While the critics of nuclear power previously focused on safety risks, they now point to how modern nuclear power plant constructions are plagued by cost increases and excruciating delays, most recently in Finland's new Olkiluoto 3-plant, which was finally commissioned in early 2023. These problems are avoidable, however. In the 1970s and 1980s, Sweden and Finland managed to build 14 new reactors without any costly delays. Stepwise, sequential expansion, continuous improvements, and knowledge transfer based on long-term partnerships were the crucial parts of this forgotten achievement.

Starting with a discussion of the contradictory trends shaping the global economy in the 2020s, this essay focuses on three technology-intensive sectors: defense, pharmaceuticals, and energy. In the defense sector, the Russian-Ukraine war and the tensions in East Asia ended a long period of slow growth with a ´call to arms´ and rearmament across OECD. The challenge of the Western industries now is to accelerate output and capacity in a broad range of sub-sectors and support the safe supply of weapons and spare parts to the Ukrainian army. Thus, RUW is also a battle between different skills in management, logistics, leadership, and training systems, which offers a rich arena for future research in these fields. 

In the pharmaceutical sector, the Covid-19 outbreak initiated another call to arms, and the industry was quick to respond by rapidly delivering new, effective vaccines. This coincided with a breakthrough for new approaches to cancer treatment, with a potential for major public health benefits, if the industry can handle the side effects and policymakers design cost-effective delivery systems with wide coverage. Again, this calls for focused research in the fields of management, innovation studies, and economics. 

The third sector discussed in this essay, electricity production, was caught in a perfect storm by the outbreak of the new war. However, the net effect seems to be a major increase in investments in renewables. This creates new challenges regarding, for example, system stability, combinations of flexible and nuclear-based power sources, and the cost-effective diffusion of renewables to emerging economies, thus another arena for important future research. 

Extant literature has extensively studied innovation-capability building in emerging economy firms (EEFs) from South Korea and China, but tends to neglect EEFs in somewhat less successful emerging economies, like Brazil and Turkey. Compared to the Asian countries, Brazil and Turkey liberalized and opened up their markets to global competition and the investments of multinational enterprises (MNEs) earlier, which implied other opportunities as well as restrictions for innovation-capability building in local firms. By analyzing different ways of catching-up in two Turkish firms, this study reveals that, unlike the East Asian cases, national factors such as state support did not significantly promote the innovation activities. Instead, sectoral and firm-level factors, such as competition, learning trajectories, and technological dynamics were the key ones affecting the studied firms’ processes of innovation-capability building. These factors, particularly the learning trajectories, were heavily influenced by ownership characteristics. In one of the cases, the involvement of a Turkish diversified business group played a vital role in a locally engineered and independent learning process; in the other case, the technological and organizational learning process exploited the advantages of being a joint venture between a foreign multinational and a Turkish owner group. 

The study suggests that technological catch-up alone is insufficient for emerging economy firms. To build an enduring competitive advantage, they also need to develop organizational and international marketing capabilities. Thus, the alignment among technology innovation, marketing, and organizational capabilities is vital for a firm catch-up in competitive market environments. 

Nordic cooperation played an important role for Sweden’s economic and social success in the years after WWII. In the 1970s, however, Sweden started to turn away from its Nordic neighbors and in the following decades, the country embarked on a Sonderweg within key policy areas such as education, immigration, law enforcement, and, most recently, COVID-19 mitigation strategy. This essay compares Sweden with the surrounding Nordic countries and seeks to explain her divergent policy choices in terms of two factors: the erosion of the all-inclusive organizational structure that characterized Sweden during the heyday of “Model Suedois,” and the emergence of a fragmented complex of narrow interest groups without the previous ethics of responsibility.

A recurring theme in the analysis is Sweden´s reluctance to engage in constructivestudies of her Nordic neighbors. According to the World Happiness Index, the Nordic area ranks as the “happiest region in the world,” with Finland in a leading position. If Sweden can equip herself with a positive curiosity and willingness to learn, there may still be an opportunity to close the gap to her most successful Nordic neighbors. 

Det nordiska samarbetet spelade en viktig roll under Sveriges framgångsår efter andra världskriget. Men på 70- och 80-talen vände sig Sverige bort från Norden och Europa och slog in på en Sonderweg med en alltmer avvikande politik inom skola, invandringspolitik och brottsbekämpning, och nu senast coronastrategi.

