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  • 101.
    Nadezhkina, Alisa
    Linköping University, Department of Culture and Communication, Centre for Applied Ethics.
    Right to Migrate & 'Brain-Drain': They say that ''grass is always greener on the other side of the fence''. For a true migrant, is it merely the grass?2012Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (One Year)), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Migration has always been generating a complex tension between individuals and nations. There are many perspectives on why people migrate, how people migrate, what impact migration has on what are called 'receiving' and 'sending' countries, and whether countries should encourage or limit migration. This thesis is devoted to analyzing a fundamental phenomenon which accompanies migration itself, namely human capital flight. This phenomenon is often depicted by its more popularized name, 'brain drain'. It concerns that highly skilled workers in developing countries seek a better future by migrating to developed countries. There has been an ongoing debate about the negative and positive effects of human capital flows. Most importantly, it can create problems for the sending country, given that expertise and skills are 'lost'. For that reason, my research will focus on the emigration of highly skilled workers and its impact on the sending countries as they are mainly the most disadvantageous participants of this human capital flow. Accordingly, the questions to be examined concern the competiting rights and duties hold between migrants and nation states.  To what extent, are developing states in their right to restrict this type of emigration? Whether freedom of movement can be reckoned as an indispensable human right?

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  • 102.
    Ndukwe, Cajetan Okechukwu
    Linköping University, Department of Culture and Communication, Centre for Applied Ethics.
    Cyber Medicine: An Ethical Evaluation2005Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (One Year))Student thesis
    Abstract [en]

    It is self evident that our society is an information one. This is true from the things we see around us.The world is now a global village.It just take seconds for communication to be established from one part of the globe to another.What a tremendous achievement for information technology.Among the recent developments of information technology is the scientific wizardary of cyber medicine.The internet has definitely revolutionalised the healthcare industry. Many people in developed countries of the world seek medical information, advice or even buy drugs via the internet.So many websites rise every now and then claiming to provide various medical assistance to patients. But the application of information technology to medicine poses some ethical problems today. It is because of this that cyber medicine attracts my attention in this research.With this research, I hope to offer some recommendations for a morally acceptable cyber medicine .This will help to some extent in solving this all important problem ofcyber medicine for the good of the health care industry and the society at large.

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  • 103.
    Neog, Bhaskarjit
    Linköping University, Department of Culture and Communication, Centre for Applied Ethics.
    An Understanding of Common Morality2007Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Magister), 10 points / 15 hpStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The idea of common morality is not a new idea. Philosophers have been engaged with it from the very early days. Many modern philosophers intend to perceive it when they compare or contrast it with the implications of ethical theories for genuine understanding of moral facts. They believe that without having any reference to what common people think, believe and practice, it is preposterous to construct a complete set of abstract norms and postulate them as relevant to practical life. In this work, proceeding with a motive of understanding the characteristic strength of common morality and to see how meaningfully we can designate the relevance of common moral beliefs in our applied ethical discussion, I am basically exploring two different accounts common morality view. The first one is the universalistic account which emerges from the works or Bernard Gert and Tom Beauchamp (including their colleagues), and the other one, I believe, sets its journey from the wombs of the critics of the first one. In this work, in order to properly designate the relevance of common morality, I am intending to develop the second account.

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  • 104.
    Njoku, Stanislaus Ikenna
    Linköping University, Department of Culture and Communication, Centre for Applied Ethics.
    An Exposition of The Morality of Abortion (A Catholic Church Position)2005Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (One Year))Student thesis
    Abstract [en]

    In this modern period, societal and religious groups are strongly divided regarding the acceptability of abortion. Despite so many attempts by various groups to find a middle ground, the debate on abortion still remains largely polarized, at its most dramatic point with the extreme conservatives claiming abortion to be the moral equivalent of murder and the extreme liberals see it as devoid of moral import. And this polarization is due to the legal battle that continues to shadow moral discussions. An acceptance of an ethical nuance will here play as a concession on the deeply contested question of whether abortion should be a legally protected option for a woman, and to an extent blame for the continued crudeness which can be laid at the doorstep of a moral theory itself. Apparently, the ethical literature on abortion has focused almost exclusively on the tiniest moral assessment on whether and when abortion is morally permissible. This question is a crucial one indeed and its answer is desperately sought in this thesis by exposing the position of the Catholic Church.

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  • 105.
    Nnamani, Christian
    Linköping University, Department of Culture and Communication, Centre for Applied Ethics.
    Professional Confidentiality and HIV: Duty to Warn Third Parties and its Social Implications to Public Health in Nigeria2008Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Confidentiality is considered an integral component of medical practise, yet there has been debate within the medical community as to whether there should be exceptions to the obligation to protect patient’s confidences. In the cases involving medical patients with deadly sexually transmittable disease like HIV/AIDS, physicians feel caught between two basic principles – keeping of medical confidentiality and public safety. Bioethicists would favour breaking of confidentiality when the public safety and the life of someone are endangered. However, considering the complexities and discrimination in connection with HIV/AIDS in Nigerian context, many would be tempted to discourage the notification of partners who risk being infected, through the moral obligation of 'duty to warn', but some others would argue that not notifying people of such threat to life would only help in spreading the virus to ignorant partners of an index patient. I argued that there is an overridden utilitarian principle to save others from harm, but some others cite the negative effects the breaking of medical confidentiality would have on the healthcare system as a reason not to favour partner notification. Nevertheless, people would appreciate the value of breaching confidentiality in HIV/AIDS related cases when various forms of discrimination and stigmatisations are criminalised and policies to protect the fundamental rights of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) are strictly adhered to.

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  • 106.
    Nordell, Madeleine
    Linköping University, Department of Culture and Communication, Centre for Applied Ethics.
    Who should decide, and about what?: Reflections on reprogenetic choices and the scope of parental autonomy2004Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (One Year))Student thesis
    Abstract [en]

    In this thesis the scope and limits of reprogenetic choices - refering to reproductive applications of genetics made in the medical context - is adressed.

    Through posing four analytical questions concerning who should cecide about what in reprogenetics an analysis of possible answers is made. The method consists of an analysis of texts of ethicists Robertson, Strong, Davis, Murray, Peters and Buchanan et al, chosen to reflect a diversity concerning the scope of reproductive autonomy and what values that need to be taken into consideration.

    The most justified position found, concerning a possible policy of reprogenetic choices, is that there are several good reasons for leaving the reprogenetic choices with the parents, foremost since reproduction indeed is central to individuals identity, dignity and meaning of life. There are also good reasons to avoid governmental steering. This for instance since steering risks promoting perfectibilism, which would threaten human dignity. But also the reprogenetic choices cannot be left unrestricted. It is then argued that restrictions of parental reproductive autonomy should serve to protect the childs right to an open future, and that choices that reflect a search for perfectibilism should be cautioned. Autonomous reprogenetic choices should mean qualified choices - where relevant information is given and also an opportunity to make more than one choice is fostered.

