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  • 51.
    Ostwald, Madelene
    et al.
    Göteborg University.
    Chen, Deliang
    Göteborg University.
    Land-use change: impacts of climate variations and policies among small-scale farmers in the Loess Plateau, China2006Ingår i: Land use policy, ISSN 0264-8377, E-ISSN 1873-5754, Vol. 23, nr 4, s. 361-371Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Changes are taking place in many developing countries causing land-use change. In China there has been enormous economic growth since 1978 followed by impacts on the environmental, social and economical conduct of the society. One of the counter actions taken by the Government to halt the environmental degradation in the Loess Plateau has been the introduction of the Slope Land Conversion Program/Crop Conversion Program in 1999, stopping agricultural activity in slope areas, mainly used by small-scale farmers. At the same time climate variations have also been evident in the area, with decreases in rainfall and increases in temperature since 1970. The aim here is to examine what vegetation changes are seen at the regional scale in the area from 2000 to 2002 and how they correlate to local land-use changes. How the land-use changes are correlated with climate variations and/or policies and reforms is then investigated. The data included in this integrated assessment includes remote sensing information for the end of August from MODIS and ASTER images, climate and statistical data, as well as farmers' participatory data. The results show that the large-scale vegetation cover has increased, which correlates well with the dramatic local land-use change caused by the policy implementation. The land-use change shows some correlation with the climate variables (both lagged and simultaneous) but climatic factors alone do not fully explain the regional increase in vegetation. Hence the direct force behind the extreme land-use change is most likely associated with policy and economics, although climatic has some impact on regional scale vegetation pattern. The result from this study is contributing to the increasing growth of literature in climate change research on the complex issue of multiple stressors, i.e. processes that many areas in the developing world are exposed to.

  • 52.
    Ostwald, Madelene
    et al.
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, Centrum för klimatpolitisk forskning. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, Tema vatten i natur och samhälle. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten. Physical Resource Theory, Department of Energy and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden; Centre for Environment and Sustainability, GMV, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.
    Henders, Sabine
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, Centrum för klimatpolitisk forskning. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, Tema vatten i natur och samhälle. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten.
    Making two parallel land-use sector debates meet: Carbon leakage and indirect land-use change2014Ingår i: Land use policy, ISSN 0264-8377, E-ISSN 1873-5754, Vol. 36, s. 533-542Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Several land-based policy options are discussed within the current quest for feasible climate change mit-igation options, among them the creation and conservation of forest carbon sinks through mechanismssuch as Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation also called REDD+ and the substi-tution of fossil fuels through biofuels, as legislated in the EU Renewable Energy Directive. While those twopolicy processes face several methodological challenges, there is one issue that both processes encounter:the displacement of land use and the related emissions, which is referred to as carbon leakage in the con-text of emissions accounting, and indirect land-use change also called ILUC within the bioenergy realm.The debates surrounding carbon leakage and indirect land-use change issues run in parallel but are ratherisolated from each other, without much interaction. This paper analyzes the similarities and differences aswell as common challenges within these parallel debates by the use of peer-reviewed articles and reports,with a focus on approaches to address and methods to quantify emissions at national and internationalscale. The aim is to assess the potential to use synergies and learn from the two debates to optimizeclimate benefits. The results show that the similarities are many, while the differences between carbonleakage and ILUC are found in the actual commodity at stake and to some degree in the policy forumin which the debate is taken. The geographical scale, actors and parties involved also play a role. Bothprocesses operate under the same theoretical assumption and face the same problem of lacking methodsto quantify the emissions caused by international displacement. The approach to international displace-ment is one of the main differences; while US and EU biofuel policymakers acknowledge uncertainties inILUC accounting but strive to reduce them, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Changeexcludes accounting for international carbon leakage. Potential explanations behind these differences liein the liability issue and the underlying accounting principles of producer responsibility for carbon leak-age and consumer responsibility for ILUC. This is also reflected on the level of lobby activities, where ILUChas reached greater public and policy interest than carbon leakage. Finally, a possible way forward forinternational leakage accounting in future climate treaties could be the adoption of accounting methodstaking a consumer perspective, to be used alongside the existing set-up, which could improve climateintegrity of land-based policies.

