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  • 1.
    El Ouali, Mourad
    et al.
    University of Kiel, Germany.
    Fohlin, Helena
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för klinisk och experimentell medicin, Avdelningen för kliniska vetenskaper. Linköpings universitet, Hälsouniversitetet. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centrum för hälso- och vårdutveckling, Regionalt cancercentrum.
    Srivastav, Anand
    University of Kiel, Germany.
    A randomised approximation algorithm for the hitting set problem2014Inngår i: Theoretical Computer Science, ISSN 0304-3975, E-ISSN 1879-2294, Vol. 555, s. 23-34Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Let H = (V, epsilon) be a hypergraph with vertex set V and edge set epsilon, where n := vertical bar V vertical bar and m := vertical bar epsilon vertical bar. Let l be the maximum size of an edge and Delta be the maximum vertex degree. A hitting set (or vertex cover) in H is a subset of V in which all edges are incident. The hitting set problem is to find a hitting set of minimum cardinality. It is known that an approximation ratio of l can be achieved easily. On the other hand, for constant l, an approximation ratio better than l cannot be achieved in polynomial time under the unique games conjecture (Khot and Regev, 2008 [17]). Thus breaking the l-barrier for significant classes of hypergraphs is a complexity-theoretically and algorithmically interesting problem, which has been studied by several authors (Krivelevich, 1997 [18], Halperin, 2000 [12], Okun, 2005 [23]). We propose a randomised algorithm of hybrid type for the hitting set problem, which combines LP-based randomised rounding, graphs sparsening and greedy repairing and analyse it for different classes of hypergraphs. For hypergraphs with Delta = O(n1/4) and l = O (root n) we achieve an approximation ratio of l(1 - c/Delta), for some constant c greater than 0, with constant probability. For the case of hypergraphs where l and Delta are constants, we prove a ratio of l(1 - l-1/8 Delta). The latter is done by analysing the expected size of the hitting set and using concentration inequalities. Moreover, for quasi-regularisable hypergraphs, we achieve an approximation ratio of l(1 - n/8m). We show how and when our results improve over the results of Krivelevich, Halperin and Okun.

  • 2.
    El Ouali, Mourad
    et al.
    University of Kiel, Germany.
    Fohlin, Helena
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för klinisk och experimentell medicin, Avdelningen för kliniska vetenskaper. Region Östergötland, Centrum för hälso- och vårdutveckling, Regionalt cancercentrum. Linköpings universitet, Medicinska fakulteten.
    Srivastav, Anand
    University of Kiel, Germany.
    An approximation algorithm for the partial vertex cover problem in hypergraphs2016Inngår i: Journal of combinatorial optimization, ISSN 1382-6905, E-ISSN 1573-2886, Vol. 31, nr 2, s. 846-864Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Let be a hypergraph with set of vertices and set of (hyper-)edges . Let be the maximum size of an edge, be the maximum vertex degree and be the maximum edge degree. The -partial vertex cover problem in hypergraphs is the problem of finding a minimum cardinality subset of vertices in which at least hyperedges are incident. For the case of and constant it known that an approximation ratio better than cannot be achieved in polynomial time under the unique games conjecture (UGC) (Khot and Ragev J Comput Syst Sci, 74(3):335-349, 2008), but an -approximation ratio can be proved for arbitrary (Gandhi et al. J Algorithms, 53(1):55-84, 2004). The open problem in this context has been to give an -ratio approximation with , as small as possible, for interesting classes of hypergraphs. In this paper we present a randomized polynomial-time approximation algorithm which not only achieves this goal, but whose analysis exhibits approximation phenomena for hypergraphs with not visible in graphs: if and are constant, and , we prove for -uniform hypergraphs a ratio of , which tends to the optimal ratio 1 as tends to . For the larger class of hypergraphs where , is not constant, but is a constant, we show a ratio of . Finally for hypergraphs with non-constant , but constant , we get a ratio of for , leaving open the problem of finding such an approximation for k < m/4(.)

  • 3. Bestill onlineKjøp publikasjonen >>
    Fohlin, Helena
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för klinisk och experimentell medicin, Avdelningen för Kirurgi, Ortopedi och Onkologi. Linköpings universitet, Medicinska fakulteten.
    Long-term prognostic and predictive factors in hormone receptor positive breast cancer2018Doktoravhandling, med artikler (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [en]

    The breast cancer survival in Sweden is good (almost 90 % 5-year relative survival) and has increased over time. For women with hormone receptor negative tumors, most relapses occur within the first 5 years after diagnosis. Thereafter the recurrence risk decreases rapidly. For women with estrogen receptor positive (ER+) tumors the annual risk for late recurrences is 1 – 2 %, even after 5 years of endocrine therapy. This risk accumulates so that approximately 25 % of the patients that are recurrence-free after five years from diagnosis may experience a relapse within further 15 years of follow-up. The relatively high long-term risk calls for identification of prognostic and predictive markers with long-term effect. Though, the number of such markers with proven significance is limited. Of the clinical characteristics, only nodal status and to some extent tumor size and tumor grade have been shown to have long-term prognostic value. In this thesis, we propose long-term prognostic and predictive markers for breast cancer.

    In paper I, we suggest the protein v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homologue 2 (AKT2) as a long-term prognostic marker among patients with ER+ tumors. In our study, besides nodal status, AKT2 was the only factor with long-term prognostic value. This is in accordance with some other studies, though we also showed that the significance of AKT2 was limited to ER+ tumors and that the impact increased with higher ER expression.

    Approximately 75 – 85 % of the ER+ tumors are also progesterone receptor positive (PR+). ER+/progesterone receptor negative (PR-) tumors are considered to be more aggressive and patients with such tumors are often treated with chemotherapy. In this group, more specific subgroups for targeted therapy are needed.

