystanders to theories of moral disengagement and moral distress respectively. Despite differences between the three settings, we show striking similarities between processes of disengagement, indicators of distress, and the constraints for intervention that bystanders identify. In relation to this, we discuss moral educational efforts that aim to strengthen bystanders’ moral agency in health care and school settings. Many efforts emphasize shared problem descriptions and collective responsibilities. As challenging as such efforts may be, there can be much to gain in terms of welfare and justice.

Background

There is a growing body of international research that displays the prevalence and character of abuse in health care. Even though most of these studies are conducted from a patient perspective little is known about how patients conceptualize their agency in relation to such situations. This study aimed to explore how patients reason about their potential to act in abusive situations.

Methods

Qualitative interviews were conducted with thirteen patients in Sweden. Central in the interviews were three comics, inspired by Boal’s Forum Theatre and part of an earlier online intervention study in which the informants had participated. Each comic showed a situation in which a patient feels abused, and on the opposite side were suggestions for how the patient could act in response. Informants were asked to reflect about situations of abuse and in specific upon the comics. We used the methodology of constructivist grounded theory throughout the study, including the analysis.

Results

It appeared that the informants constantly re-negotiated their and other patients’ agency in relation to the specifics of the event, patients’ and staff’s responsibilities, and the patients’ needs and values. This process questions views of agency as fixed and self-evident, and can be understood as part of changing discourses about patients’ social role and possibilities to organize their care. Using a feminist theory of power we expected the informants to elicit instances of resistance to domination, which is central to the comics. While doing that, the informants also hinted at parallel stories of empowerment and less visible forms of agency in spite of domination.

Conclusion

The current analysis showed different ways in which the informants constantly re-negotiated their agency in potentially abusive situations. Not only did the informants engage in reflections about immediate responses to these untoward situations, they also engaged in thoughts about strategies that could protect them and counteract abuse in health care over the long-term. This opens up for future research into ways patients organize their care and identify threats and barriers to the care they need, which could be valuable knowledge for care quality improvement.

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This study investigates whether the quantity and quality of contact with migrants and perceiving that cultural diversity is accepted at school (as a dimension of the perceived school climate) are associated with perpetrating bullying toward migrant classmates. Quantity and quality of contact are also examined as moderators of the association between perceived cultural acceptance at school and bullying toward migrant students. One hundred and sixtysix adolescents (M_age = 16.26; SD = 1.53) belonging to the societal majority group answered a battery of self-report measures. Bullying migrant peers was associated with more negative quality of the contact. Bullying migrants was also associated with lower perceived acceptance of cultural diversity at school for the adolescents reporting higher levels of contact with migrants at school. The role of contact in explaining bullying toward migrant peers is also discussed in light of possible interventions.

An increasing number of immigrant students attend Italian schools, with the possibility of being involved in bullying episodes. A few studies have investigated this phenomenon, providing some evidence that immigrant students may face an increased risk of being bullied compared to native-born students. The present study adopted a mixed-method design, which may better detect the dynamics of bullying towards immigrant peers. Participants were 692 native-born and immigrant students (20.5% with immigrant background; 54.8% females) who filled in self-report measures about their bullying experiences, popularity, acceptance of diversity at school, and prejudice. Thirty-five pupils (54% with immigrant background) were also interviewed. Two hypothetical bullying scenarios were presented: one depicting a native-born victim and one depicting an immigrant victim. After each scenario, adolescents were encouraged to reason about the motives for bullying. Quantitative data showed that general bullying was associated with perceived popularity status among peers, while racial bullying was associated with prejudice but not peer status. The relevance of anti-immigrant prejudices in driving racial bullying emerged also from adolescents interviews. The qualitative data indicated that among the reasons for bullying, adolescents mentioned a desire for dominance and popularity, in particular when the victim was non-immigrant. Findings suggest that, in addition to individual and peer group-related risk factors, prejudice also needs to be addressed in anti-bullying interventions aimed to counteract racial bullying.