  • 53.
    Ostwald, Madelene
    et al.
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, Centrum för klimatpolitisk forskning. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, Tema vatten i natur och samhälle. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten.
    Jonsson, Anna
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, Centrum för klimatpolitisk forskning. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, Tema vatten i natur och samhälle. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten.
    Wibeck, Victoria
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, Centrum för klimatpolitisk forskning. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, Tema vatten i natur och samhälle. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten.
    Asplund, Therese
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, Centrum för klimatpolitisk forskning. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, Tema vatten i natur och samhälle. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten.
    Mapping energy crop cultivation and identifying motivational factors among Swedish farmers2013Ingår i: Biomass and Bioenergy, ISSN 0961-9534, E-ISSN 1873-2909, Vol. 50, s. 25-34Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Based on a meta-study, the paper describes the existing options, areal extents, and Swedish farmers' conditions for energy crop production promoted by the governments to mitigate and adapt to climate change. The drivers of and barriers to cultivating various energy crops are described in terms of a variety of motivational factors. The approach used peer-reviewed and gray literature using three Internet sources. Questions addressed include the energy crops available to Swedish farmers and how well established they are in terms of areal extent. What drivers of and barriers to growing energy crops do farmers perceive? How do various motivational factors for these drivers and barriers correspond to the adoption of certain energy crops? The results indicate that 13 energy-related crops are available, of which straw (a residue), oil crops, and wheat are the most extensively produced in terms of cultivated area. Results confirm earlier research findings that converting from annual to perennial crops and from traditional crops or production systems to new ones are important barriers. Economic motivations for changing production systems are strong, but factors such as values (e.g., esthetic), knowledge (e.g., habits and knowledge of production methods), and legal conditions (e.g., cultivation licenses) are crucial for the change to energy crops. Finally, there are knowledge gaps in the literature as to why farmers decide to keep or change a production system. Since the Swedish government and the EU intend to encourage farmers to expand their energy crop production, this knowledge of such motivational factors should be enhanced.

    Ladda ner fulltext (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 54.
    Ostwald, Madelene
    et al.
    Göteborg University, Sweden.
    Jusoff, K
    Lindqvist, Sven
    Göteborg University, Sweden.
    Indicating local protection efforts in forest vegetation change in Orissa, India using NOAA AVHRR data2000Ingår i: Journal of Tropical Forest Science, ISSN 0128-1283, Vol. 12, s. 778-793Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
  • 55.
    Ostwald, Madelene
    et al.
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, Centrum för klimatpolitisk forskning. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, Tema vatten i natur och samhälle. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten.
    Kuchler, Magdalena
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, Centrum för klimatpolitisk forskning. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, Tema vatten i natur och samhälle. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten.
    Climate science and policy research coming into being. Examples from the international politics of bioenergy and the case of avoided deforestation.2009Ingår i: Climate science and policy research conceptual and methodological challenges / [ed] Lövbrand E, Linnér B-O and Ostwald M, 2009Kapitel i bok, del av antologi (Övrig (populärvetenskap, debatt, mm))
  • 56.
    Ostwald, Madelene
    et al.
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, Centrum för klimatpolitisk forskning. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, Tema vatten i natur och samhälle. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten.
    Matilda, Palm
    Göran, Berndes
    Indu, Murty
    RK, Chaturvedi
    NH, Ravindranath
    Environmental constraints for afforestation and reforestation activities in different Agro-Ecological Zones of Southern India2007Ingår i: Alliance for Global Sustainability,2007, 2007Konferensbidrag (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
  • 57.
    Ostwald, Madelene
    et al.
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, Centrum för klimatpolitisk forskning. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, Tema Miljöförändring. Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden.
    Moberg, Jesper
    Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden.
    Persson, Martin
    Chalmers University of Technology; Sweden.
    Xu, Jintao
    Peking University, China.
    The Chinese Grain for Green Program – assessing the sequestered carbon from the land reform2011Ingår i: World renewable Energy Congress 2011, Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2011, s. 2517-2522Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

     Grain for Green Program was launched in China as a national measure to control erosion and increase vegetation cover in 1999. With a budget of 40 billion US dollar, the program that targets cropland and barren land has today converted over 20 million hectares of land into primarily tree-based plantations. Even though the design of the program includes a category of energy forest only a negligible part is planted as such (0.61%). The majority of the land converted is for protection (78%). The use of these plantations in the future is however unclear and a hypothesis of energy substitution is valid.

    In this paper, we try to estimate the overall carbon that has been sequestered due to the program by using official statistics from the program and by calculating it according to mainly three different approaches; calculations made on I) net primary production, II) figures from IPCC’s greenhouse gas inventory guidelines, and III) mean annual increment. We also highlight several of the uncertainties that are associated with the program and the estimations.