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  • 107.
    Nordgren, Anders
    Linköping University, Department of Culture and Communication, Centre for Applied Ethics. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    A climate tax on meat?2012In: Climate change and sustainable development :: ethical perspectives on land use and food production: ethical perspectives on land use and food production / [ed] Thomas Potthast, Simon Meisch, Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2012, p. 109-114Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Climate change is a major framing condition for sustainable development of agriculture and food. Global food production is a major contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions and at the same time it is among the sectors worst affected by climate change. This book brings together a multidisciplinary group of authors exploring the ethical dimensions of climate change and food. Conceptual clarifications provide a necessary basis for putting sustainable development into practice. Adaptation and mitigation demand altering both agricultural and consumption practices. Intensive vs. extensive produc.

  • 108.
    Nordgren, Anders
    Linköping University, Department of Culture and Communication, Centre for Applied Ethics. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Animal agriculture and climate change: ethical perspectives2009In: Ethical futures: bioscience and food horizons, Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers , 2009, p. 86-91Chapter in book (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 109.
    Nordgren, Anders
    Linköping University, Department of Culture and Communication, Centre for Applied Ethics. Linköping University, Department of Culture and Communication, Arts and Humanities. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Climate Change and National Self-Interest2016In: Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, ISSN 1187-7863, E-ISSN 1573-322X, Vol. 29, no 6, p. 1043-1055Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Mitigation of climate change is often described as a tragedy of the commons. According to this theoretical framework, it is collectively rational for present-generation countries to mitigate climate change, but not individually rational to do so. It is rather in national self-interest to ‘free-ride’ on the mitigation actions of other countries. In this paper, I discuss two arguments criticizing this view. According to these arguments, it is in most cases individually rational for present-generation countries to mitigate, i.e., it is in their national self-interest. The first argument focuses on national self-interest in terms of economic efficiency, the second on national self-interest in terms of national security. I conclude that the critical arguments to a large extent are tenable, but that they seem to underestimate the significance of those cases in which it is not in national self-interest to mitigate climate change. In these cases the tragedy of the commons framework is still applicable.

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  • 110.
    Nordgren, Anders
    Linköping University, Department of Culture and Communication, Centre for Applied Ethics. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Conclusions from a project on meat production and climate change2013In: Climate Change, Sustainability, and an Ethics of an Open Future, 2013, 2013, p. 104-105Conference paper (Other academic)
  • 111.
    Nordgren, Anders
    Linköping University, Department of Culture and Communication, Centre for Applied Ethics. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Consumer genomics companies and their appeal to empowerment2013In: Genomics and democracy: towards a 'Lingua Democratica' for the public debate on genomics / [ed] Peter Derkx, Harry Kunneman, Amsterdam/New York: Rodopi, 2013, p. 257-274Chapter in book (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

       This book addresses the ethical and political questions flowing from the vastly increased possibilities to manipulate the genetic properties of organisms, including human beings. Due to the great complexity of the scientific fields involved, these questions are framed and answered mostly by scientific experts. But the new technological possibilities and social practices connected with genetic manipulation intrude into domains that for a long time have been the provenance of religious and secular worldviews and touch upon deep-seated convictions and emotions. Moreover they are strongly influenc.

  • 112.
    Nordgren, Anders
    Linköping University, Department of Culture and Communication, Centre for Applied Ethics. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Consumer genomics companies as a global challenge2009In: Sources and perspectives of bioethics, 2009, p. 56-56Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 113.
    Nordgren, Anders
    Linköping University, Department of Culture and Communication, Centre for Applied Ethics. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Crisis management and public health: ethical principles for priority setting at a regional level in Sweden2015In: Public Health Ethics, ISSN 1754-9973, E-ISSN 1754-9981, Vol. 8, no 1, p. 72-84Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this article I analyse and discuss guidelines for priority setting in crisis management at a regional level in Sweden. The guidelines concern three types of crises: pandemics, large losses of electric power and interruptions in water supply. Pandemics are typical public health issues. Large losses of electric power and interruptions in water supply are in themselves not, but may have serious public health consequences. These guidelines are compared with guidelines for priority setting in health care. This is done because of the central position of health care in the management of many different types of crises. The comparison shows clear differences. In the analysis, I use a distinction between substantive principles of priority setting and process-oriented principles. Regarding substantive principles, I have found that the guidelines point in different directions. This seems acceptable, however, since they focus on different problems. Moreover, it seems possible to integrate the various context-dependent principles by relating them to higher order principles. Regarding process-oriented principles, I have found that how and to what extent these principles are applied in the guidelines vary. If we want to apply these principles in a more satisfying way, this would require a more systematic approach.

  • 114.
    Nordgren, Anders
    Linköping University, Department of Culture and Communication, Centre for Applied Ethics. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Designing Preclinical Studies in Germline Gene Editing: Scientific and Ethical Aspects2019In: Journal of Bioethical Inquiry, ISSN 1176-7529, E-ISSN 1872-4353, Vol. 16, p. 559-570Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Human germline gene editing is often debated in hypothetical terms: if it were safe and efficient, on what further conditions would it then be ethically acceptable? This paper takes another course. The key question is: how can scientists reduce uncertainty about safety and efficiency to a level that may justify initiation of first-time clinical trials? The only way to proceed is by well-designed preclinical studies. However, what kinds of investigation should preclinical studies include and what specific conditions should they satisfy in order to be considered well-designed? It is argued that multispecies and multigenerational animal studies are needed as well as human embryo editing without implantation. In order to be possible to translate to first-time clinical trials, animal studies need to satisfy strict conditions of validity. Moreover, embryo studies intended for translation to first-time clinical trials need to correspond to the animal studies in experimental design (with exception of implantation). Only in this way can uncertainty about risk for harm (safety) and prospect of benefit (efficiency) in first-time clinical trials be reduced to a modest level. If uncertainty is not reduced to such a level, first-time clinical trials in germline gene editing should not be initiated.

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  • 115.
    Nordgren, Anders
    Linköping University, Department of Culture and Communication, Centre for Applied Ethics. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Ethical issues in mitigation of climate change: The option of reduced meat production and consumption2012In: Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, ISSN 1187-7863, E-ISSN 1573-322X, Vol. 25, no 4, p. 563-584Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this paper I discuss ethical issues related to mitigation of climate change. In particular, I focus on mitigation of climate change to the extent this change is caused by livestock production. I support the view—on which many different ethical approaches converge—that the present generation has a moral obligation to mitigate climate change for the benefit of future generations and that developed countries should take the lead in the process. Moreover, I argue that since livestock production is an important contributing factor to climate change, we should undertake mitigation measures also in this sector and not only in, for example, the transport and energy sectors. However, technological solutions do not seem sufficient in the livestock sector, leaving us with the option of reduced meat production and consumption. In order to reach significant results in mitigation of climate change, political steering seems necessary. With this in mind, I argue in favor of a tax on meat consumption.