    Whereas ER has long been established as a predictive factor regarding tamoxifen benefit, the role of PR has not been clarified to date. In paper II, we showed that PR status adds predictive value to ER considering the long-term benefit from tamoxifen.

    In paper III, we aimed to identify new prognostic markers among patients with ER+ tumors. Systemically untreated patients with ER+/PR- tumors and high expression of the Ras-related protein RAB6C (RAB6C) had reduced distant recurrence rate. Therefore, we suggest RAB6C as a candidate marker for subgroup division among patients with ER+/PR- tumors.

    According to the results from paper II, there might be subgroups of patients with ER+/PRtumors that do benefit from tamoxifen. The aim of paper IV was to identify such subgroups. Here, we suggest that patients with ER+/PR- tumors and low RAB6C expression do benefit from tamoxifen.

    The results from this thesis may encourage further studies for more specific subgroup divisions. Such studies may lead to changes in the management program, where some patients with ER+ tumors should receive prolonged or more intense treatment and others reduced treatment based on the pathological markers AKT2, PR and RAB6C. 

    Delarbeid
    1. Akt2 expression is associated with good long-term prognosis in oestrogen receptor positive breast cancer
    Åpne denne publikasjonen i ny fane eller vindu >>Akt2 expression is associated with good long-term prognosis in oestrogen receptor positive breast cancer
    Vise andre…
    2013 (engelsk)Inngår i: European Journal of Cancer, ISSN 0959-8049, E-ISSN 1879-0852, Vol. 49, nr 6, s. 1196-1204Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert) Published
    Abstract [en]

    Introduction

    Akt is a signalling modulator for many cellular processes, including metabolism, cell proliferation, cell survival and cell growth. Three isoforms of Akt have been identified, but only a few studies have concerned the isoform-specific roles in the prognosis of breast cancer patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic value of v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homologue 1 (Akt1) and v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homologue 2 (Akt2) in oestrogen receptor positive (ER+) and oestrogen receptor negative (ER–) breast cancer with long-term follow-up.

    Material and methods

    The expression of Akt in tumour tissue was analysed with immunohistochemistry in a cohort of 272 postmenopausal patients with stage II breast cancer. The median follow-up time was 19 years. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using the Cox’s proportional hazards model.

    Results

    The risk of distant recurrence was reduced for patients with ER+ tumours expressing Akt2 compared to patients with no Akt2 expression (HR = 0.49, 95% CI 0.29–0.82, p = 0.007). When adjusting for important clinical tumour characteristics and treatment, Akt2 was still an independent prognostic factor (HR = 0.38, 95% CI 0.21–0.68, p = 0.001) and the association remained long-term. The prognostic value of Akt2 increased with higher oestrogen receptor levels from no effect among patients with ER– tumours to 68% risk reduction for the group with high ER-levels (P for trend = 0.042). Akt1 showed no significant prognostic information.

    Conclusion

    Our results indicate that Akt2 expression is associated with a lower distant recurrence rate for patients with ER+ tumours and that this association remains long-term. The prognostic value of Akt2 increases with higher oestrogen receptor expression, motivating further mechanistic studies on the role of Akt2 in ER+ breast cancer.

    sted, utgiver, år, opplag, sider
    Elsevier, 2013
    Emneord
    Breast cancer, Akt, Protein kinase B, Oestrogen receptor, Long-term, Prognostic factor
    HSV kategori
    Identifikatorer
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-92610 (URN)10.1016/j.ejca.2012.12.006 (DOI)000317188600005 ()
    Merknad

    Funding Agencies|Swedish Cancer Society||Swedish Research Council||

    Tilgjengelig fra: 2013-05-16 Laget: 2013-05-14 Sist oppdatert: 2018-02-28
    2. Progesterone receptor positivity is a predictor of long-term benefit from adjuvant tamoxifen treatment of estrogen receptor positive breast cancer
    Åpne denne publikasjonen i ny fane eller vindu >>Progesterone receptor positivity is a predictor of long-term benefit from adjuvant tamoxifen treatment of estrogen receptor positive breast cancer
    Vise andre…
    2016 (engelsk)Inngår i: Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, ISSN 0167-6806, E-ISSN 1573-7217, Vol. 160, nr 2, s. 313-322Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert) Published
    Abstract [en]

    The independent predictive information from progesterone receptor (PgR) positivity for breast cancer treated with tamoxifen has been questioned after an overview by the Early Breast Cancer Trialists Collaborative Group (EBCTCG). However, the studies in the overview were to a large content performed before modern PgR immunohistochemistry (IHC) was developed. We therefore investigated the predictive value of PgR determined with IHC in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive tumors from patients participating in the Stockholm trial of adjuvant tamoxifen therapy. The Stockholm Breast Cancer Study Group conducted a randomized trial during 1976 through 1990 comparing adjuvant tamoxifen versus control. The patients were stratified according to tumor size and lymph node status in high-risk and low-risk groups. In this study, we evaluated 618 patients with ER-positive "low-risk" breast cancer (size aecurrency sign 30 mm, lymph node-negative) for whom PgR was determined by IHC at one pathology laboratory. The median time of follow-up was 21 years. Patients with ER-positive tumors that were also PgR-positive by IHC did benefit from tamoxifen, while we could not show any long-term benefit for those with tumors positive for ER only (recurrence rate ratio 0.43, 95 % CI 0.29-0.62 and 0.87, 95 % CI 0.52-1.46, respectively). We further investigated the influence of different levels of PgR positivity on recurrence risk. The results show that at all receptor levels with aeyen10 % stained PgR-positive cells, the patients did benefit from tamoxifen. There was no clear linear trend in benefit with increasing proportion of stained cells. PgR positivity determined by IHC is a marker indicating long-term benefit from adjuvant tamoxifen in patients with ER-positive tumors.