    The result shows that conversion of cropland and barren land generated carbon sequestration over its 10 first years ranging from 222 to 468 million tonnes of carbon, with the IPCC approach yielding the highest estimate whereas the other two approaches had more similar outcome (around 250 million tonnes of carbon). Uncertainties associated with the assessment lies within the use of growth curves not designed for the particular species and their different locations, actual survival rate of the plantations, and discrepancies in figures concerning the program (e.g. area, type, survival rates) at different levels of authority (from national to local). The carbon sequestered in the biomass (above and below ground) from this program is equivalent to 14% (based on median of all three approaches) of China’s yearly carbon dioxide emissions due to fossil fuel use and cement production.

  • 58.
    Ostwald, Madelene
    et al.
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, Centrum för klimatpolitisk forskning. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, Tema Miljöförändring.
    Palm, Matilda
    University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Mattsson, Eskil
    University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Ravindranath, N.H.
    Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.
    Land use and forest issues at COP13 on Bali December 20072008Rapport (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
    Ladda ner fulltext (pdf)
    Land use and forest issues at COP13 on Bali December 2007
  • 59.
    Ostwald, Madelene
    et al.
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, Centrum för klimatpolitisk forskning. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, Tema vatten i natur och samhälle. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten.
    Palm, Matilda
    Göteborg University.
    Ravindranath, N.H.
    IISc.
    Berndes, Göran
    Chalmers.
    Biomass potential on Indian wasteland2008Ingår i: Forest Adaptation 2008, IUFRO, SLU and FAO,2008, Umeå: FAO/SLU , 2008Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
  • 60.
    Ostwald, Madelene
    et al.
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, Centrum för klimatpolitisk forskning. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, Tema vatten i natur och samhälle. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten.
    Simelton, Elisabeth
    Göteborg University.
    Chen, Deliang
    Göteborg University.
    Liu, Ann
    Shaanxi Remote Sensing Centre for Agriculture.
    Relation between vegetation changes, climate variables and land-use policy in Shaanxi Province, China2007Ingår i: Geografiska Annaler. Series A, Physical Geography, ISSN 0435-3676, E-ISSN 1468-0459, Vol. 89, nr 4, s. 223-236Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Shaanxi Province in China has been exposed to climate variability and dramatic land-use policies. The aim here is to examine vegetation changes in this area on a regional scale from 2000 to 2004 in relation to land-use changes and climate traits. The data in this assessment include remote sensing information from moderate-resolution imaging spectro-radiometer normalized difference vegetation index from 2000 to 2004, and climate data (precipitation and temperature) from 1956 to 2000. The results show an increase in vegetation production from 2000 to 2004, particularly in the north, which cannot be explained solely by climate impacts. Since the vegetation in the north is more dependent on climate variation than the other parts of Shaanxi due to more serious water limitation, the results suggest that the large-scale land-use policy implemented over the last decade, with a focus on northern Shaanxi, is possibly having an impact on the overall vegetation.

  • 61.
    Ostwald, Madelene
    et al.
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, Centrum för klimatpolitisk forskning. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, Tema Miljöförändring. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten.
    Tiwari, Rakesh
    Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.
    Pettersson, Kristina
    Murthy, Indu
    Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.
    Berndes, Göran
    Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Ravindranath, N.H.
    Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.
    Karlson, Martin
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, Centrum för klimatpolitisk forskning. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, Tema Miljöförändring. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten.
    Can India’s wasteland be used for biomass plantations?2015Rapport (Övrig (populärvetenskap, debatt, mm))
    Abstract [en]

    How much of India’s vast wasteland can be used for growing plants such as eucalyptus and Jatropha? As land demands have increased, the sustainable use of marginal lands has become increasingly important. In India about 47 million hectares, or 15 percent of the total geographical area, is classified as wastelands. Here we assess the climate and land quality requirements of eucalyptus, a commonly used plantation tree, and Jatropha, a much-discussed biodiesel crop. We find that roughly half of the degraded lands are suitable for growing eucalyptus and/or Jatropha. 

    Ladda ner fulltext (pdf)
    Can India’s wasteland be used for biomass plantations?
  • 62.
    Ostwald, Madelene
    et al.
    Göteborgs universitet; Chalmers.
    Uddling, Johan
    Göteborgs universitet.
    Lövbrand, Eva
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, Tema Miljöförändring. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten. Linköpings universitet, Centrum för klimatpolitisk forskning, CSPR.
    Köhlin, Gunnar
    Göteborgs universitet.
    Linnér, Björn-Ola
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, Tema Miljöförändring. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten. Linköpings universitet, Centrum för klimatpolitisk forskning, CSPR.
    Akselsson, Cecilia
    Lunds universitet.
    Klimatkompensation i svensk skog en dålig idé2021Övrigt (Övrig (populärvetenskap, debatt, mm))
    Abstract [sv]

    Företag som ser sig om efter åtgärder för att minska sin klimat­påverkan och samtidigt stärka sitt varumärke bör undvika klimat­kompensation i svenska skogar. Det skriver sex forskare.