Christian Berggren, professor emeritus i industriell organisation vid Linköpings universitet, jämför länderna och ser en förklaring till Sveriges tidigare framgångar i en korporativ styrning av samhället, där organisationer på arbetsmarknaden tvingades ta ansvar för den förda politiken. Men den modellen övergavs och blev ersatt med en global och idealistisk agenda. Intressegrupperna behövde inte längre stå för konsekvenserna av sina krav. Arvet efter framgångsåren märks i dag mest i en svensk ovilja att lära av övriga Norden. Men Sverige har fortfarande en möjlighet att finna vägen tillbaka till toppen i ”världens lyckligaste” region, menar Berggren.

Tvärtemot vad tongivande kriminologer som professor Jerzy Sarnecki hävdar så tyder mycket forskning på att skärpta straff kan vara både bra och lönsamt för samhället och även sänka brottsligheten. Under vissa förutsättningar kan fängelsetid leda till bättre möjligheter för kriminella att återanpassa sig till samhället. Christian Berggren, som är skribent och professor emeritus i industriell organisation vid Linköpings universitet, har granskat forskningen och förespråkar en uppgörelse med den kriminalpolitiska ideologi som länge skymt sikten, både för vad som hänt i Sverige och vad som kan och bör göras. 

The incidence of revealed fraud and dishonesty in academia is on the rise, and so is the number of studies seeking to explain scientific misconduct. This paper builds on the concepts of competing logics and institutional fields to analyze a serious case of medical and scientific misconduct at a leading research institute, Karolinska in Sweden, home to the Nobel Prize in Medicine.

By distinguishing between a market-oriented, a medical and an academic logic, the study analyzes how various actors − executives, research leaders, co-authors, journal editors, medical doctors, science bloggers, investigative journalists and documentary filmmakers − sustained or tried to expose the misconduct. Despite repeated warnings from patient-responsible doctors and external academic reviewers, Karolinska protected the surgeon, Paolo Macchiarini, until a documentary film at the Swedish national public TV exposed the fraud which led to public inquiries and proposals for a new national ethics legislation.

The analysis illustrates the power of a market-oriented logic focused on brand and image at the research institute and at a leading journal, but also the perseverance of the logics of scientific scrutiny and medical care among practicing doctors and independent academics although the carriers of these logics were less well organized than the carriers of the market-oriented logic. Furthermore, the analysis shows the problem of fragmented control in the academic institutional field. The discussion of remedies compares the Karolinska case, where media actors were instrumental in sanctioning the perpetrators, with a similar instance of medical misconduct at Duke in the US where the government agency (ORI) intervened and shows the limitations of both types of actors. The conclusion highlights the importance of studying misconduct management and institution-building in different fields to develop effective remedies.

In innovation and project management studies incremental development projects are perceived as theoreticlly and organisationallyuninteresting. By means of a longitudinal study of product improvement projects at an automobile firm, this paper challenges such views andshows how the cumulative impact of the studied sequence resulted in a competitive repositioning of the company's product portfolio during afinancially difficult period. Project managers achieved this by transcending the separation between exploration and exploitation projects; they notonly adhered to time, cost and quality goals but also tried out new ways of testing and experimenting with controversial technical ideas. The paperanalyzes the intensive inter project learning that generated these ambidextrous capabilities and emphasizes that practices at the project-level need tobe buttressed by expanded management learning and capability development also at the sequence level.

KI-professorn Hans Rosling (1948-2017) nådde internationell stjärnstatus med sin personliga karisma och sitt positiva budskap om världens utveckling. Men hans evangelium såsom det presenteras i boken ”Factfulness” blandar på ett förledande sätt viktig statistik och tänkvärda insikter med ett ytterst ensidigt urval och en frånvaro av komplicerande diskussioner. En politik som utgår från denna förskönade världsbild kan få allvarliga konsekvenser, menar Christian Berggren, professor emeritus i industriell utveckling.