    sted, utgiver, år, opplag, sider
    SPRINGER, 2016
    Emneord
    Breast cancer; Tamoxifen; Estrogen receptor; Progesterone receptor
    HSV kategori
    Identifikatorer
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-132653 (URN)10.1007/s10549-016-4007-5 (DOI)000386370400012 ()27722840 (PubMedID)
    Merknad

    Funding Agencies|Swedish Cancer Society; Swedish Breast Cancer Association; Cancer Research Foundations of Radiumhemmet; Cancer Society in Stockholm; King Gustav V Jubilee Clinical Research Foundation; County Council of Ostergotland; Onkologiska Klinikernas i Linkoping Forskningsfond

    Tilgjengelig fra: 2016-11-21 Laget: 2016-11-18 Sist oppdatert: 2018-02-28
    Fulltekst (pdf)
    Long-term prognostic and predictive factors in hormone receptor positive breast cancer
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  • 4.
    Fohlin, Helena
    et al.
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för biomedicinska och kliniska vetenskaper, Avdelningen för kirurgi, ortopedi och onkologi. Linköpings universitet, Medicinska fakulteten. Region Östergötland, Centrum för kirurgi, ortopedi och cancervård, Onkologiska kliniken US. Region Östergötland, Regionledningskontoret, Regionalt cancercentrum.
    Bekkhus, Tove
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för klinisk och experimentell medicin. Linköpings universitet, Medicinska fakulteten. Region Östergötland, Centrum för kirurgi, ortopedi och cancervård, Onkologiska kliniken US.
    Sandström, Josefine
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för biomedicinska och kliniska vetenskaper, Avdelningen för kirurgi, ortopedi och onkologi. Linköpings universitet, Medicinska fakulteten. Region Östergötland, Centrum för kirurgi, ortopedi och cancervård, Onkologiska kliniken US.
    Fornander, Tommy
    Karolinska Inst, Sweden.
    Nordenskjöld, Bo
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för biomedicinska och kliniska vetenskaper, Avdelningen för kirurgi, ortopedi och onkologi. Linköpings universitet, Medicinska fakulteten. Region Östergötland, Centrum för kirurgi, ortopedi och cancervård, Onkologiska kliniken US.
    Carstensen, John
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för medicin och hälsa, Avdelningen för hälso- och sjukvårdsanalys. Linköpings universitet, Medicinska fakulteten.
    Stål, Olle
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för biomedicinska och kliniska vetenskaper, Avdelningen för kirurgi, ortopedi och onkologi. Linköpings universitet, Medicinska fakulteten. Region Östergötland, Centrum för kirurgi, ortopedi och cancervård, Onkologiska kliniken US.
    Low RAB6C expression is a predictor of tamoxifen benefit in estrogen receptor-positive/progesterone receptor-negative breast cancer2020Inngår i: Molecular and clinical oncology, ISSN 2049-9450, E-ISSN 2049-9469, Vol. 12, nr 5, s. 415-420Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Over the last few decades, improved and more individualized treatment has contributed to the increased survival rate of patients with breast cancer. However, certain patients may receive excessive treatment resulting in undesired side effects. In a previous study, it was demonstrated that systemically untreated patients with estrogen receptor (ER)-positive/progesterone receptor (PR)-negative tumors with high Ras-related protein Rab-6C (RAB6C) expression levels (RAB6C(+)) had prolonged distant recurrence-free survival compared with that of patients exhibiting low RAB6C (RAB6C(-))-expressing tumors. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether RAB6C predicts the effectiveness of tamoxifen treatment. The present study used a dataset comprising 486 female patients with ER+ tumors from a randomized study conducted by the Stockholm Breast Cancer Study Group between November 1976 and August 1990. The patients were considered as low-risk if their tumor size was <= 30 mm and their lymph node status was negative. Patients were followed up until distant recurrence, mortality or when 25 years after randomization was achieved, whichever occurred first. For patients with ER+/PR-/RAB6C(+) tumors, prolonged distant recurrence-free survival could not be observed if the patients were treated with tamoxifen [hazard ratio (HR), 1.82; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.69-4.79; P=0.23], whereas patients with ER+/PR-/RAB6C(-) tumors had 75% reduced distant recurrence risk (HR, 0.25; 95% CI, 0.09-0.70; P=0.008). In the ER+/PR+ subgroup, patients with RAB6C(-) and RAB6C(+) tumors benefited from tamoxifen treatment, though it was most evident in the RAB6C(+) group (HR, 0.27; 95% CI, 0.13-0.58; P=0.001). The results of the present study indicated that, for patients with ER+/PR- tumors, those with low RAB6C expression benefited from tamoxifen treatment, whereas no benefit was observed in patients with high RAB6C levels.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 5.
    Fohlin, Helena
    et al.
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för biomedicinska och kliniska vetenskaper, Avdelningen för kirurgi, ortopedi och onkologi. Linköpings universitet, Medicinska fakulteten. Region Östergötland, Regionledningskontoret, Regionalt cancercentrum. Region Östergötland, Centrum för kirurgi, ortopedi och cancervård, Onkologiska kliniken US.