  • 116.
    Nordgren, Anders
    Linköping University, Department of Culture and Communication, Centre for Applied Ethics. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Etiska prioriteringsprinciper för länsstyrelsens krishantering2013Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Länsstyrelsen ska i enlighet med förordningen (2006:942) om krisberedskap och höjd beredskap efter beslut av regeringen prioritera och inrikta statliga och internationella resurser som ställs till förfogande. För kunna genomföra en sådan prioritering och inriktning behöver länsstyrelsen inledningsvis arbeta med en kunskapsuppbyggnad för att kunna belysa de etiska aspekterna av en sådan prioritering. Föreliggande kunskapsunderlag är ett första steg i dettaarbete.

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  • 117.
    Nordgren, Anders
    Linköping University, Department of Culture and Communication, Arts and Humanities. Linköping University, Department of Culture and Communication, Centre for Applied Ethics. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Etiska problem i grundutbildningen - en inventering: Rapport till filosofiska fakulteten2009Report (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
    Abstract [sv]

    I den här utredningen fokuserar jag uteslutande på etiska problem (men jag kommer endast undantagsvis att kategorisera problemen utifrån dessa distinktioner). En ”lekmannadefinition”, som ibland förekommer, är att ett etiskt problem föreligger när något är både rätt och fel, bra och dåligt, på samma gång. Denna definition anknyter framför allt till den tredje aspekten, avvägningsproblem. Jag undersöker inte hur dålig moralen är bland dem som är involverade i grundutbildningen. Jag undersöker heller inte hur vanliga de etiska problemen upplevs vara inom olika typer av grundutbildningar. Å andra sidan tar jag enbart upp problem som kommer över en viss tröskel av realism dvs rent hypotetiska problem lämnas därhän. Syftet är att peka ut etiska problem som är viktiga att ta ställning till därför att ställningstagandet kan få praktisk betydelse.

    Under mina intevjuer har jag märkt man inom olika grundutbildningar kan ha mycket olika uppfattningar om vilka etiska problem som är särskilt viktiga. I min presentation nedan specifierar jag dock inte dylika skillnader.

    Vissa problem som jag tar upp kanske inte av alla uppfattas som etiska, utan snarare som pedagogiska, juridiska, organisatoriska, sociala, psykologiska etc. Jag vill dock hävda att även om ett problem primärt uppfattas som t ex pedagogiskt, så kan det väcka etiska följdfrågor om t ex rättvisa, integritet eller lojalitet. Det är problem som dessa jag fokuserar på. När jag nedan betecknar något som ett etiskt problem utesluter alltså inte detta att problemet kanske primärt är pedagogiskt. Detta är viktigt att notera.

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    Etiska problem i grundutbildningen - en inventering: Rapport till filosofiska fakulteten
  • 118.
    Nordgren, Anders
    Linköping University, Department of Culture and Communication, Centre for Applied Ethics. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    For Our Children: The Ethics of Animal Experimentation in the Age of Genetic Engineering2010 (ed. 1)Book (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This book provides an overview of different ethical views on animal experimentation. Special attention is given to the production and experimental use of genetically modified animals. It proposes a middle course between those positions that are very critical and those very positive. This middle course implies that animal experiments originating in vital human research interests are commonly justified, provided that animal welfare is taken seriously. Some animal experiments are not acceptable, since the expected human benefit is too low and the animal suffering too severe. This position is supported by an argument from species care according to which we have special obligations to our children and other humans due to special relations. The book tries to bridge the gap between animal ethics and animal welfare science by discussing various conceptions of animal welfare: function-centered, feeling-based, and those focusing on natural living. The theoretical starting-point is "imaginative casuistry." This approach stresses the role of moral imagination and metaphor in ethical deliberation, accepts a plurality of values, and recognizes the importance of case-by-case balancing. In the discussion of genetically modified animals, both intrinsic ethical concerns and animal welfare concerns are addressed.

  • 119.
    Nordgren, Anders
    Linköping University, Department of Culture and Communication, Centre for Applied Ethics. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Får forskare skada djur i djurförsök för att hjälpa svårt sjuka barn?2014In: Filosofisk Tidskrift, ISSN 0348-7482, Vol. 35, no 3, p. 41-51Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 120.
    Nordgren, Anders
    Linköping University, Department of Culture and Communication, Centre for Applied Ethics. Linköping University, Department of Culture and Communication, Arts and Humanities. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Genes, body clocks and prevention of sleep problems2016In: Medicine, Health care and Philosophy, ISSN 1386-7423, E-ISSN 1572-8633, Vol. 19, no 4, p. 569-579Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Chronobiologists argue that their scientific findings have implications for prevention of sleep problems. They claim that some sleep problems are caused by the fact that people live against their individual body clock rather than adjusted to it. They also claim that by taking the findings of chronobiology seriously in policy-making some sleep problems can be prevented. I investigate applications of chronobiology in two social areas—school schedules and shift work—and show that in order for these applications to be justified certain implicit presumptions have to be justified. The first presumption is explanatory, namely that a chronobiological explanation is an adequate explanation of the sleep problems at hand. In addition I analyse three ethical presumptions. The first ethical presumption is that sleep is of vital value. The second is that sleep is not an exclusively private issue. The third ethical presumption is that the preventive measures to be undertaken are ethically acceptable. My main point is that it is not possible to simply “read off” policy measures from the empirical findings of chronobiology.

  • 121.
    Nordgren, Anders
    Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Culture and Communication, Centre for Applied Ethics.
    Genetics and identity2008In: Community Genetics, ISSN 1422-2795, E-ISSN 1422-2833, Vol. 11, no 5, p. 252-266Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    For the last 20 years the concepts of identity and identification have been subject to much interest in the humanities and social sciences. However, the implications of genetics for identity and identification have been largely neglected. In this paper, I distinguish various conceptions of identity (as continuity over time, as basic kind of being, as unique set of properties, and as social role) and identification (as subjective experience of identity in various senses and as social ascription of identity in various senses), and investigate systematically genetic perspectives on each of these conceptions. I stress the importance of taking the genetic perspectives seriously but also their limitations. In particular, I pinpoint conceptual problems that arise when a genetic approach to identity is adopted. Copyright © 2008 S. Karger AG.

  • 122.
    Nordgren, Anders
    Linköping University, Department of Culture and Communication, Culture and Aesthetics. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Culture and Communication, Centre for Applied Ethics.
    How to respond to resistiveness towards assistive technologies among persons with dementia2018In: Medicine, Health care and Philosophy, ISSN 1386-7423, E-ISSN 1572-8633, Vol. 21, no 3, p. 411-421Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    It is a common experience among care professionals that persons with dementia often say ‘no’ to conventional caring measures such as taking medication, eating or having a shower. This tendency to say ‘no’ may also concern the use of assistive technologies such as fall detectors, mobile safety alarms, Internet for social contact and robots. This paper provides practical recommendations for care professionals in home health care and social care about how to respond to such resistiveness towards assistive technologies. Apart from the option of accepting the ‘no’, it discusses a number of methods for influencing persons with dementia in order to overcome the ‘no’. These methods range from various non-coercive measures—including nudging—to coercion. It is argued that while conventional caring measures like those mentioned are essential for survival, health or hygiene, assistive technologies are commonly merely potentially beneficial supplements. With this in mind, it is concluded that care professionals should be more restrictive in using methods of influence involving some degree of pressure regarding assistive technologies than regarding conventional caring measures.