According to sustainability transitions theories, innovation policies should create protective spaces (‘niches’) for promising new technologies. Moreover they should support a cumulative process of market formation and growth. Based on results from comparative case studies of two competing technological innovation systems for heavy transport (biogas and electrification), this paper argues that these recommendations are contradictory when technology alternatives with different degrees of maturity compete for the same niche. Should innovation policies open up the niche for the promising but immature alternative, or should they continue to support the technology that already has attained a niche position? If this contradiction remains unsolved, there is a risk for conflicts that block the progress of both alternatives. The paper suggests that there is a need for differentiated policies to resolve the contraction. In order to facilitate further development of both systems, the paper suggests that niche nurturing for immature systems needs to be combined with redeployment into new market segments for more mature systems. 

Studies of the post-acquisition practices of established economy firms argue that integration is one of the most important factors that drives acquisition performance. Recent research suggests that firms from emerging economies may use different approaches in their acquisitions. However, there is a lack of studies of the post-acquisition strategies of emerging economy firms. This study presents an in-depth case study of the strategy of an emerging economy firm from a large business group after its acquisition of a classical brand-name company in a developed economy. Moreover, this strategy and its performance outcomes is compared with the strategy of the acquired firm´s previous owner, an established MNE from a leading OECD country. The study reveals that the emerging economy firm, Tata Motors, pursued a consistent separation strategy in all the investigated areas – human resource management, new product development, production, and marketing. Moreover, this separation strategy turned out to be much more successful than the integration strategy pursued by the previous owner, Ford Motors.

Charisma and upbeat messages about global trends made the late Hans Rosling (1948–2017), professor at Karolinska Institute in Sweden, an international TEDTalk-star, listed among TIME Magazine´s “The World´s 100 Most Influential People” already in 2012. The posthumous book, Factfulness written with his son and daughter-in-law is now becoming a global bestseller. Bill Gates promises to hand it out to all US university graduates. Nature is full of praise: “This magnificent book ends with a plea for a factual world view. …Like his famous presentations, it throws down a gauntlet to doom-and-gloomers in global health by challenging preconceptions and misconceptions.” In Sweden, The Nobel Prize Foundation has teamed up with the Rosling family, announcing that it will “light up Stockholm every spring, in connection with the arrival of the light, with a new public education day in memory of Hans Rosling.”1

Unfortunately, Factfulness presents a highly biased sample of statistics as the true perspective on global development, avoids analysis of negative trends, and refrains from discussing difficult issues, such as the ecological consequences of the current type of growth and the risks related to the continued global population growth. A critical analysis of these shortcomings is the subject of this essay.

Problems of scientific misconduct, from blatant fraud to questionable research practices, have gained public attention in the wake of several scientific scandals. A common response is to ask for more administrative regulation and control. However, Merton´s classic analysis of academia as an autonomous social institution emphasized the role of its ethos, which he condensed in the four CUDOS-ideals: Commun(al)ism, Universalism, Disinterestedness and Organized Skepticism. These norms Merton related to a perceived absence of fraud in his time. Later researchers, however, have suggested that scientific subcultures may subscribe to norms contrary to the CUDOS-principles, which might have an important effect on attitudes to scientific integrity.

Several studies show that organization-related factors, such as competitive pressures, reinforce extrinsic motivation but undermine intrinsic motivation and increase the risks of cheating. In a first step, we use these results to build a model which considers how factors in the organizational climate are related to norm subscription, and how these factors and norms directly and indirectly impact on research ethics. A survey to organization researchers received 200 responses which indicated a good fit between our survey items and the model variables.  In a second, planned step, we will explore how academic institutions may build ethics infrastructure to support scientific norm building and facilitate the exposure of unethical behavior.

Noxious diesel emissions far above official limits and the need to rapidly reduce-greenhouse gases generate widespread calls for banning fossil-fueled cars in Europe. This report shows that it is possible to electrify 50 per cent of all new cars in the EU by 2030.

 This, however, requires massive investment in European battery production capacity, and a long-term commitment to sustainable supply of critical materials. In addition a large-scale expansion of the charging infrastructure is needed, in particular at home and at work places, which account for around 95 per cent of all battery charging. Moreover, local grids will need enforcement in most countries. The additional electricity demand must be satisfied at a time when many coal-fired and nuclear-based power plants will be decommissioned.  Plug-in hybrids, which combine a downsized combustion engine with an electric motor, will probably play an important role, both to relieve long-distance drivers of range anxiety and to reduce the demand for scarce virgin metals, in particular cobalt.