By adopting a developmental intergroup perspective (Killen & Rutland, 2011), this international symposium features research investigating students’ and teachers’ beliefs, social cognition, and attitudes regarding inter-ethnic bullying. The research focuses on European schools, where this phenomenon is spreading (Elamè, 2013). The first paper examines how students’ beliefs about their contact with the ethnic outgroup and about school climate are associated with bullying the ethnic outgroup. Among students of the majority ethnic group, evaluating the contact with the ethnic outgroup more negatively was related with higher inter-ethnic bullying, but a more negative evaluation of the school climate was associated with higher inter-ethnic bullying only for the students reporting more frequent contact with the outgroup at school. The second paper examines direct and indirect (through prejudice), and moderated (by the closeness to the teacher) associations of students’ moral disengagement with inter-ethnic bullying. Perpetration of inter-ethnic bullying was higher for students reporting higher moral disengagement, but the strength of this association was reduced in case of a warm relationship with the teacher. The third study explores whether teachers’ attitudes toward refugees can be influential on teachers’ evaluations of inter-ethnic bullying targeting ethnic minority Arab students. Teachers were found to be aware of wrongfulness of inter-ethnic bullying, but teachers who had more negative attitudes towards refugees showed to under-estimate the negative outcomes for the Arab victim from inter-ethnic bullying. The discussant will consider the findings in light of the international concern to reduce bullying and promote positive peer relationships in childhood and adolescence.

This article introduces grounded theory and places this method in its historical context when 1960s quantitative researchers wielded harsh criticisms of qualitative research. The originators of grounded theory, sociologists Glaser and Strauss, sought to defend the quality of qualitative research and argued that grounded theory increased its quality by providing a method of theory construction. Our major foci include: (1) introducing the logic of grounded theory, with emphasis on how researchers can use it to construct theory, (2) detailing criteria for quality in the major forms of grounded theory advocated by Glaser and Strauss and augmented by Glaser, Strauss and Corbin and refined by Corbin, and Charmaz and (3) providing an analysis of how constructivist grounded theorists Thornberg, Halldin, Bolmsjo and Petersson attended to the interviewing process, coding, and developing their theoretical concept of double victimizing. Students and researchers new to the method can use our concluding guidelines as a checklist to assess the quality of their constructivist grounded theory research.

This report presents research on some programs of valueeducation from the last thirty  years. It also gives examples fromthe current research with focus on teachers’ view of and actingin their moral agency.

The conclusions of the referred studies are – among others – that moral impact on students demands social community and hard work against exclusion, since democratic values are not individual projects. Furthermore patience is necessary, since the construction of moral and democratic community does not go fast and is not developed without backlashes.

The social experiences, which school offers the students, are important to their development of values. However, the students cannot be expected to manage the difficulties of cooperation, like competition and conflicts, without supervision by their teachers.

Gunnel Colnerud, professor vid Institutionen för beteendevetenskap och lärande, vid Linköpings universitet har under den största delen av sitt yrkesverksamma liv varit engagerad i skolfrågor av olika slag. Ofta har fokus för hennes intresse och uppdrag legat i att förstå skolans vardagsliv och det komplexa uppdrag som läraryrket innebär. Gunnel fyller 67 år i januari 2015 och denna vänbok är en hyllning till henne från kollegor, både nationellt och internationellt, samt tidigare doktorander. Bidragen i antologin, Lärares etik och professionella arbete - skolan som moralisk praktik, är tänkt att spegla de områden som Gunnel i sin forskning varit engagerad i.

Innan Gunnel påbörjade sin forskarutbildning i pedagogik var hon verksam som psykolog inom skolhälsovården. Denna erfarenhet av att ha mött barn och elevers utsatthet samt lärares ständiga arbete med att möta olika typer av förändringar och hantera en komplex yrkesroll är något som Gunnel burit med sig in i sin forskning, vilket inte minst syns i hennes outtröttliga engagemang i att vara en forskare som bidrar till skolans praktik.

I mitten av nittiotalet Jade Gunnel fram sin avhandling som byggde på intervjuer med yrkesverksamma lärare och handlade om etiska dilemman lärare ställs inför i sitt yrkesutövande. Gunnel har allt sedan avhandlingsarbetet varit mycket engagerad i etiska frågor i relation till läraruppdraget och var en av de pådrivande krafterna i att tillsammans med Sveriges båda lärarförbund formulera gemensamma yrkesetiska principer, som kom att benämnas Lärares yrkesetik. I detta arbete gjorde Gunnel betydande insatser genom att problematisera yrkesetik som fenomen, medverka i otaliga utbildningsinsatser för lärare och lärarstudenter inom området och sist men inte minst bidra till att etablera yrkesetik som forskningsfält.