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  • 123.
    Nordgren, Anders
    Linköping University, Department of Culture and Communication, Centre for Applied Ethics. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Meat and Global Warming: Impact Models, Mitigation Approaches and Ethical Aspects2012In: Environmental Values, ISSN 0963-2719, E-ISSN 1752-7015, Vol. 21, no 4, p. 437-457Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this paper, I investigate the ethical problem of mitigation of climate change, to the extent this change is caused by animal production. First, I give an overview of various views of the nature and scale of the impact of animal production on climate change: the life cycle model, the complex impact model and the additional emissions model. Second, I analyse various approaches to mitigation of climate change to the extent it is caused by animal production, such as different technological solutions and more or less radical proposals for reduction of livestock numbers. Third, I carry out a preliminary investigation of ethical aspects to be taken into consideration in assessing the mitigation approaches: intergenerational justice, intragenerational justice, animal welfare, potential, and feasibility. Finally, I propose a kind of 'contraction and convergence' policy, i.e., a policy of reducing meat consumption to a certain level in developed countries while allowing people in developing countries to increase their consumption up to this level.

  • 124.
    Nordgren, Anders
    Linköping University, Department of Culture and Communication, Centre for Applied Ethics. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Neither as harmful as feared by critics nor as empowering as promised by providers: risk information offered direct to consumer by personal genomics companies2014In: Journal of Community Genetics, ISSN 1868-310X, Vol. 5, no 1, p. 59-68Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this paper, I investigate ethical and policy aspects of the genetic services and web-rhetoric of companies offering genetic information direct to consumer, and I do so with a special focus on genetic risk information. On their websites, the companies stress that genetic risk testing for multifactorial complex medical conditions such as cardiovascular disease and cancer may empower the consumer and provide valuable input to personal identity. Critics maintain, on the other hand, that testing can be psychologically harmful, is of limited clinical and preventive value, and vulnerable to misinterpretation. I stress the importance of empirical studies in assessing the pros and cons of direct-to-consumer testing and point out that recent empirical studies indicate that this testing is neither as harmful as feared by critics nor as empowering as promised by the companies. However, the testing is not entirely harmless. Remaining problems include testing of third parties without consent and ownership of genotypic and phenotypic information. Moreover, the testing, although not particularly empowering, may still provide input to self-understanding that some people find valuable. Regarding policy-making, I suggest that self-regulation in terms of best practice guidelines may play an important role, but I also stress that national and international regulation may be necessary.

  • 125.
    Nordgren, Anders
    Linköping University, Department of Culture and Communication, Centre for Applied Ethics. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Personal Genomics: Consumer Genomics Companies and their Rhetoric2010In: Consumer Medicine / [ed] Aaro Tupasela, Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers , 2010, 1, p. 39-51Chapter in book (Other academic)
    Abstract [da]

    Nordisk ministerråds komité for bioetikk (NCBio) ble etablert i 1989 for å fremme nordisk samarbeid og utveksling av informasjon om bioetikk mellom forskere, politikere, opinionsledere og myndighetene. NCBio arrangerer arbeidsmøter, konferanser og gir ut rapporter eller andre publi-kasjoner for å stimulere nordisk og internasjonal debatt om bioetikk. NCBio har to medlemmer fra hvert av de fem nordiske landene. Med-lemmene blir oppnevnt av Nordisk Ministerråd etter å ha blitt nominert av de nordiske landene. Komitéen finansieres av Nordisk Ministerråd.

    I denne redigerte boken presenterer vi synspunkter fra flere av de invi-terte foredragsholderne på to av konferansene våre i 2009. Den første konferansen ble avholdt i januar i Århus, Danmark. Den omhandlet gene-tisk selvtesting og fokuserte på utviklingen av genetiske tester som selges på internett og sendes direkte til forbrukerne. Den andre konferansen ble avholdt i mai i Sigtuna, Sverige, og den omhandlet medisinsk turisme. Begge konferansene har til felles at de fokuserer på det vi har kalt "con-sumer medicine" eller på norsk "forbrukermedisin". På hvert sitt område utforsket konferansene produksjon og salg av medisinske varer og tjenes-ter som tilbys pasienter over hele verden. Disse pasientene blir imidlertid i stadig større grad sett på som forbrukere av disse varene og tjenestene. Det tradisjonelle synet på pasienter som passive mottakere av helsetjenes-ter har i løpet av det siste tiåret gradvis blitt endret mot at pasienter er aktive forbrukere som tar et sterkere ansvar for behandling og oppfølg-ning av egen sykdom. Dette drastiske skiftet bringer imidlertid med seg en rekke utfordringer som det er behov for å utforske nærmere.

    Med stadig flere nye produkter og tjenester på det åpne markedet, øker behovet for å se nøye på hvilke konsekvenser dette får for enkeltindivi-der, bestemte grupper og samfunnet som helhet. De to konferansene om genetisk selvtesting og helseturisme identifiserte flere viktige utfordring-

    Consumer Medicine 12

    er. Dette viser at det er behov for å se nærmere på konsekvensene av denne utviklingen.

    NCBio håper at denne boken blir en viktig ressurs for dere som er in-teressert i utviklingen og konsekvensene av forbrukermedisin. Spesielt håper vi at boken kan bidra til å synliggjøre noen av de mest sentrale temaene og utfordringene knyttet til styringen av denne utviklingen.

  • 126.
    Nordgren, Anders
    Linköping University, Department of Culture and Communication, Centre for Applied Ethics. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Personal health monitoring: ethical considerations for stakeholders2013In: Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society, ISSN 1477-996X, E-ISSN 1758-8871, Vol. 11, no 3, p. 156-173Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Purpose – This paper has three purposes: to identify and discuss values that should be promoted and respected in personal health monitoring, to formulate an ethical checklist that can be used by stakeholders, and to construct an ethical matrix that can be used for identifying values, among those in the ethical checklist, that are particularly important to various stakeholders.

    Design/methodology/approach – On the basis of values that empirical studies have found important to various stakeholders in personal health monitoring, the author constructs an ethical checklist and an ethical matrix. The author carries out a brief conceptual analysis and discusses the implications.

    Findings – The ethical checklist consists of three types of values: practical values that a technical product in personal health monitoring must have, quality of life values to be promoted by the development and use of the product, and moral values to be respected in this development and use. To give guidance in practice, the values in the checklist must be interpreted and balanced. The ethical matrix consists of the values in the checklist and a number of stakeholders.