    Bekkhus, Tove
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för klinisk och experimentell medicin. Linköpings universitet, Medicinska fakulteten. Region Östergötland, Centrum för kirurgi, ortopedi och cancervård, Onkologiska kliniken US.
    Sandström, Josefine
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för biomedicinska och kliniska vetenskaper, Avdelningen för kirurgi, ortopedi och onkologi. Linköpings universitet, Medicinska fakulteten. Region Östergötland, Centrum för kirurgi, ortopedi och cancervård, Onkologiska kliniken US.
    Fornander, Tommy
    Karolinska Inst, Sweden.
    Nordenskjöld, Bo
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för biomedicinska och kliniska vetenskaper, Avdelningen för kirurgi, ortopedi och onkologi. Linköpings universitet, Medicinska fakulteten. Region Östergötland, Centrum för kirurgi, ortopedi och cancervård, Onkologiska kliniken US.
    Carstensen, John
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för medicin och hälsa, Avdelningen för hälso- och sjukvårdsanalys. Linköpings universitet, Medicinska fakulteten.
    Stål, Olle
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för biomedicinska och kliniska vetenskaper, Avdelningen för kirurgi, ortopedi och onkologi. Linköpings universitet, Medicinska fakulteten. Region Östergötland, Centrum för kirurgi, ortopedi och cancervård, Onkologiska kliniken US.
    RAB6C is an independent prognostic factor of estrogen receptor-positive/progesterone receptor-negative breast cancer2020Inngår i: Oncology Letters, ISSN 1792-1074, E-ISSN 1792-1082, Vol. 19, nr 1, s. 52-60Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    The majority of breast cancer tumors are estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) and can be treated with endocrine therapy. However, certain patients may exhibit a good prognosis without systemic treatment. The aim of the present study was to identify novel prognostic factors for patients with ER breast cancer tumors using gene copy data, and to investigate if these factors have prognostic value in subgroups categorized by progesterone receptor status (PR). Public data, including the whole genome gene copy data of 199 systemically untreated patients with ER+ tumors, were utilized in the present study. To assess prognostic value, patients were divided into two groups using the median gene copy number as a cut-off for the SNPs that were the most variable. One SNP was identified, which indicated that the Ras-related protein Rab-6C (RAB6C) gene may exhibit prognostic significance. Therefore, RAB6C protein expression was subsequently investigated in a second independent cohort, consisting of 469 systematically untreated patients (of which 310 were ER+) who received long term follow-up. In the public data set, a distant recurrence risk reduction of 55% was determined for copy numbers above the median value of RAB6C compared with numbers below [multivariable adjusted hazard ratio (HR), 0.45; 95% CI 0.28-0.72; P=0.001)]. It was also more pronounced in the ER+/PR- subgroup (HR, 0.15; 95% CI, 0.05-0.46; P=0.001). In the second cohort, patients of the ER+/PR- subgroup who exhibited high RAB6C expression had a reduced distant recurrence risk (HR, 0.17; 95% CI, 0.05-0.60; P=0.006). However, this was not identified among ER+/PR- tumors (HR, 1.31; 95% CI, 0.69-2.48; P=0.41). The results of the present study indicated that RAB6C serves as an independent prognostic factor of distant recurrence risk in systemically untreated patients with an ER+/PR- tumor.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 6.
    Fohlin, Helena
    et al.
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för klinisk och experimentell medicin. Linköpings universitet, Hälsouniversitetet. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centrum för hälso- och vårdutveckling, Regionalt cancercentrum.
    Perez-Tenorio, Gizeh
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för klinisk och experimentell medicin, Onkologi. Linköpings universitet, Hälsouniversitetet.
    Fornander, Tommy
    Karolinska University Hospital, Sweden.
    Skoog, Lambert
    Karolinska University Hospital, Sweden.
    Nordenskjöld, Bo
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för klinisk och experimentell medicin, Onkologi. Linköpings universitet, Hälsouniversitetet. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centrum för kirurgi, ortopedi och cancervård, Onkologiska kliniken US.
    Carstensen, John
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för medicin och hälsa, Hälsa och samhälle. Linköpings universitet, Hälsouniversitetet.
    Stål, Olle
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för klinisk och experimentell medicin, Onkologi. Linköpings universitet, Hälsouniversitetet. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centrum för kirurgi, ortopedi och cancervård, Onkologiska kliniken US.
    Akt2 expression is associated with good long-term prognosis in oestrogen receptor positive breast cancer2013Inngår i: European Journal of Cancer, ISSN 0959-8049, E-ISSN 1879-0852, Vol. 49, nr 6, s. 1196-1204Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Introduction