Ett kännetecknande drag för Gunnels forskning har varit den starka viljan och övertygelsen om att forskning om skola behöver ske i relation till och med skolans praktik. Tillsammans med sin make och kollega professor Kjell Granström etablerade Gunnel en forskarmiljö med fokus på praxisnära forskning. Vi som är redaktörer för denna vänbok har alla haft förmånen att vara doktorander till Gunnel eller Kjell och fått möjlighet att växa som forskare i en forskarmiljö som präglats av kreativitet, engagemang och spännande diskussioner.

Norrköping och Linköping, oktober 2013

Helene, Karin, Marcus & Robert

BackgroundAs part of teachers everyday classroom assessment practice, feedback can be seen as connected to the formative function of assessment, with the aim of helping students in their learning processes. Much research on teacher feedback focuses precisely on the feedbacks formative quality. However, in order to strengthen our understanding about the nature of teacher feedback, we also need to understand more about teachers rationales for giving feedback to their students, especially in primary school settings.PurposeThe present study aimed to explore and conceptualise primary school teachers rationales for giving students feedback.SampleThirteen Swedish primary school teachers ( 10 women and 3 men) with 4 to 40 years of teaching experience working with students aged 7-9years-old (grades 1-3), participated in the study. An open sampling procedure was adopted to recruit the teachers.Design and methodsData were collected using a semi-structured interview approach. We employed a constructivist grounded theory design for the coding and analysis of the transcribed data.ResultsAnalysis indicated that two main concerns emerged as regulating teachers assessment practices. These addressed what the teachers perceived as (1) students academic needs and (2) students behavioural and emotional needs. According to the findings, the teachers rationales for giving students feedback were based on those needs, and dependent on factors such as situation, relationships, time and effort. This resulted in a constant comparison and weighing of different needs by the teachers. Some needs were described as prioritised before others, which caused some rationales to be identified as taking precedence over others.Discussion and conclusionsBased on a systematic analysis of - and thus grounded in - interview data from primary teachers, the current qualitative study offers a framework for surveying, understanding and discussing teacher feedback. Overall, the study showed how everyday practices of classroom assessment and classroom management overlapped, thus underlining the importance in teacher education of understanding classroom assessment, classroom management and the relationships between the two.

The aim of the present study was to examine and categorise teachers’ strategies for feedback in day-to-day communication in primary school. The different feedback categories constructed and grounded in data are applicable to feedback on learning and knowledge as well as on behavioural skills. Qualitative classroom observations were conducted in four primary school classrooms, including a total of four teachers and 75 students. A constructivist grounded theory approach was used throughout the analytical process. The analysis of the field data generated five main categories of feedback focuses: expecting, emotionally responding, normalising, steering, and deliberating. The categories are all broad, yet with sub-categories specific and nuanced, presenting concepts by which we can verbalize and communicate teachers’ feedback strategies.  The categories place teachers’ feedback actions in a landscape, not on a linear axis. The complexity of feedback, as it is shown in the present study challenges a dichotomisation of feedback and captures more of a complexity of classroom assessment.

Teacher feedback can be described as a complex interactional pattern between teacher and student. Formative outcomes of assessment are considered to be enhanced when students understand aims and criteria. In order to better understand the processes of teacher feedback and to improve teaching and classroom assessment, there is a need for research on students perspectives on feedback. The present study aims to conceptualise how primary-school students construct meaning from teacher feedback. The study was based on focus group interviews with 23 students in grades 2 and 3 (7-9 years old). Constructivist grounded theory was used throughout the study. According to the findings, primary-school students conceptualise teacher feedback as communicating a lot of "musts", centred on learning, involving what the students perceived as things they must learn and what they must do in order to learn. These musts concerned both academic learning and behavioural issues, including tensions between different musts.

This study examines sociodemographic characteristics and social-environmental factors associated with bullying during the elementary to middle school transition from a sample of 5th-grade students (n = 300) in 3 elementary schools at Time 1. Of these, 237 participated at Time 2 as 6th-grade students. Using cluster analyses, we found groups of students who reported no increase in bullying, some decrease in bullying, and some increase in bullying. Students who reported increases in bullying also reported decreases in school belongingness and teacher affiliation and increases in teacher dissatisfaction. Students who reported decreases in bullying also reported decreases in victimization. These findings suggest that changes across the transition in students relations to school and their teachers are predictive of changes in bullying.