    Originality/value – The overall ambition is to suggest a way of categorizing values that can be useful for stakeholders in personal health monitoring. In order to achieve this, the study takes empirical studies as a starting-point and includes a conceptual analysis. This means that the proposals are founded on practice rather than mere abstract thinking, and this improves its usability.

  • 127.
    Nordgren, Anders
    Linköping University, Department of Culture and Communication, Centre for Applied Ethics. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Prenatal Genetic Counselling: Reflections on Drawing Policy Conclusions from Empirical Findings2011In: Ethical Dilemmas in Prenatal Diagnosis / [ed] Fischmann T, Hildt E, Dordrecht: Springer , 2011, p. 109-120Chapter in book (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Technological developments in the life sciences confront us with new facets of a Faustian seduction. Are we „playing God“ more and more, as claimed by critical authors of modernity? Achievements in genetic research produce ethical dilemmas which need to be the subject of reflection and debate in modern societies. Denial of ambivalences that ethical dilemmas arouse constitutes a threat to societies as well as to individuals. The book presents a compilation of some of the results of the interdisciplinary European study “Ethical Dilemmas Due to Prenatal and Genetic Diagnostics” (EDIG), which investigated some of these dilemmas in detail in a field which is particularly challenging: prenatal diagnosis. When results from prenatal diagnosis show fetal abnormalities, women and their partners are confronted with ethical dilemmas regarding: the right to know and the right not to know; decision-making about the remainder of the pregnancy and the desire for a healthy child; responsibility for the unborn child, for its well-being and possible suffering; life and death. This book provides answers from an ethical, psychoanalytical and medical viewpoint.

  • 128.
    Nordgren, Anders
    Linköping University, Department of Culture and Communication, Centre for Applied Ethics. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Privacy by design in personal health monitoring2015In: Health Care Analysis, ISSN 1065-3058, E-ISSN 1573-3394, Vol. 23, no 2, p. 148-164Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The concept of privacy by design is becoming increasingly popular among regulators of information and communications technologies. This paper aims at analysing and discussing the ethical implications of this concept for personal health monitoring. I assume a privacy theory of restricted access and limited control. On the basis of this theory, I suggest a version of the concept of privacy by design that constitutes a middle road between what I call broad privacy by design and narrow privacy by design. The key feature of this approach is that it attempts to balance automated privacy protection and autonomously chosen privacy protection in a way that is context-sensitive. In personal health monitoring, this approach implies that in some contexts like medication assistance and monitoring of specific health parameters one single automatic option is legitimate, while in some other contexts, for example monitoring in which relatives are receivers of health-relevant information rather than health care professionals, a multi-choice approach stressing autonomy is warranted.

  • 129.
    Nordgren, Anders
    Linköping University, Department of Culture and Communication, Centre for Applied Ethics. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Privacy by design in personal health monitoring: possibilities and limitations2013In: Innovation in Health Care and the Life Sciences, 2013, p. 51-51Conference paper (Other academic)
  • 130.
    Nordgren, Anders
    Linköping University, Department of Culture and Communication, Centre for Applied Ethics. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Remote monitoring or close encounters?: Ethical considerations in priority setting regarding telecare2014In: Health Care Analysis, ISSN 1065-3058, E-ISSN 1573-3394, Vol. 22, no 4, p. 325-339Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The proportion of elderly in society is growing rapidly, leading to increasing health care costs. New remote monitoring technologies are expected to lower these costs by reducing the number of close encounters with health care professionals, for example the number of visits to health care centres. In this paper, I discuss issues of priority setting raised by this expectation. As a starting-point, I analyse the recent debate on principles for priority setting in Sweden. The Swedish debate illustrates that developing an approach to priority setting is an ongoing process. On the basis of this analysis, I conclude that several different ethical principles, and specifications of these principles, can be appealed to for giving priority—over close encounters—to a large-scale introduction of remote monitoring technologies in health care services to elderly people, but also that many specifications can be appealed to against giving such priority. I propose that given the different views on principles, it is necessary to develop fair procedures of deliberation on these principles and their application, in particular in order to reach agreement on exactly how much resources should be allocated to remote monitoring and how much to close encounters. I also present a few points to consider in a large-scale introduction of remote monitoring.

  • 131.
    Nordgren, Anders
    Linköping University, Department of Culture and Communication, Centre for Applied Ethics. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Remote monitoring or close encounters?: On priority-setting in home-based health care2011In: 25th European Conference on Philosophy of Medicine and Health Care 17 – 20 August, 2011: Priorities in Medicine and Health Care, 2011, p. 61-62Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    During the last few years, we have seen an avalanche of new technologies for personal health monitoring of patients and elderly people in their homes. A driving force behind this development is the demographic time-bomb, i.e., the substantial demographic shift that is underway in terms of a rapidly growing proportion of elderly in society. Health care decision-makers argue that in order to provide good care to these elderly people it will be increasingly necessary to provide this care at home through personal health monitoring rather than at institutions. This is necessary for reasons of cost and efficiency. Critics maintain, on the other hand, that we must never forget the needs of the patients and the elderly. They may not want a technological invasion of their homes leading to reduced personal contacts with care providers. In this paper, I discuss issues of priority-setting raised by this new development. It appears that four clusters of values are relevant: (1) independence and privacy, (2) health security and safety, (3) social contact with relatives and care providers, and (4) reasonable costs and efficiency. I argue that we should be aware of the variety of preferences of individual care recipients. To some patients and elderly people the independent living made possible by remote monitoring is more important than social contact with care providers, to others social contact is more valuable than independence. We should take the preferences of this latter category seriously. I therefore support an approach that is more sensitive to individual differences than the approach of more generally replacing close encounters by remote monitoring.

  • 132.
    Nordgren, Anders
    Linköping University, Department of Culture and Communication, Centre for Applied Ethics. Linköping University, Department of Culture and Communication, Arts and Humanities. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Sleep problems: a plurality of determinants and remedies2016In: "Ethics and Social Determinants of Health" 30th European Conference on Philosophy of Medicine and Health Care, 2016Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Sleep problems are extremely serious from a societal point of view. A substantial portion of the population in many countries suffers from sleep problems. Sleep problems may directly or indirectly cause health problems. They may have harmful consequences in terms of accidents and reduced productivity. The economic costs in society are immense. However, the causal background to sleep problems is often complex. Various determinants contribute and interact. This does not exclude that some determinants are more crucial than others in particular cases. In some cases sleep problems are caused by distinct medical disorders. In other cases they have psychosocial causes related to, for example, personal economic problems or stress at work. A special category of social determinants consists of societal activities that disturb people’s normal sleep rhythms such as shift work. In these cases there is a discrepancy between an individual’s body clock (a biological determinant) and the social clock (a social determinant). Given this plurality of determinants of sleep problems, a plurality of potential remedies emerges. However, what is considered to be a key determinant may vary from one case to another, and this suggests in turn that the key remedy may also vary from one case to another. In my philosophical discussion of these issues I make three proposals. First, I propose an explanatory pluralism. Different explanations are adequate in different contexts given the epistemic interests in those particular contexts. No explanation of sleep problems is the most adequate in every context. Second, I propose a kind of interactionism that recognizes that biological determinants sometimes limit social malleability. The variation in sleep patterns among different cultures and within particular societies indicates the existence of some malleability in how and when we meet our sleep needs, but the existence and function of body clocks indicate that there are certain limits to malleability. Third, I propose that in searching for ethically acceptable remedies for sleep problems we should take this explanatory pluralism and this kind of interactionism seriously.