  • 63.
    Ostwald, Madelene
    et al.
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, Centrum för klimatpolitisk forskning. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, Tema vatten i natur och samhälle. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten.
    Wibeck, Victoria
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, Centrum för klimatpolitisk forskning. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, Tema vatten i natur och samhälle. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten.
    Stridbeck, Petter
    Proximate Causes and Underlying Driving Forces of Small-Scale Farmers Land-use change2007Ingår i: Forskning för hållbar utveckling,2007, 2007Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

        

  • 64.
    Ostwald, Madelene
    et al.
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, Centrum för klimatpolitisk forskning. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, Tema vatten i natur och samhälle. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten.
    Wibeck, Victoria
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, Centrum för klimatpolitisk forskning. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, Tema vatten i natur och samhälle. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten.
    Stridbeck, Petter
    University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Proximate causes and underlying driving forces of small-scale farmers’ land-use change – illustrations from the Loess Plateau, China2009Ingår i: Journal of Land Use Science, ISSN 1747-423x, Vol. 4, s. 157-171Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Small-scale farmers on marginal land in the Loess Plateau of China are adapting their livelihood to new situations and changes such as varying climate, new land-use policies, changing employment opportunities and new market situations. To avoid generalising explanations with regard to land-use change, interactions between proximate causes and underlying driving forces adopted from a meta-analysis model are explored through 23 in-depth interviews. This was done through collaborative work with farmers in northern Shaanxi Province and focused on the land-use situation between 1982 and 2005. The result reveals five categories of land-use change. The interaction pattern is broken down into eight proximate causes and four underlying driving forces. The dominant underlying driving forces are economic forces with short time horizons arising partly from compensation through policies, changes in crop demand from an expanding nearby market and a need for cash because of an increasingly cash-based lifestyle. The direct proximate causes were vividly described by the farmers as tools or means by which they are adapting to more abstract and indirect factors. These factors were identified as underlying driving forces. Hence, the knowledge and ability to separate the interaction into proximate causes and underlying driving forces are crucial in policy-making.

  • 65.
    Palm, Matilda
    et al.
    Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.
    Ostwald, Madelene
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, Centrum för klimatpolitisk forskning. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, Tema vatten i natur och samhälle. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten.
    Berndes, Goran
    Physical Resource Theory, Department of Energy and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden.
    Ravindranath, N H
    Indian Institute of Science, Centre for Ecological Science, Bangalore, India.
    Application of Clean Development Mechanism to forest plantation projects and rural development in India2009Ingår i: Applied Geography, ISSN 0143-6228, E-ISSN 1873-7730, Vol. 29, nr 1, s. 2-11Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper analyses the prospects for establishing afforestation and reforestation Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects in Karnataka State, India. Building on multi-disciplinary fieldwork, the aim is to: (i) establish what type of plantations and forests that would best suit a forest-based project activity, considering global climate benefits and local sustainable development objectives; (ii) identify the parameters that are important for ensuring sustainable development at the local level and (iii) develop a transparent ranking tool for the assessment of possible forest-based project activities. Using equal weights for the ranking parameters and a 30-year time horizon, the ranking shows that plantations managed with the shortest rotation period (5 years) would be most suitable for forest-based project activities. However, the performance of individual forest-based project activities will depend on local conditions, which need to be reflected in the weighting procedure. Sensitivity analysis shows that when weights are varied, other forest types can become the preferred option. Based on a combination of the sensitivity analysis and results from the fieldwork, it can be concluded that successful implementation of forest-based project activities will require local participation and are likely to involve multiple forest products and environmental services demanded by the local community.