 To make the shift happen, an EU-wide Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEV) mandate needs to be established from 2025, with planned stringency increases every second year or so. Such a regulation is less vulnerable to budget restraints and changing relative prices than financial incentives. At the same time, the regulatory demands on manufacturers to reduce CO₂ emissions from combustions engines need to become more stringent and apply to all combustion engines, including those in plug-in hybrids. Such a combination of policies will make it possible to realize the overall target of 50 per cent electrification of new cars in a robust and flexible way.

This chapter investigates the efforts of firms in emerging economies to acquire the advanced knowledge needed to build internationally competitive innovation capabilities. Two studies of innovator firms in Turkey are analysed using Carlile´s framework of syntactic, semantic and pragmatic boundaries. The findings show how firms use external collaboration to overcome semantic boundaries related to interpretive ambiguity, and international windows of opportunity to bypass pragmatic, interest-related knowledge boundaries.

Objectives

The paper presents data on the two problems of misconduct and marginality in management, business and economics (MBE) journals and their practices to combat these problems.

Design

Data was collected in three phases. First, all publicly retracted papers in MBE journals were identified through keywords searches in 7 major databases (n = 1329 journals). Second, a focused survey was distributed to editors involved in such retractions (n = 64; response rate = 28%). Finally, a survey was administered to all active journals in the seven databases to collect data on editors’ perceptions and practices related to the two problems (n = 937, response rate = 31.8%). Frequency analyses, cross tabulations, and qualitative analyses of open answers were used to examine the data.

Results

184 retracted papers in MBE journals were identified in 2005–2015 (no retraction was found before 2005). From 2005–2007 to 2012–2015, the number of retractions increased by a factor ten with an all-time high in 2015. The survey to journals with reported retractions illustrates how already a few cases of suspected misconduct put a strain on the editorial workload. The survey to all active journals revealed that 42% of the respondents had started to use software to screen all submitted papers, and that a majority recognized the problem of marginality, as indicated by salami-style submissions. According to some editors, reviewers easily spot such submissions whereas others argued that authors may submit thinly sliced papers in parallel to several journals, which means that this practice is only discovered post-publication. The survey question on ways to support creative contributions stimulated a rich response of ideas regarding editorial vision, engaged boards and developmental approaches. The study uses data from three specialized fields, but its findings may be highly relevant to many journals in the social sciences.

According to the literature on technological collaboration, trust between the partners involved plays a major role for the outcome. The current study analyzes trust and attitudes to collaboration in a technology transfer project between two high-technology firms—one located in a developed economy, the other in an emerging economy. Compared with previous research the study has a two major benefits: equal access to participants on both sides; and a longitudinal design which will make it possible to understand the dynamics of trust, attitudes and emergent actions.

This paper presents preliminary findings from the first stage of the transfer project and is based on a survey administered to 93 engineers from both firms. The survey collected data on trust propensity, trustworthiness (competence, integrity and benevolence), image of the other party and personal expectations and analyzed how these factors influence attitudes to collaboration. Preliminary findings confirm that trust propensity, perceived competence and benevolence, image of the other party and personal expectations all have an impact on attitudes to collaboration. Perceived integrity, however, did not show any correlation to attitudes to collaboration, which implies that managers on both sides will need time and effort to demonstrate their capabilities in this area to each other.

Publicering i vetenskapliga tidskrifter är allt mer väsentligt för dagens forskare och lärare, och vetenskapliga publikationer allt viktigare som grund för meritering och samhällets beslut i svåra frågor. Vetenskaplig publicering beskriver den vetenskapliga kommunikationens framväxt, särart och centrala funktioner. Med många konkreta exempel belyses hur förmågan till vetenskapligt skrivande kan övas upp och olika hinder övervinnas genom systematiskt kollegialt samarbete.

Vetenskaplig publicering tar också upp de etiska utmaningar som idag hotar detta publiceringssystem när allt fler skribenter från allt fler länder trängs om plats i samma tidskrifter. Aktuell forskning om akademisk oredlighet, från plagiering och datamassage till salamipublicering, redovisas liksom resultaten från en stor studie av redaktionernas motåtgärder, och vad de innebär för framtidens forskare.

Vetenskaplig publicering lyfter fram betydelsen av det CUDOS-ideal som formulerades under hotet från 1940-talets totalitära ideologier: att dela kunskap utan anspråk på betalning; att bedöma resultat utan sidoblickar på författarens kön, etnicitet eller nationalitet; att inte låta sig styras av olika särintressen, och att skeptiskt kontrollera nya påståenden – ideal som är än viktigare i de sociala mediernas tidevarv.