  • 133.
    Nordgren, Anders
    Linköping University, Department of Culture and Communication, Centre for Applied Ethics. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    The rhetoric appeal to identity on websites of companies offering non-health-related DNA testing2010In: Identity in the Information Society, E-ISSN 1876-0678, no 3, p. 473-487Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    During the last few years a large number of companies have emerged offering DNA testing via the Internet “direct-to-consumer”. In this paper, I analyse the rhetoric appeal to personal identity put forward on the websites of some of these consumer genomics companies. The investigation is limited to non-health-related DNA testing and focuses on individualistic and communitarian—in a descriptive sense—visions of identity. The individualistic visions stress that each individual is unique and suggest that this uniqueness can be supported by, for example, DNA fingerprinting. The communitarian visions emphasise that individuals are members of communities, in this case genetic communities. It is suggested that these visions can be supported by, for example, various types of tests for genetic ancestry tracing. The main part of the paper is devoted to an analysis of these communitarian visions of identity and the DNA tests they refer to.

  • 134.
    Nordgren, Anders
    Linköping University, Department of Culture and Communication, Centre for Applied Ethics. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    The Web-Rhetoric of Companies Offering Home-Based Personal Health Monitoring2012In: Health Care Analysis, ISSN 1065-3058, E-ISSN 1573-3394, Vol. 20, no 2, p. 103-118Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this paper I investigate the web-rhetoric of companies offering homebasedpersonal health monitoring to patients and elderly people. Two main rhetoricalmethods are found, namely a reference to practical benefits and a use ofprestige words like ‘‘quality of life’’ and ‘‘independence’’. I interpret the practicalbenefits in terms of instrumental values and the prestige words in terms of finalvalues. I also reconstruct the arguments on the websites in terms of six differenttypes of argument. Finally, I articulate a general critique of the arguments, namelythat the websites neglect the context of use of personal health monitoring technologies.Whether or not a technology is good depends on the use of the technologyby a particular individual in a particular context. The technology is not good–orbad–in itself. I support this critique with a number of more specific arguments suchas the risk for reduced personal contact. For some elderly people social contact withcare providers is more valuable than the independent living made possible byremote monitoring, for others independence is more important.

  • 135.
    Nordgren, Anders
    Linköping University, Department of Culture and Communication, Centre for Applied Ethics. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Är DNA-testning via internet en lönsam affär?2010In: Etiska undersökningar: Om samhällsmoral, etisk teori och teologi / [ed] Elena Namli, Per Sundman, Susanne Wigorts Yngvesson, Uppsala: Uppsala University Library , 2010, 1, p. 227-244Chapter in book (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Etik är ett brett och angeläget ämne som engagerar forskare inom teologin, filosofin och samhällsdisciplinerna. Inte minst under Professor Carl-Henric Grenholms tid som ämnesföreträdare har etikforskningen i Uppsala haft en sådan bredd. Som en replik på Carl-Henric Grenholms bestående insatser har ett flertal forskare från Europa och USA bidragit med artiklar till denna hyllningsskrift.

    Tre områden har fått illustrera hans mångåriga engagemang som forskare och lärare: etisk teori, socialetik samt teologi och etik. Här analyseras frågor om religion och moral, människovärde, praktiskt förnuft, tolerans, sexualitet och lagring av kärnavfall. Antologin rymmer ett brett spektrum av artiklar skrivna med varje forskareseget temperament och stil. De bildar tillsammans ett smakprov på de områden som under några decennier präglat Carl-Henric Grenholms forskning.

  • 136.
    Nordgren, Anders
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Culture and Communication, Centre for Applied Ethics. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Juengst, Eric T
    Department of Bioethics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
    Can genomics tell me who I am?: Essentialistic rhetoric in direct-to-consumer DNA testing2009In: New genetics and society (Print), ISSN 1463-6778, E-ISSN 1469-9915, Vol. 28, no 2, p. 157-172Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Recently, a high number of companies have emerged that offer online direct-to-consumer DNA testing. We investigate these consumer genomics companies through the lens of identity. We find that many of them appeal to a kind of "genetic essentialism". We suggest that this appeal is key to understanding why consumers are attracted to their services. There seem to be three very different currents within contemporary culture at work: the pre-modern search for a naturalistic understanding of identity, the modern enthusiasm for science, and the post-modern emphasis on radical individual self-determination. The support for our hypothesis comes from the companies' websites and the online testimonials of satisfied customers. We discuss the risk of distortion of the subjective experience of identity due to unreliable or uninformative test results, inadequate or misleading explanation, and the fact that the science is still too weak to yield meaningful results.

  • 137.
    Nwabuikwu, Christian
    Linköping University, Department of Culture and Communication, Centre for Applied Ethics.
    Genetic Identity:National DNA Database: A Communitarian Approach to Criminals' Identification2006Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Magister), 20 points / 30 hpStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Abstract

    Every new scientific or technological development is often met with reactions, some positive and some negative .Same is true for the advent of any new technological innovations that could be a replacement or new applications of an older one. The advent of DNA Database and the move for its continuous expansion attracts not only Champions but Critics as well .Although the Forensic application of the currently developing DNA profiling for criminals’ identification (DNA Data base), has been accepted as a worthy technological advancement in crime detection, there has not been a unanimous acceptance on its possible expansion to include the entire population (National DNA Database) .The controversy is partly because of the social values which the NDNAD seems to undermine and partly because the NDNAD ,is never a ‘child of legislation’ , in that there is no specific ‘National DNA database Act’ which established the database, and defined what details may be stored in it or how it may be used. Instead, the database was created as a result of The Criminal Justice and Police Order Act 1994, which, though amendment of the Police and Criminal evidence Act 1984 established the condition would allow the database to be created .

    It is a debate basically on public utility vs private goods. Though the controversy rages, the insistence on NDNAD establishment is solidly backed up by the expectation that the endeavour will give a wealth of information that will be very vital to the society for criminals’ detections and social control. This work based on the communitarian usefulness of the programme, demonstrates that the wealth of social benefits accompanying the NDNAD programme, outweighs the hypothetical fears of having the programme initiated. I argued for the priority of the common well being over the individual good.