  • 66.
    Palm, Matilda
    et al.
    University of Gothenburg.
    Ostwald, Madelene
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, Centrum för klimatpolitisk forskning. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, Tema vatten i natur och samhälle. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten.
    Murty, Indu
    Indian Institute of Science.
    Chaturvedi, Rakesh
    Indian Institute of Science.
    Ravindranath, N.H.
    Indian Institute of Science.
    Barriers to plantation activities in different agro-ecological zones of Southern India2011Ingår i: Regional Environmental Change, ISSN 1436-3798, E-ISSN 1436-378X, Vol. 11, nr 2, s. 423-435Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper analyses environmental and socio-economic barriers for plantation activities on local and regional level and investigates the potential for carbon finance to stimulate the increased rates of forest plantation on wasteland, i.e., degraded lands, in southern India. Building on multidisciplinary field work and results from the model GCOMAP, the aim is to (1) identify and characterize the barriers to plantation activities in four agro-ecological zones in the state of Karnataka and (2) investigate what would be required to overcome these barriers and enhance the plantation rate and productivity. The results show that a rehabilitation of the wasteland based on plantation activities is not only possible but also anticipated by the local population and would lead to positive environmental and socio-economic effects at a local level. However, in many cases, the establishment of plantation activities is hindered by a lack of financial resources, low land productivity and water scarcity. Based on the model used and the results from the field work, it can be concluded that certified emission reductions such as carbon credits or other compensatory systems may help to overcome the financial barrier; however, the price needs to be significantly increased if these measures are to have any large-scale impact.

    Ladda ner fulltext (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 67.
    Palm, Matilda
    et al.
    Department of Earth Science, Physical Geography, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Ostwald, Madelene
    Department of Earth Science, Physical Geography, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Reilly, John
    Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA.
    Land use and forestry based CDM in scientific literature pre and post COP 9 in Milan2008Ingår i: International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, ISSN 1567-9764, E-ISSN 1573-1553, nr 8, s. 249-274Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    This article explores the science-policy interactions between peer-reviewed

    literature and decisions and declarations on Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry

    (LULUCF) projects in the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) taken at Conference of

    the Parties (COP) meetings. The results are based on a literature analysis capturing 88

    articles published from 1997 to 2005. By using a matrix search method and a structured

    reading form, the method and analysis focussed on whether issues of CDM and LULUCF

    were presented as ‘supportive of the inclusion of LULUCF’ and ‘critical of the inclusion of

    LULUCF’. A matrix search method and a structured reading form were applied. Of the 88

    articles, 66% included discussions supportive to the inclusion of LULUCF. Forty-nine

    percent had a first author affiliated in natural sciences. Only 19% had first authors affiliated

    in developing countries while the same number for contributing authors was 38%. The

    results show no clear connection between scientific literature and decisions and declarations,

    but indicate that policymakers set the research agenda by declarations, while

    researchers feed the process up until decisions are made.

  • 68.
    Persson, Martin
    et al.
    Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden .
    Moberg, Jesper
    Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden .
    Ostwald, Madelene
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, Tema vatten i natur och samhälle. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, Centrum för klimatpolitisk forskning. Chalmers, Sweden .
    Xu, Jintao
    Peking University, Peoples R China .
    The Chinese Grain for Green Programme: Assessing the carbon sequestered via land reform2013Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Management, ISSN 0301-4797, E-ISSN 1095-8630, Vol. 126, s. 142-146Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    The Grain for Green Programme (GGP) was launched in China in 1999 to control erosion and increase vegetation cover. Budgeted at USD 40 billion, GGP has converted over 20 million hectares of cropland and barren land into primarily tree-based plantations. Although GGP includes energy forests, only a negligible part (0.6%) is planted as such, most of the land (78%) being converted for protection. Future use of these plantations is unclear and an energy substitution hypothesis is valid. We estimate the overall carbon sequestration via GGP using official statistics and three approaches, based on i) net primary production, ii) IPCCs greenhouse gas inventory guidelines, and iii) mean annual increment. We highlight uncertainties associated with GGP and the estimates. Results indicate that crop- and barren-land conversion sequestered 222-468 Mt of carbon over GGPs first ten years, the IPCC approach yielding the highest estimate and the other two approaches yielding similar but lower estimates (approximately 250 Mt of carbon). The carbon stock in these plantation systems yields a mean of 12.3 t of carbon per hectare. Assessment uncertainties concern the use of growth curves not designed for particular species and locations, actual plantation survival rates, and discrepancies in GGP figures (e.g., area, type, and survival rate) at different authority levels (from national to local). The carbon sequestered in above- and below-ground biomass from GGP represents 14% (based on the median of the three approaches) of Chinas yearly (2009) carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel use and cement production.