Detta är en oumbärlig handbok för dig som ska skriva en akademisk uppsats baserad på kvalitativ datainsamling som exempelvis kvalitativa intervjuer, detaljerade observationer av samtal, textdokument eller fältstudier. Här får du konkreta råd och en gedigen genomgång av grundläggande aspekter av kvalitativ forskning samt redskap för att analysera data. Boken redogör för olika former av kvalitativ analys och går därutöver även igenom forskarens roll, forskningsprocessen, metoder för datainsamling samt vilken metodansats som kan vara lämplig att välja.

Författarna presenterar ett flertal betydelsefulla och etablerade ansatser inom kvalitativ forskning, där varje ansats beskrivs på ett sådant sätt att läsaren direkt ska kunna finna vägledning i hur han eller hon kan analysera sina data. Kapitlen tydliggör också vilka typer av forskningsfrågor som kan vara av intresse inom ramen för de specifika metoderna eller ansatserna. Därmed ger boken studenterna hjälp att både bättre förstå logiken bakom olika kvalitativa forskningsansatser och finna den eller de metoder som passar för just de frågor som de är intresserade av. Nio olika metodansatser presenteras ingående:grundad teori, hermeneutik, diskursanalys, fenomenologi, fenomenografi, textanalys, konversationsanalys, fältforskning, livsberättelser.

Handbok i kvalitativ analys är en oumbärlig handbok för dig som ska skriva en akademisk uppsats baserad på kvalitativ datainsamling som exempelvis kvalitativa intervjuer, detaljerade observationer av samtal, textdokument eller fältstudier. Här får du konkreta råd och en gedigen genomgång av grundläggande aspekter av kvalitativ forskning samt redskap för att analysera data.Läs merBoken redogör för olika former av kvalitativ analys och går därutöver även igenom forskarens roll, forskningsprocessen, metoder för datainsamling samt vilken metodansats som kan vara lämplig att välja. Elva olika metodansatser presenteras ingående:

• grundad teori- hermeneutik
• diskursanalys- diskursiv psykologi
• aktör-nätverksteori
• fenomenologi
• fenomenografi
• interpretativ fenomenologisk analys
• textanalys
• konversationsanalys
• fältforskning
• livsberättelser

I denna uppdaterade tredje upplaga finns bl.a. ett nyskrivet kapitel om diskursiv psykologi och tips om litteratur för vidare läsning.

Detta är en oumbärlig handbok för dig som ska skriva en akademisk uppsats baserad på kvalitativ datainsamling som exempelvis kvalitativa intervjuer, detaljerade observationer av samtal, textdokument eller fältstudier. Här får du konkreta råd och en gedigen genomgång av grundläggande aspekter av kvalitativ forskning samt redskap för att analysera data. Boken redogör för olika former av kvalitativ analys och går därutöver även igenom forskarens roll, forskningsprocessen, metoder för datainsamling samt vilken metodansats som kan vara lämplig att välja.

Författarna presenterar ett flertal betydelsefulla och etablerade ansatser inom kvalitativ forskning, där varje ansats beskrivs på ett sådant sätt att läsaren direkt ska kunna finna vägledning i hur han eller hon kan analysera sina data. Kapitlen tydliggör också vilka typer av forskningsfrågor som kan vara av intresse inom ramen för de specifika metoderna eller ansatserna. Därmed ger boken studenterna hjälp att både bättre förstå logiken bakom olika kvalitativa forskningsansatser och finna den eller de metoder som passar för just de frågor som de är intresserade av. Nio olika metodansatser presenteras ingående:grundad teori, hermeneutik, diskursanalys, fenomenologi, fenomenografi, textanalys, konversationsanalys, fältforskning, livsberättelser.

Detta är en oumbärlig handbok för dig som ska skriva en akademisk uppsats baserad på kvalitativ datainsamling som exempelvis kvalitativa intervjuer, detaljerade observationer av samtal, textdokument eller fältstudier. Här får du konkreta råd och en gedigen genomgång av grundläggande aspekter av kvalitativ forskning samt redskap för att analysera data. Boken redogör för olika former av kvalitativ analys och går därutöver även igenom forskarens roll, forskningsprocessen, metoder för datainsamling samt vilken metodansats som kan vara lämplig att välja.