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  • 138.
    Nwaishi, Casmir Chibuike
    Linköping University, Department of Culture and Communication, Centre for Applied Ethics.
    The Intimate Connection Between Autonomy and Decision-Making in Applied Health Care Ethics2004Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (One Year))Student thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The intimate connection between autonomy and decision-making in applied health care, especially in various kinds of consent and refusal has taken center stage in medical ethics since the Salgo decision in 1957. Prior to that time, the physician’s supposedly moral duty to provide appropriate medical care typically surpassed the legal obligation to respect patient’s autonomy. The Salgo decision concluded that physicians have a legal duty to provide facts necessary for the patient to make an informed decision. "The doctor knows best" long ago was replaced with "The doctor proposes; the patient disposes." There is no legal obligation for the patient’s choice to be palatable to anyone, other than that patient himself/herself. Although Beauchamp and Childress justified the obligation to solicit decisions from patients and potential research subjects by the principle of respect for autonomy, they however, acknowledged that the principle’s precise demands remain unsettled and open to interpretations and specification. This thesis addresses a current debate in the bioethical community on the four-principle approach. Using Tom Beauchamp and James Childress as case study, to discuss mainly the principle of respect for autonomy, I go on to explain their central arguments concerning this principle in relation to decision making in health care ethics. Rather than focus on their respective weaknesses, which many theorist and health care professionals do, I emphasis instead on the contribution the principle of respect for autonomy can make in the process of ethical decision making in health care situation.

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  • 139.
    Okonkwo, Cyril Chigozie
    Linköping University, Department of Culture and Communication, Centre for Applied Ethics.
    Paternalism:The Conflict Between Autonomy And Beneficence In The Case Of The Temporarily Mentally Ill Patients2005Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (One Year))Student thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The health care formulation of the principle of autonomy can be expressed as follows; ‘you shall not treat a patient without the informed consent of the patient, or his or her lawfulsurrogate, except in narrowly defined emergencies’. The principle of beneficence refers to a moral obligation to act for the benefit of others. In heath care, the good or benefit in question is the restoration of the health of the patient. In fulfilling this obligation of beneficence, the physician sometimes intentionally overrides the patient’s preferences or actions for the purpose of benefiting the patient. This is called paternalism. It therefore amounts to a violation of the principle of autonomy and hence there arises a tension or conflict between autonomy and beneficence.

    The principle of autonomy claims to be pre-eminent to the principle of beneficence and vice versa. Both have their arguments as well as their limitations. However, there is the need for at least weak paternalism for the mentally ill patients because of their diminished autonomy. But in the case of the temporarily mentally ill patient whose autonomy is both restored and diminished following the periodic and intermittent occurrence of his or her mental illness, there is a need to go deeper to find justification for paternalistic intervention.

    Both act and rule utilitarianism will find justification for paternalism in this case because the consequence of the action will be greater good for both the patient and the society. Kantianism will give it support from the point of view that the intention is to restore the autonomy of the patient by not using him or her as a means but as and end in himself or herself. Beauchamp and Childress will equally throw their weight behind the justification since prima facie obligations could be overridden in a conflict situation and since restricting a short term autonomy to protect and advance long term autonomy will appeal to common morality.

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  • 140.
    Okorie, Ogbonnya
    Linköping University, Department of Culture and Communication, Centre for Applied Ethics.
    The Ethical Implication of Separating Morality From Politics: Taking Cue From Machiavellian Political Ideas and The Nigerian Political Experience2006Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Magister), 20 points / 30 hpStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The attention of this paper would be to assess critically the consequences of any conscious effort to separate morality from politics giving that morality constitutes an essential and integral part of any political culture. With this understanding it becomes controversial and worrisome for any one to suggest that morality can be divorced from politics and still make a success out of the entire business of governance. The concept of Machiavellianism presents a very big challenge to this possibility in politics. I would attempt to show the dangers inherent in such a calculated effort using the Nigerian political experience as a case study

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  • 141.
    Onukwufor, Maxwell
    Linköping University, Department of Culture and Communication, Centre for Applied Ethics.
    Political Corruption and Poverty in Nigerian Democratic State: Any Grounds for Justification?2006Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Magister), 10 points / 15 hpStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    ABSTRACT

    There is no gainsaying the fact that the “moral” problems associated with corruption in Nigeria are the cause of poverty and hunger in the country. Political and economic inequality have become the order of the day as Nigerians struggle for survival and proper means of alleviation of these precarious situations. Proper understanding of the meaning of corruption and its moral implications are important in order to find a remedy to the problems that go with corruption. The demand for clarification of corruption and basis for its justification, “if any”, calls for a nationalist approach to harness the potentialities that abound in Nigeria.

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  • 142.
    Opara, Ignatius Chidiebere
    Linköping University, Department of Culture and Communication, Centre for Applied Ethics.
    Voluntary Euthanasia and Physician Assisted Suicide: A Critical Ethical Comparative Analysis2005Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (One Year))Student thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The two most controversial ends of life decisions are those in which physicians help patients take their lives and when the physician deliberately and directly intervenes to end the patients’ life upon his request. These are often referred to as voluntary euthanasia and physician assisted suicide. Voluntary euthanasia and physician assisted suicide have continued to be controversial public issues. This controversy has agitated the minds of great thinkers including ethicians, physicians, psychologists, moralists, philosophers even the patient himself. Hence the physician, patient, the public and policy makers have recently had to face several difficult questions.

    Is it morally right to end the life of the patients? Is there any moral difference at all between Voluntary euthanasia and physician assisted suicide? Should a terminally ill patient be allowed to take his life and should the medical profession have the option of helping the patient die. Should voluntary euthanasia and physician assisted suicide be legalised at all? And what actually will be the legal and moral implications if they are allowed.

    In a bid to find a lasting solution to these moral problems and questions has led to two different strong positions viz opponents and proponents of voluntary euthanasia and physician assisted suicide. The centre of my argument in this work is not to develop new general arguments for or against voluntary euthanasia and physician assisted suicide but to make a critical ethical comparative analysis of voluntary euthanasia and physician assisted suicide. This is the focus of my work. The sole aim of this work is neither to solely condemn nor to support voluntary euthanasia and physician assisted suicide but to critically analyze the two since we live in a world of pluralism.

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  • 143.
    Oparaji, Alexander Obinna
    Linköping University, Department of Culture and Communication, Centre for Applied Ethics.
    Hospitals Without Consulting Rooms: An Ethical Assessment of Physician-Patient Relationshop in Medical Internet2006Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (One Year)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The physician -patient relationship is fundamental to medical and healthcare practice. It is value laden. The practice of medicine and healthcare in the traditional sense accentuates a fecund doctor-patient communication. This is considered a necessary step for a proper diagnosis towards an attendant fruitful prognosis. Such a practise eventuates in the recognition of core values within the ambience of a standard medical practise. The values in question refer to issues of commitment and trust, obligations to standard care giving and reception, confidentiality, autonomy, beneficence, non maleficence, justice as well as responsibility. However, the practise of medicine today is criss-crossed by an amazing cast of transformations with the advent of the internet in the medical arena. Medical encounters take place online between doctors and patients even in the absence of pre-existing medical relationships in the hospitals.