  • 69.
    Ravindranath, N. H.
    et al.
    Centre for Sustainable Technologies & Centre for Ecological Science, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.
    Ostwald, Madelene
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, Centrum för klimatpolitisk forskning. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, Tema vatten i natur och samhälle. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten.
    Carbon Inventory Methods: Chinese translation of the English language edition: Carbon Inventory Methods – handbook for greenhouse gas inventory, carbon mitigation and roundwood production projects2009Bok (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
    Abstract [en]

    Carbon inventory requiring estimation of carbon dioxide emissions and removals in land-use categories for national greenhouse gas inventory and changes in stocks of carbon in projects aimed at climate change mitigation has become increasingly important in global efforts to address climate change. Hence, there is a need for a handbook that provides guidelines and methods required for carbon inventory.

    Carbon Inventory Methods Handbook provides detailed step-by-step information on sampling procedures, field and laboratory measurements, application of remote sensing and GIS techniques, modeling, and calculation procedures along with sources of data for carbon inventory.

    The unique feature of this handbook is that it provides practical guidance on carbon inventory methods for four kinds of projects, namely, 1) development, implementation and monitoring of carbon mitigation in forest, agriculture and grassland sectors, 2) national greenhouse gas inventory in agriculture, forest, and other land-use categories, 3) forest, grassland and agroforestry development and 4) commercial and community forestry roundwood production.

    Carbon Inventory Methods Handbook is an essential source of reference to universities and research institutions dealing with climate change, consultancy and non-governmental organizations involved in developing and monitoring land-based mitigation projects, donor agencies funding carbon mitigation projects, national greenhouse gas inventory agencies, United Nations agencies and mechanisms such as Clean Development Mechanism and Global Environment Facility, roundwood production and land reclamation project developers and managers, and forest departments.

  • 70.
    Ravindranath, N.H.
    et al.
    Centre for Sustainable Technologies & Centre for Ecological Science, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.
    Ostwald, Madelene
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, Centrum för klimatpolitisk forskning. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, Tema vatten i natur och samhälle. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten.
    Carbon Inventory Methods Handbook for Greenhouse Gas Inventory, Carbon Mitigation and Roundwood Production Projects2008Bok (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
    Abstract [en]

    Carbon inventory requiring estimation of carbon dioxide emissions and removals in land-use categories for national greenhouse gas inventory and changes in stocks of carbon in projects aimed at climate change mitigation has become increasingly important in global efforts to address climate change. Hence, there is a need for a handbook that provides guidelines and methods required for carbon inventory.

    Carbon Inventory Methods Handbook provides detailed step-by-step information on sampling procedures, field and laboratory measurements, application of remote sensing and GIS techniques, modeling, and calculation procedures along with sources of data for carbon inventory.

    The unique feature of this handbook is that it provides practical guidance on carbon inventory methods for four kinds of projects, namely, 1) development, implementation and monitoring of carbon mitigation in forest, agriculture and grassland sectors, 2) national greenhouse gas inventory in agriculture, forest, and other land-use categories, 3) forest, grassland and agroforestry development and 4) commercial and community forestry roundwood production.

    Carbon Inventory Methods Handbook is an essential source of reference to universities and research institutions dealing with climate change, consultancy and non-governmental organizations involved in developing and monitoring land-based mitigation projects, donor agencies funding carbon mitigation projects, national greenhouse gas inventory agencies, United Nations agencies and mechanisms such as Clean Development Mechanism and Global Environment Facility, roundwood production and land reclamation project developers and managers, and forest departments.

  • 71.
    Rootzen, J M
    et al.
    Chalmers University of Technology.
    Berndes, G
    Chalmers University of Technology.
    Ravindranath, N H
    Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.
    Somashekar, H I
    Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.
    Murthy, I K
    Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.
    Sudha, P
    Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.
    Ostwald, Madelene
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, Centrum för klimatpolitisk forskning. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, Tema vatten i natur och samhälle. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten. Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden.
    Carbon sequestration versus bioenergy: A case study from South India exploring the relative land-use efficiency of two options for climate change mitigation2010Ingår i: Biomass and Bioenergy, ISSN 0961-9534, E-ISSN 1873-2909, Vol. 34, nr 1, s. 116-123Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    This case study has been carried out as a comparison between two different land-use strategies for climate change mitigation, with possible application within the Clean Development Mechanisms. The benefits of afforestation for carbon sequestration versus for bioenergy production are compared in the context of development planning to meet increasing domestic and agricultural demand for electricity in Hosahalli village, Karnataka, India. One option is to increase the local biomass based electricity generation, requiring an increased biomass plantation area. This option is compared with fossil based electricity generation where the area is instead used for producing wood for non-energy purposes while also sequestering carbon in the soil and standing biomass. The different options have been assessed using the PRO-COMAP model. The ranking of the different options varies depending on the system boundaries and time period. Results indicate that, in the short term (30 years) perspective, the mitigation potential of the long rotation plantation is largest, followed by the short rotation plantation delivering wood for energy. The bioenergy option is however preferred if a long-term view is taken. Short rotation forests delivering wood for short-lived non-energy products have the smallest mitigation potential, unless a large share of the wood products are used for energy purposes (replacing fossil fuels) after having served their initial purpose. If managed in a sustainable manner all of these strategies can contribute to the improvement of the social and environmental situation of the local community.