    Akt is a signalling modulator for many cellular processes, including metabolism, cell proliferation, cell survival and cell growth. Three isoforms of Akt have been identified, but only a few studies have concerned the isoform-specific roles in the prognosis of breast cancer patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic value of v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homologue 1 (Akt1) and v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homologue 2 (Akt2) in oestrogen receptor positive (ER+) and oestrogen receptor negative (ER–) breast cancer with long-term follow-up.

    Material and methods

    The expression of Akt in tumour tissue was analysed with immunohistochemistry in a cohort of 272 postmenopausal patients with stage II breast cancer. The median follow-up time was 19 years. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using the Cox’s proportional hazards model.

    Results

    The risk of distant recurrence was reduced for patients with ER+ tumours expressing Akt2 compared to patients with no Akt2 expression (HR = 0.49, 95% CI 0.29–0.82, p = 0.007). When adjusting for important clinical tumour characteristics and treatment, Akt2 was still an independent prognostic factor (HR = 0.38, 95% CI 0.21–0.68, p = 0.001) and the association remained long-term. The prognostic value of Akt2 increased with higher oestrogen receptor levels from no effect among patients with ER– tumours to 68% risk reduction for the group with high ER-levels (P for trend = 0.042). Akt1 showed no significant prognostic information.

    Conclusion

    Our results indicate that Akt2 expression is associated with a lower distant recurrence rate for patients with ER+ tumours and that this association remains long-term. The prognostic value of Akt2 increases with higher oestrogen receptor expression, motivating further mechanistic studies on the role of Akt2 in ER+ breast cancer.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 7.
    Johansson, Henrik J
    et al.
    Department Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Proteomics Mass spectrometry, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 65 Stockholm, Sweden.
    Sanchez, Betzabe C
    Department Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Proteomics Mass spectrometry, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 65 Stockholm, Sweden.
    Forshed, Jenny
    Department Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Proteomics Mass spectrometry, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 65 Stockholm, Sweden.
    Stål, Olle
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för klinisk och experimentell medicin, Avdelningen för kliniska vetenskaper. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centrum för kirurgi, ortopedi och cancervård, Onkologiska kliniken US. Linköpings universitet, Hälsouniversitetet.
    Fohlin, Helena
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för klinisk och experimentell medicin, Avdelningen för kliniska vetenskaper. Region Östergötland, Centrum för hälso- och vårdutveckling, Regionalt cancercentrum. Linköpings universitet, Hälsouniversitetet.
    Lewensohn, Rolf
    Department of Oncology, Radiumhemmet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Hall, Per
    Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Box 281, Stockholm, 17177 Sweden.
    Bergh, Jonas
    Department Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Proteomics Mass spectrometry, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 65 Stockholm, Sweden.
    Lehtiö, Janne
    Department Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Proteomics Mass spectrometry, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 65 Stockholm, Sweden.
    Linderholm, Barbro K
    Department Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Proteomics Mass spectrometry, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 65 Stockholm, Sweden // Department of Oncology, Sahlgrenska Academy and University Hospital, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Proteomics profiling identify CAPS as a potential predictive marker of tamoxifen resistance in estrogen receptor positive breast cancer2015Inngår i: Clinical Proteomics, ISSN 1542-6416, E-ISSN 1559-0275, Vol. 12, nr 1, s. 8-Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    BACKGROUND: Despite the success of tamoxifen since its introduction, about one-third of patients with estrogen (ER) and/or progesterone receptor (PgR) - positive breast cancer (BC) do not benefit from therapy. Here, we aim to identify molecular mechanisms and protein biomarkers involved in tamoxifen resistance.

    RESULTS: Using iTRAQ and Immobilized pH gradient-isoelectric focusing (IPG-IEF) mass spectrometry based proteomics we compared tumors from 12 patients with early relapses (<2 years) and 12 responsive to therapy (relapse-free > 7 years). A panel of 13 proteins (TCEAL4, AZGP1, S100A10, ALDH6A1, AHNAK, FBP1, S100A4, HSP90AB1, PDXK, GFPT1, RAB21, MX1, CAPS) from the 3101 identified proteins, potentially separate relapse from non-relapse BC patients. The proteins in the panel are involved in processes such as calcium (Ca(2+)) signaling, metabolism, epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), metastasis and invasion. Validation of the highest expressed proteins in the relapse group identify high tumor levels of CAPS as predictive of tamoxifen response in a patient cohort receiving tamoxifen as only adjuvant therapy.

    CONCLUSIONS: This data implicate CAPS in tamoxifen resistance and as a potential predictive marker.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 8.
    Khoshnoud, Mahmoud R
    et al.
    Department of Oncology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Lofdahl, Britta
    Department of Pathology, Uppsala University Hospital, Sweden.
    Fohlin, Helena
    Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Kirurgi- och onkologicentrum, Onkologiskt centrum. Linköpings universitet, Hälsouniversitetet.
    Fornander, Tommy
    Department of Oncology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Stål, Olle
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för klinisk och experimentell medicin, Onkologi. Linköpings universitet, Hälsouniversitetet.
    Skoog, Lambert
    Department of Pathology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Bergh, Jonas
    Cancer Center, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm Sweden and Medical Breast Unit, Christie Hospital, Manchester, UK.
    Nordenskjöld, Bo
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för klinisk och experimentell medicin, Onkologi. Linköpings universitet, Hälsouniversitetet.
    Immunohistochemistry compared to cytosol assays for determination of estrogen receptor and prediction of the long-term effect of adjuvant tamoxifen2011Inngår i: Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, ISSN 0167-6806, E-ISSN 1573-7217, Vol. 126, nr 2, s. 421-430Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    The purpose of this study is to compare immunohistochemistry (IHC) and cytosol-based assays for determination of estrogen receptor (ER) and prediction of response to adjuvant tamoxifen treatment in postmenopausal women with early-stage invasive breast cancer. The Stockholm Breast Cancer Study Group conducted a randomized trial during 1976 through 1990 comparing adjuvant tamoxifen versus control. The patients were stratified according to tumor size and lymph node status in high-risk and low-risk groups. In this study we evaluated 683 patients with “low risk” breast cancer (size ≤30 mm, lymph node-negative) for whom ER status had been determined by both the cytosol assays and IHC at one pathology laboratory. The median follow-up was 17 years. Six hundred eighty-three patients had tumors with ER determined by both methods, 536 (78.5%) were ER-positive by cytosol assays using the cutoff level at ≥0.05 fmol/μg DNA and 539 patients were ER-positive (79%) by IHC using the cutoff level at ≥10% cell stained. Thirty-nine tumors (5.7%) were ER-positive by cytosol but not by IHC, whereas the opposite pattern was found for 42 cases (6.1%). Only seven tumors had stained cells between 0 and 9% by IHC. The concordance between IHC and cytosol assays was high (88%). The kappa statistic was 0.65, 95% CI 0.58–0.72. Among patients classified as ER-negative no therapeutic benefit from tamoxifen was observed. Among patients with ER-expressing tumors, tamoxifen resulted in significantly better recurrence-free survival irrespective of the method (IHC: HR, 0.53, P < 0.001; cytosol: HR, 0.53, P < 0.001). The effect on overall survival was not statistically significant probably due to the limited sample size. Both IHC and cytosol assay accurately predict long-term response to adjuvant tamoxifen.