    There is today treatments and medical care mediated by the internet, a case of diagnosis and prognosis across distance, and indeed super highway medicine. This instance of hospitals without consulting rooms is morally problematic.

    By the characterization of physician-patient relationship ( especially in the absence of pre-existing relationship) on the internet as virtual, unique, new and problematic, this work assesses the risks associated with such encounters in the light of ethical principles and their implications for moral responsibility.

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  • 144.
    Ozoeze, Victor Anthony
    Linköping University, Department of Culture and Communication, Centre for Applied Ethics.
    Ethnicity and Politics of Exclusion in Nigeria: Employing Rawls'Theory of Justice in Plural Societies2005Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (One Year))Student thesis
    Abstract [en]

    With an estimated 250 ethnic groups, Nigeria, no doubt, has been grappling with the problem of pluralism of ethnic nationalities. It is not news in Nigeria that extreme ethnic consciousness of its citizens has led to the victimization of one ethnic group by another. This victimization has come in the form of exclusions in the distribution of both wealth and power in the country.

    Amidst all the exclusions, the unity of the country has been ironically regarded as sacrosanct, and should not be negotiated. It is often said that fate brought all the ethnic nationalities in order to form one great country. I subscribe to this belief that fate brought us together for the above purpose, especially now that several countries around the world are merging in one way or the other to form a formidable force to reckon with both politically and economically. Hence, “(ethnic integration) is the integration of capabilities. It develops the capabilities of the workforce… it offers opportunities for better synergy of skills”. However, it would be ethically unhealthy for the unity of the country not to be compromised under the present dispensation, which has been compromising in turn the basic moral principle of social justice. There cannot be any moral basis for the continued existence of a country like Nigeria, which as it were, has thrown equality of all citizens to the dogs.

    Should the country remain united, it must do so by imbibing the culture of regarding all citizens, as well as, all ethnic nationalities as equal, and none should have more privileges than the others. Therefore, how can a plural society like Nigeria remain united as one indivisible country?

    Rawls has offered some solutions to the problem of stability engendered by the pluralism of ethnic groups in Nigeria. His idea of ‘overlapping consensus of reasonable comprehensive doctrines’ in his Political Liberalism is capable of bringing back the country to the state of stability. There will be stability, if all forms of exclusion seize to exist in the Nigerian polity.

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  • 145.
    Palm, Elin
    Linköping University, Department of Culture and Communication, Centre for Applied Ethics. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    A Declaration of Healthy Dependence: The case of home care2014In: Health Care Analysis, ISSN 1065-3058, E-ISSN 1573-3394, Vol. 22, no 4, p. 385-404Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aging populations have become a major concern in the developed world and are expected to require novel care strategies. Public policies, health-care regimes and technology developers alike stress the need for a more individualized care to meet the increased demand for care services in response to demographic change. Increasingly, care services are offered to individuals with diseases and or disabilities in their homes by means of Personalized Health-Monitoring (PHM) technologies. PHM-based home care is typically portrayed as the key to a cost-effective future care that better can accommodate the needs of an aging population and promote care recipients’ independence. In light of the emerging technology-based home care, this article sets forth to investigate the significance and implications of a strong emphasis on independence in relation to this novel care form. Notions of independence as used by care planners, care providers and technology developers are examined in relation to ICT-based home care and the reasonableness of independence as an aim for future health-care is critically discussed. In conclusion, the need for a shift from a strong emphasis on independence to a right to healthy dependence is advocated.

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  • 146.
    Palm, Elin
    Linköping University, Department of Culture and Communication, Centre for Applied Ethics. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    An e-turn in the Swedish health care: "e" as in ethical?2013In: ICT-ethics: Sweden and Japan / [ed] Elin Palm, Linköping: Linköping University, Centre for Applied Ethics , 2013, p. 43-53Chapter in book (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This symposium is a joint initiative of the Centre for Applied Ethics(CTE) at the University of Linköping, Sweden and the Centre for Business Information Ethics (CBIE) at Meiji University, Tokyo, Japan, with participants from Linköping University, Meiji University and Uppsala University. The symposium is free of charge and open to all.

  • 147.
    Palm, Elin
    Linköping University, Department of Culture and Communication, Centre for Applied Ethics. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    An interactive ethical assessment of surveillance-capable software within the home-help service sector2013In: Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society, ISSN 1477-996X, E-ISSN 1758-8871, Vol. 11, no 1, p. 43-68Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to investigate ethical implications of surveillance by means of the care software "I-Care" in the Swedish home-help service sector. Design/methodology/approach: A small-scale interview study on home helpers' experiences of and reactions to the implementation of the care software "I-Care" in their workspace has been conducted. The interview serves as the starting point for an ethical analysis of the impact of the care software "I-Care" on key values within ethics: privacy, autonomy and equality. Findings: The implementation and use case of surveillance capable technology in a home-help service sector is assessed from the perspective of ethics. It is concluded that employees' level of awareness, access to sufficient and relevant information, as well as their chances of influencing surveillance conduct, are significant for their acceptance of the surveillance regime. Originality/value: Surveillance in the home-help service setting has been investigated from the perspective of ethnology and organizational studies but not, as here, from the perspective of ethics. Conditions for the ethical acceptance of workspace surveillance are suggested.

  • 148.
    Palm, Elin
    Linköping University, Department of Culture and Communication, Centre for Applied Ethics. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Conflicting Interests in the Development of a Harmonized Eu e-Passport2016In: Journal of Borderlands Studies, ISSN 0886-5655, E-ISSN 2159-1229, Vol. 31, no 2, p. 203-218Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Identity and evidence of identity in the form of identification documents, passwords, and codes are key features of the information age and identity infrastructures which are essential in delivering public services and in executing border-control measures. Although increasingly sophisticated, such infrastructures and digital identities are vulnerable to exploitation. Identity theft, offline as well as online, is a key concern for all law enforcement. Fraudulent use of passports from the European Union (EU) is prevalent and has been rather constant over the past few years despite enhanced security mechanisms in EU passports. In response, a harmonized EU-wide e-passport is currently under development, aimed at enhancing the security of identification processes and at stifling identity theft. In this paper, an assessment is undertaken, investigating ethical implications of the novel EU passport regime and how different stakeholders may be affected. It is argued that assessments should include the effects on third country nationals and not only on EU members.

  • 149.
    Palm, Elin
    Linköping University, Department of Culture and Communication, Centre for Applied Ethics. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    "Entre Ceuta y Gibraltar": The ethical acceptability of freedom restrictive surveillance-based migration control2013Conference paper (Other academic)
  • 150.
    Palm, Elin
    Linköping University, Department of Culture and Communication, Centre for Applied Ethics. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    ICT-ethics: Sweden and Japan2013Collection (editor) (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This symposium is a joint initiative of the Centre for Applied Ethics (CTE) at the University of Linköping, Sweden and the Centre for Business Information Ethics (CBIE) at Meiji University, Tokyo, Japan, with participants from Linköping University, Meiji University and Uppsala University. The symposium is free of charge and open to all.

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