  • 72.
    Sanou, Josias
    et al.
    Département Environnement et Forêts, Institut de l’Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles, Ouagadougou 03 BP 7047, Burkina Faso.
    Tengberg, Anna
    Swedish Water House, Stockholm International Water Institute, P.O. Box 101 87, 100 55 Stockholm, Sweden;Lund University Centre for Sustainability Studies, Lund University, P.O. Box 170, 221 00 Lund, Sweden.
    Bazié, Hugues Roméo
    Laboratoire Biosciences, Unité de Formation et Recherche en Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre, Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Ouagadougou 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso.
    Mingasson, David
    Gothenburg Center for Sustainable Development, P.O. Box 100, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Ostwald, Madelene
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, Tema Miljöförändring. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten. Linköpings universitet, Centrum för klimatpolitisk forskning, CSPR.
    Assessing Trade-Offs between Agricultural Productivity and Ecosystem Functions: A Review of Science-Based Tools?2023Ingår i: Land, E-ISSN 2073-445X, Vol. 12, nr 7, artikel-id 1329Artikel, forskningsöversikt (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Global population growth, especially in developing countries, will most likely require an increase in agricultural production, but the sustainability of this production cannot be achieved without the preservation of ecosystem functions. Therefore, farmers need to know about, and deal with, the trade-offs between agricultural productivity and ecosystem functions and services. This review aims to assess practical science-based tools that can be used to make decisions for sustainable agricultural production. We reviewed 184 articles and divided them into categories depending on whether they describe tools, practices, ecosystem services, models, or other topics. Although many studies were global in scope, the approach to analyzing and assessing trade-offs appears to vary geographically. The review showed that trade-offs between agricultural productivity and ecosystem functions are most commonly studied in Europe and Asia, while few studies have been conducted in sub-Saharan Africa. Most tools in the review addressed only one or a bundle of ecosystem services, related to water, biodiversity, or climate regulation, and were designed for different types of land use and ecosystems and applicable at different scales. More practical tools for trade-off analysis have mainly been developed and applied by development organizations with support from science. Closer collaboration between practitioners, development organizations, and scientists is suggested to foster co-development of tools useful for identifying sustainable strategies for closing the yield gap, increasing productivity and for balancing ecosystem services, building on the Sustainable Development Goal’s framework and its targets for agricultural productivity and ecosystem services for trade-off analysis. We recommend the development and fine-tuning of the identified tools to specific contexts and landscapes through innovation platforms bringing together farmers, extension workers, scientists, and local decision-makers.

  • 73.
    Sircar, Srilata
    et al.
    Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
    Andersson Djurfeldt, Agnes
    Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
    Westholm, Lisa
    Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Ostwald, Madelene
    Centre For Environment And Sustainability, GMV, University Of Gothenburg & Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden.
    Wetterlind, Johanna
    Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Wiklund, Jonna
    Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Marstorp, Håkan
    Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Boqvist, Sofia
    Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Förster, Sofia
    Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Kongmanila, Daovy
    National University Of Laos, Vientiane, Lao Pdr.
    Nassuna-Musoke, Maria
    Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.
    Magnusson, Ulf
    Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Gender issues in contemporary research on agriculture for food security - Knowledge gaps and key issues across the AgriFoSe2030 themes2018Rapport (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
    Abstract [en]

    Agriculture in low- and middle-income countries faces considerable challenges, ranging from increased food demand to climate change impacts, with rapidly evolving scope and complexity. At the same time, the opportunities to address these challenges are significant, which brings optimism that efforts

    in agricultural research can succeed. One major barrier, however, threatens to inhibit the impacts of agricultural research: the low level of gender equity in low- and middle-income countries. This is problematic on many levels and across entire crop and livestock value chains, all the way to landscape management. 