  • 9.
    Koch, Andrea
    et al.
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för medicin och hälsa, Internmedicin. Linköpings universitet, Hälsouniversitetet. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Hjärt- och Medicincentrum, Allergicentrum US.
    Gustafsson, Bertil
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för klinisk och experimentell medicin, Experimentell patologi. Linköpings universitet, Hälsouniversitetet. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Diagnostikcentrum, Klinisk patologi och klinisk genetik.
    Fohlin, Helena
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för klinisk och experimentell medicin, Onkologi. Linköpings universitet, Hälsouniversitetet. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centrum för kirurgi, ortopedi och cancervård, Onkologiska kliniken US.
    Sörenson, Sverre
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för medicin och hälsa, Lungmedicin. Linköpings universitet, Hälsouniversitetet. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centrum för kirurgi, ortopedi och cancervård, Lungmedicinska kliniken US.
    Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in lung cancer cells evaluated by immunocytochemistry2011Inngår i: Diagnostic Cytopathology, ISSN 8755-1039, E-ISSN 1097-0339, Vol. 39, nr 3, s. 188-193Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression may be a prognostic factor in lung cancer. In previous studies, COX-2 expression has almost exclusively been evaluated with immunohistochemical methods performed on histology sections of tissue biopsies. However, in clinical practice, lung cancer is often diagnosed with cytological techniques only. We present methodology and results from analysis of COX-2 expression with immunochemistry on cytological material in 53 patients with lung cancer. Preparation and staining with the method established at our laboratory were easy to perform and resulted in good quality slides. The percentage COX-2-stained cells and the intensity of staining varied widely between and within the different cases. The proportion of positively stained tumor cells was as follows: <1% in 20 patients, 1-10% in 7 patients, 11-50% in 17 patients, and more than 50% in 9 patients. In 17 cases, groups of cells with different intensity of COX-2 staining were found in the same slide. In conclusion, immunocytochemical analysis of COX-2 expression is technically easy to perform with routine diagnostic procedures. There is a great variation in the proportion of COX-2-positive cells among patients and in the intensity of staining among individual cells in many single cases. Diagn. Cytopathol.2011;39:188-193. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

  • 10.
    Lagerlof, Ingemar
    et al.
    Uppsala Univ, Sweden.
    Holte, Harald
    Oslo Univ Hosp, Norway; KG Jebsen Ctr B Cell Malignancies, Norway.
    Glimelius, Ingrid
    Uppsala Univ, Sweden.
    Bjorkholm, Magnus
    Karolinska Univ, Sweden.
    Enblad, Gunilla
    Uppsala Univ, Sweden.
    Erlanson, Martin
    Umea Univ, Sweden.
    Fluge, Oystein
    Haukeland Hosp, Norway.
    Fohlin, Helena
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för biomedicinska och kliniska vetenskaper, Avdelningen för kirurgi, ortopedi och onkologi. Linköpings universitet, Medicinska fakulteten. Region Östergötland, Regionledningskontoret, Regionalt cancercentrum.
    Fossa, Alexander
    Oslo Univ Hosp, Norway; KG Jebsen Ctr B Cell Malignancies, Norway.
    Goldkuhl, Christina
    Sahlgrens Univ Hosp, Sweden.
    Gustavsson, Anita
    Lund Univ, Sweden.
    Johansson, Ann-Sofie
    Umea Univ, Sweden.
    Linderoth, Johan
    Lund Univ, Sweden.
    Nome, Ole
    Oslo Univ Hosp, Norway.
    Palma, Marzia
    Karolinska Univ, Sweden.
    Åkesson, Lisa
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för biomedicinska och kliniska vetenskaper. Linköpings universitet, Medicinska fakulteten. Region Östergötland, Regionledningskontoret, Regionalt cancercentrum.
    Ostenstad, Bjorn
    Oslo Univ Hosp, Norway.
    Raud, Cecilia
    Uppsala Univ, Sweden.
    Glimelius, Bengt
    Uppsala Univ, Sweden.
    Molin, Daniel
    Uppsala Univ, Sweden.
    No excess long-term mortality in stage I-IIA Hodgkin lymphoma patients treated with ABVD and limited field radiotherapy2020Inngår i: British Journal of Haematology, ISSN 0007-1048, E-ISSN 1365-2141, Vol. 188, nr 5, s. 685-691Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    When treating limited stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL), balancing treatment efficacy and toxicity is important. Toxicities after extended-field radiotherapy are well documented. Investigators have aimed at reducing toxicity without compromising efficacy, mainly by using combined modality treatment (CMT), i.e. chemotherapy and limited-field radiotherapy. In some clinical trials, radiotherapy has been omitted. We evaluated 364 patients with stage I-IIA cHL treated between 1999 and 2005. Patients were treated with two or four cycles of doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine and dacarbazine (ABVD) according to presence of risk factors, followed by 30 Gy limited-field (reduced compared to involved-field) radiotherapy. After a median follow-up of 16 years for survival, freedom from progression at five and ten years was 93% and overall survival at 5 and 10 years was 98% and 96%, respectively. Only two relapses, out of 27, occurred after more than 5 years. There was no excess mortality compared to the general population. Of the analysed subgroups, only patients with progression within five years showed significant excess mortality. The absence of excess mortality questions the concept of omitting radiotherapy after short-term chemotherapy, a strategy that has been associated with an elevated risk of relapse but not yet with a proven reduced long-term excess mortality.