Författarna presenterar ett flertal betydelsefulla och etablerade ansatser inom kvalitativ forskning, där varje ansats beskrivs på ett sådant sätt att läsaren direkt ska kunna finna vägledning i hur han eller hon kan analysera sina data. Kapitlen tydliggör också vilka typer av forskningsfrågor som kan vara av intresse inom ramen för de specifika metoderna eller ansatserna. Därmed ger boken studenterna hjälp att både bättre förstå logiken bakom olika kvalitativa forskningsansatser och finna den eller de metoder som passar för just de frågor som de är intresserade av. Nio olika metodansatser presenteras ingående:grundad teori, hermeneutik, diskursanalys, fenomenologi, fenomenografi, textanalys, konversationsanalys, fältforskning, livsberättelser.

The aim of this study is to explore pupils perspectives on school climate, with a focus on help-seeking from teachers when experiencing unsafe incidents. Fifty-nine focus group interviews were conducted with pupils from two public schools in grades 1-9 (i.e. ages 7-15 years) in Sweden and analyzed with constructivist grounded theory. The findings address how the organizational support structure was crucial and three main categories were conceptualized from pupils perspectives: (1) teachers as sources of support; (2) availability of support; and (3) consistent and responsive support. The way in which pupils perceived these three dimensions, and thus the organizational support structure, were crucial to whether they considered help-seeking from teachers when they experienced unsafe incidents such as violence, bullying or conflicts. To conceptualize the pupils perspectives on the organizational support structure and help-seeking we adopted a social-ecological perspective as a theoretical framework. Social-ecological factors such as scheduling, and information provided (exosystem) and the pupil-teacher relationships (microsystem) were found to be especially important in relation to the organizational support structure and pupils help-seeking. Our findings suggests that it is imperative for schools to pay attention to the organizational support structure and especially consider the teacher-pupil relationship quality and how scheduling, information about support sources, and a consistent and responsive approach from all teachers affects pupils help-seeking and the building of a supportive school climate and safety for all pupils at school.

Background: School climate is crucial: its character can affect pupils academic achievement, teachers working conditions and the wellbeing of everyone at school. A major concern for teachers is how to prevent and manage disruptive behaviours. Against this backdrop, there is a need for thorough investigation of pupils perspectives to better understand their perceptions of the climate at their schools and their views about why disruptive behaviours occur. Purpose: In this small-scale, qualitative study, we aimed to contribute to the body of school climate research by exploring pupils perspectives on school climate, teachers and relationships at school. Method: We conducted an in-depth qualitative analysis, exploring pupils perspectives on these issues through focus group interviews. Eighteen semi-structured interviews were conducted (n = 104) with grade 1-9 (7- to 15-year-old) pupils from a school in Sweden. The interview guide included questions about sense of safety, relationships at school and in classrooms, and pupils views of teachers. Constructivist grounded theory was used as the analytical framework. Findings: A recurrent pattern identified in the data was the focus on disruptive behaviours and how these were connected to the pupils learning environment, sense of safety and teachers. Three core categories were conceptualised from the pupils perspectives: (a) within-pupil explanations, (b) teaching style explanations and (c) peer group process explanations. We adopted a social-ecological approach to conceptualise the complexities and interplay of factors addressed by the pupils in their perspectives on disruptive behaviours. Conclusions: Our findings provide insight into the way that different factors interplay in the emergence of disruptive behaviours in the classroom, nested within both contextual and structural aspects. This analysis of pupil perspectives also points to the importance of a whole-school approach in which teachers establish a warm, responsive and confident teaching style in the classroom and in the playground to influence the social dynamics.

School climate is crucial for understanding everyday school life. For pupils, breaktime seems to be associated with how they feel about their school climate. To better understand school climate and what social processes pupils address, this study explores pupils perspectives on school climate with attention on how they perceive their breaktimes. The study was based on 29 focus group interviews (n = 164) with pupils from two public schools in grades 1-9 (i.e. 7-15 years old). Constructivist grounded theory guided data gathering and analysis. Findings revealed how breaktime was an indicator of how pupils perceived their school climate, but their perceptions were dynamic. We conceptualised breaktime as a social process influenced by three main categories: peer climate, levels of unsafe incidents, and availability of activities. We adopted a social-ecological perspective to conceptualise how pupils perceptions of breaktimes varied due to how breaktimes were nested within different social-ecological systems.