    Ladda ner fulltext (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 74.
    Teka, Kassa
    et al.
    Mekelle Univ, Ethiopia.
    Haftu, Mulu
    Wukro St Marys Inst, Ethiopia.
    Ostwald, Madelene
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, Tema Miljöförändring. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten. Linköpings universitet, Centrum för klimatpolitisk forskning, CSPR. Chalmers Univ Technol, Sweden.
    Cederberg, Christel
    Chalmers Univ Technol, Sweden.
    Can integrated watershed management reduce soil erosion and improve livelihoods? A study from northern Ethiopia2020Ingår i: INTERNATIONAL SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION RESEARCH, ISSN 2095-6339, Vol. 8, nr 3, s. 266-276Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    The study aimed at evaluating the impact of integrated watershed management on reducing soil erosion and changes in the livelihoods of rural farming households in Ethiopia. The changes in soil erosion for the years between 2002 and 2015 were estimated using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation model, while the impacts on livelihoods were assessed by household interviews. During the study period, the overall average annual soil loss was halved. Furthermore, crop productivity, water availability (irrigation and domestic) and fodder availability increased by 22, 33 and 10%, respectively, while an increase in household income (by 56%) was observed. Moreover, 72% of the sampled households were able to cover their 12-month annual expenditure demands in 2015, while only 50% of the households were able to cover these demands in 2002. It can be concluded that the implemented integrated watershed management activities seemingly resulted in reduced soil loss, enhanced vegetation cover, and additional household income. This paper also elaborates on the hurdles for integrated watershed management expansion. (C) 2020 International Research and Training Center on Erosion and Sedimentation and China Water and Power Press. Production and Hosting by Elsevier B.V.

    Ladda ner fulltext (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 75.
    Westholm, Lisa
    et al.
    n/a.
    Henders, Sabine
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, Centrum för klimatpolitisk forskning. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, Tema vatten i natur och samhälle. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten.
    Ostwald, Madelene
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, Centrum för klimatpolitisk forskning. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, Tema vatten i natur och samhälle. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten.
    Mattsson, Eskil
    n/a.
    Assessing baseline and sustainable development in four case countries2009Ingår i: Forests and Climate Change: adaptation and mitigation, ISSN 1876-5866, nr ETFRN NEWS 50, s. 27-33Artikel i tidskrift (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
  • 76.
    Westholm, Lisa
    et al.
    n/a.
    Henders, Sabine
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, Centrum för klimatpolitisk forskning. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, Tema vatten i natur och samhälle. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten.
    Ostwald, Madelene
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, Centrum för klimatpolitisk forskning. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, Tema vatten i natur och samhälle. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten.
    Mattsson, Eskil
    n/a.
    Assessment of existing global financial initiatives and monitoring aspects of the carbon sinks in forest ecosystems – the issue of REDD2009Rapport (Övrig (populärvetenskap, debatt, mm))
  • 77.
    Westholm, Lisa
    et al.
    Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden.
    Mattsson, Eskil
    University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Ostwald, Madelene
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, Centrum för klimatpolitisk forskning. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, Tema Miljöförändring.
    REDD+ revisited – steady pace or passed momentum?2012Rapport (Övrig (populärvetenskap, debatt, mm))
  • 78.
    Westholm, Lisa
    et al.
    GMV, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Ostwald, Madelene
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, Centrum för klimatpolitisk forskning. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, Tema Miljöförändring.
    Henders, Sabine
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, Centrum för klimatpolitisk forskning. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, Tema Miljöförändring.
    Mattsson, Eskil
    University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Drawing lessons from Norway’s REDD+ interventions2011Rapport (Övrig (populärvetenskap, debatt, mm))
  • 79.
    Westholm, Lisa
    et al.
    GMV, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Ostwald, Madelene
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, Centrum för klimatpolitisk forskning. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, Tema Miljöförändring.
    Henders, Sabine
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, Centrum för klimatpolitisk forskning. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, Tema Miljöförändring.
    Mattsson, Eskil
    University of Gothenberg, Sweden.
    Learning from Norway – A review of lessons learned for REDD+ donors2011Rapport (Övrig (populärvetenskap, debatt, mm))
  • 80.
    Widgren, Mats
    et al.
    Human Geography Stockholm University, Sweden.
    Simonsen, Kirsten
    Roskilde University, Denmark.
    Lehtinen, Ari
    University of Eastern Finland, Finland.
    Lundmark, Mats
    Örebro University, Sweden.
    Ostwald, Madelene
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, Centrum för klimatpolitisk forskning. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, Tema Miljöförändring.
    Geography research in Norway: An evaluation2011Rapport (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
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