  • 11.
    Nordenskjold, A. E.
    et al.
    Southern Alvsborg Hospital, Sweden; Sahlgrens University Hospital, Sweden.
    Fohlin, Helena
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för klinisk och experimentell medicin, Avdelningen för kliniska vetenskaper. Region Östergötland, Centrum för hälso- och vårdutveckling, Regionalt cancercentrum. Linköpings universitet, Medicinska fakulteten. Regional Cancer Centre South East Sweden, Linkoping, Sweden.
    Albertsson, P.
    Sahlgrens University Hospital, Sweden.
    Arnesson, Lars-Gunnar
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för klinisk och experimentell medicin, Avdelningen för kliniska vetenskaper. Linköpings universitet, Medicinska fakulteten. Region Östergötland, Centrum för kirurgi, ortopedi och cancervård, Kirurgiska kliniken US.
    Chamalidou, C.
    Southern Alvsborg Hospital, Sweden; Sahlgrens University Hospital, Sweden.
    Einbeigi, Z.
    Sahlgrens University Hospital, Sweden.
    Holmberg, E.
    Regional Cancer Centre, Sweden.
    Nordenskjöld, Bo
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för klinisk och experimentell medicin, Avdelningen för kliniska vetenskaper. Linköpings universitet, Medicinska fakulteten. Region Östergötland, Centrum för kirurgi, ortopedi och cancervård, Onkologiska kliniken US.
    Karlsson, P.
    Sahlgrens University Hospital, Sweden.
    No clear effect of postoperative radiotherapy on survival of breast cancer patients with one to three positive nodes: a population-based study2015Inngår i: Annals of Oncology, ISSN 0923-7534, E-ISSN 1569-8041, Vol. 26, nr 6, s. 1149-1154Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: In published radiotherapy trials, the failure rate in the control arm among patients with one to three positive nodes is high compared with that seen with modern adjuvant treatments. Therefore, the generalizability of the results has been questioned. The aim of the present study was to compare relative survival in breast cancer patients between two Swedish regions with screening mammography programs and adjuvant treatment guidelines similar with the exception of the indication of radiotherapy for patients with one to three positive nodes. Patients and methods: Between 1989 and 2006, breast cancer patients were managed very similarly in the west and southeast regions, except for indication for postoperative radiotherapy. In patients with one to three positive nodes, post-mastectomy radiotherapy was generally given in the southeast region (89% of all cases) and generally not given in the west region (15% of all cases). For patients with one to three positive nodes who underwent breast-conserving surgery, patients in the west region had breast radiotherapy only, while patients in the southeast region had both breast and lymph nodes irradiated. Results: The 10-year relative survival for patients with one to three positive lymph nodes was 78% in the west region and 77% in the southeast region (P = 0.12). Separate analyses depending on type of surgery, as well as number of examined nodes, also revealed similar relative survival. Conclusion: Locoregional postoperative radiotherapy has well-known side-effects, but in this population-based study, there was little or no influence of this type of radiotherapy on survival when one to three lymph nodes were involved.

  • 12.
    Sanchez, B. C.
    et al.
    Karolinska Institute.
    Sundqvist, M.
    Kalmar Hospital.
    Fohlin, Helena
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för klinisk och experimentell medicin. Linköpings universitet, Hälsouniversitetet. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Kirurgi- och onkologicentrum, Onkologiska kliniken US.
    Spyratos, F.
    Ctr Rene Huguenin, Lab Oncogenet, St Cloud, France.
    Nordenskjöld, Bo
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för klinisk och experimentell medicin, Onkologi. Linköpings universitet, Hälsouniversitetet. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Kirurgi- och onkologicentrum, Onkologiska kliniken US.
    Stål, Olle
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för klinisk och experimentell medicin, Onkologi. Linköpings universitet, Hälsouniversitetet. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Kirurgi- och onkologicentrum, Onkologiska kliniken US.
    Linderholm, B. K,
    Karolinska Institute.
    Prolonged tamoxifen treatment increases relapse-free survival for patients with primary breast cancer expressing high levels of VEGF2010Inngår i: European Journal of Cancer, ISSN 0959-8049, E-ISSN 1879-0852, Vol. 46, nr 9, s. 1580-1587Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Previous retrospective studies have shown that high intratumoural levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) correlate with an inferior outcome for patients treated with adjuvant tamoxifen. Our objectives were to validate the impact of VEGF on survival after adjuvant tamoxifen and to investigate the interaction between VEGF and treatment duration. For this purpose tumour homogenates from 402 patients with operable oestrogen receptor positive breast cancer (BC), treated with tamoxifen for 2 (n = 149) or 5 years (n = 253) as the only systemic adjuvant therapy were included. The median follow-up time for surviving patients was 9.8 years (range 0.5-14.8 years). Expression of VEGF was assessed by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and investigated in relation to the standard BC parameters and survival. In the total population, higher VEGF was significantly correlated with shorter recurrence-free survival (RFS) (HR = 1.63, 95%CI = 1.11-2.39, p = 0.010), breast cancer corrected survival (BCCS) (HR = 1.82, 95%CI = 1.13-2.93, p = 0.014) and overall survival (OS) (HR = 1.51, 95%CI = 1.11-2.05, p = 0.009). High VEGF was significantly associated with reduced RFS (HR = 2.61, 95%CI = 1.45-4.70, p = 0.001) after two years of tamoxifen, whilst no difference was seen in patients treated for five years (HR = 1.09, 95%CI = 0.64-1.84, p = 0.760). A statistically significant interaction was observed between high VEGF expression and improved RFS after 5-year tamoxifen (p = 0.034). In concordance with previous studies, high VEGF was significantly correlated with shorter survival. We present data not reported previously revealing that patients expressing high levels of VEGF display a better outcome provided that tamoxifen is given for five years. Further studies on the impact of VEGF on a 5-year regimen are motivated.

  • 13.
    Sörenson, Sverre
    et al.
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för medicin och hälsa, Lungmedicin. Linköpings universitet, Hälsouniversitetet. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centrum för kirurgi, ortopedi och cancervård, Lungmedicinska kliniken US. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Hjärt- och Medicincentrum, Allergicentrum US.
    Fohlin, Helena
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för klinisk och experimentell medicin. Linköpings universitet, Hälsouniversitetet. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centrum för hälso- och vårdutveckling, Regionalt cancercentrum.
    Lindgren, Andrea
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för medicin och hälsa, Internmedicin. Linköpings universitet, Hälsouniversitetet. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Hjärt- och Medicincentrum, Allergicentrum US.
    Lindskog, Magnus
    Uppsala University, Sweden .
    Bergman, Bengt
    Sahlgrens University Hospital, Sweden .
    Sederholm, Christer
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för medicin och hälsa, Lungmedicin. Linköpings universitet, Hälsouniversitetet. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centrum för kirurgi, ortopedi och cancervård, Lungmedicinska kliniken US.
    Ek, Lars
    Skåne University Hospital, Sweden .
    Lamberg, Kristina
    University of Uppsala Hospital, Sweden .
    Clinchy, Birgitta
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för klinisk och experimentell medicin. Linköpings universitet, Hälsouniversitetet.
    Predictive role of plasma vascular endothelial growth factor for the effect of celecoxib in advanced non-small cell lung cancer treated with chemotherapy2013Inngår i: European Journal of Cancer, ISSN 0959-8049, E-ISSN 1879-0852, Vol. 49, nr 1, s. 115-120Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Aim of the study: The primary purpose of this study is to investigate if pretreatment plasma levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are predictive of the effect of celecoxib on survival in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with palliative chemotherapy. A secondary objective is to describe the course of plasma VEGF levels during and after treatment with cytotoxic chemotherapy combined with celecoxib or placebo. less thanbrgreater than less thanbrgreater thanMethods: In a previously published double-blind multicenter phase III trial, 316 patients with NSCLC stage IIIB or IV and World Health Organisation (WHO) performance status 0-2 were randomised to receive celecoxib 400 mg b.i.d. or placebo in combination with two-drug platinum-based chemotherapy. Chemotherapy cycle length was three weeks and planned duration of chemotherapy was four cycles. Celecoxib was given for a maximum of one year but was stopped earlier in case of disease progression or prohibitive toxicity. In a subset of patients, plasma VEGF levels were examined at onset of treatment and at 6, 12 and 20 weeks. less thanbrgreater than less thanbrgreater thanResults: VEGF levels at start of treatment were obtained in 107 patients at four study sites. The median value was 70 pg/ml. Mean values declined during the first 12 weeks and then increased at 20 weeks. A subpopulation treatment effect pattern plot (STEPP) analysis showed an inverse relationship between initial plasma VEGF and the impact of celecoxib on survival with zero effect at 200 pg/ml. The effect on survival by celecoxib in the whole subset of patients was positive (hazard ratio (HR)=0.64 [confidence interval (CI) 0.43-0.95], p=0.028). less thanbrgreater than less thanbrgreater thanConclusion: Low pretreatment plasma levels of VEGF appear to be predictive of a positive effect of celecoxib on survival.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 14.
    Tabar, Laszlo
    et al.
    Falun Central Hospital, Falun.
    Vitak, Bedrich
    Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centrum för kirurgi, ortopedi och cancervård, Onkologiska kliniken US.
    Hsiu-Hsi Chen, Tony
    National Taiwan University,Taipei, Taiwan.
    Ming-Fang Yen, Amy
    Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
    Cohen, Anders
    Falun Central Hospital, Falun.
    Tot, Tibor
    Falun Central Hospital, Falun.
    Yueh-Hsia Chiu, Sherry
    Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
    Li-Sheng Chen, Sam
    Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
    Ching-Yuan Fann, Jean
    Kainan University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
    Rosell, Johan
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för klinisk och experimentell medicin, Onkologi. Linköpings universitet, Hälsouniversitetet. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centrum för kirurgi, ortopedi och cancervård, Onkologiska kliniken US.
    Fohlin, Helena
    Linköpings universitet, Hälsouniversitetet. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centrum för kirurgi, ortopedi och cancervård, Onkologiska kliniken US. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för klinisk och experimentell medicin, Onkologi.
    Smith, Robert A
    American Cancer Society, Atlanta, USA.
    Duffy, Stephen W
    Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
    Swedish Two-County Trial: Impact of Mammographic Screening on Breast Cancer Mortality during 3 Decades2011Inngår i: Radiology, ISSN 0033-8419, E-ISSN 1527-1315, Vol. 260, nr 3, s. 658-663Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Purpose: To estimate the long-term (29-year) effect of mammographic screening on breast cancer mortality in terms of both relative and absolute effects. less thanbrgreater than less thanbrgreater thanMaterials and Methods: This study was carried out under the auspices of the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare. The board determined that, because randomization was at a community level and was to invitation to screening, informed verbal consent could be given by the participants when they attended the screening examination. A total of 133 065 women aged 40-74 years residing in two Swedish counties were randomized into a group invited to mammographic screening and a control group receiving usual care. Case status and cause of death were determined by the local trial end point committees and, independently, by an external committee. Mortality analysis was performed by using negative binomial regression. less thanbrgreater than less thanbrgreater thanResults: There was a highly significant reduction in breast cancer mortality in women invited to screening according to both local end point committee data (relative risk [RR] = 0.69; 95% confi dence interval: 0.56, 0.84; P andlt;.0001) and consensus data (RR = 0.73; 95% confi dence interval: 0.59, 0.89; P =.002). At 29 years of follow-up, the number of women needed to undergo screening for 7 years to prevent one breast cancer death was 414 according to local data and 519 according to consensus data. Most prevented breast cancer deaths would have occurred (in the absence of screening) after the first 10 years of follow-up. less thanbrgreater than less thanbrgreater thanConclusion: Invitation to mammographic screening results in a highly significant decrease in breast cancer-specific mortality. Evaluation of the full impact of screening, in particular estimates of absolute benefit and number needed to screen, requires follow-up times exceeding 20 years because the observed number of breast cancer deaths prevented increases with increasing time of follow-up.

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