This paper shows how a provider of complex hardware with long operation times makes use of a structured methods approach to develop maintenance, repair and overhaul services and improve its service solutions. Service engineering is a methodical approach for the design of service offerings, and can be described by using the dimensions outcome, structure, process and management. So far, little is known about how firms implement such approaches. On the basis of a longitudinal case study within a large, product-based, high-technology business corporation, the paper shows that the use of a simplified service engineering model may be effective in supporting both the development and the maintenance of a comprehensive service business. More specifically, the case suggests the following factors to be important for success: A systematically applied engineering method, the presence of dedicated service champions, an ability to articulate and formalize new service roles, and deep technical knowledge of the involved hardware. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V

Less than 10 years ago, Volvo Cars was known for spacious family cars with high levels of safety but fuel consumption well above the EU average. When in 2007, customers started to demand more efficient cars, the company had little to offer and few projects in the pipeline, whereas competitors rapidly launched less-emitting models. Without waiting for formal executive decisions, a team of experienced engineers took the initiative and organized a broad reengineering campaign labeled “DRIVe” (“Drive towards zero”). The basic idea was to build on existing models and platforms and in a very focused process introduce modifications and fuel-saving modules and so launch a low emitting model within less than 12 months. Incentives on various national markets, for example Belgium or the Netherlands were important factors to convince the market organization and get internal acceptance. In 2008, production started of the first DRIVe versions of Volvo’s compact cars with emissions at 119 gram CO2/km, a reduction by 10+ grams. Six months later more advanced versions with start/stop functionality reduced emissions to 104 g/km. DRIVe versions of the larger models followed, and in 2010, production started of a new version of the large V70 DRIVe with fuel consumption reduced to 0.45 l/100 km and emissions to 119 g CO2/km, a 25% improvement. Later in 2010, improved versions S40 and V50 reported emissions at 99 g/km. The flow of rapid reengineering projects continued and in 2014, the team could present the compact V40 model with a new powerful engine, boasting emissions as low as 85gra/km – without the help of any hybrid systems. An important driver of this flow constantly improved models has been the purchasing incentives in the Netherlands which are tightened annually, 88 gram/km in 2013, 85gram/km in 2014, 82gram/km in 2015, etc. Compliance with these levels is critical for success in the Dutch company car segment and has been very effective in setting a target for the DRIVe projects in recent years, and has contributed to Volvo Cars repositioning from fuel consumption well above the EU average to the lowest fuel consumer within its segment. In total, the DRIVe program has delivered 25 improved models from 2008 to 2014. In this paper we analyze its success factors, management particularities and lessons and limitations for other development projects.

The automotive management literature stated that Jaguar Land Rover (JLR) was not successful under Ford ownership. Recent JLR‟s reports and automotive publications highlight that JLR has been successful under Tata ownership. Therefore, this paper aims to identify the various factors behind Tata-JLR‟s success by investigating the post-acquisition strategies adopted by Tata for JLR. This paper uses qualitative study primarily based on interviews with top management portfolio holders from Ford, JLR and Tata as well as industry experts to study the differences in post-acquisition strategies adopted by the two owners. The findings show that separation strategy, market expansion, and increased investments are the major drivers behind the success of Tata‟s acquisition. Time of the acquisition (2008) has come out as a surprising success factor in this research. The study reveals that Ford used organizational integration strategy, which limited the quality of decision making of JLR management team. On the other hand, Tata has implemented separation strategy and empowered decentralized decision making to JLR‟s managers. This study also brings out a comparison of level of task integration between Jaguar Land Rover and its owners with the help of patent analysis

Elektromobilitet är ett vittfamnande begrepp. Det kan täcka in ett stort antal fordonstyper och tillverkare, en diversifierad tjänstesektor, liksom nya principer för stads- och trafikplanering. Denna rapport är avgränsad till elektrifiering av tunga fordon: bussar och lastbilar. Den inkluderar därmed inte elektrifiering av personbilar (eller elcyklar/elskotrar). Elektrifierade personbilar betra ktas istället som ett angränsande och ibland delvis överlappande system, som framför allt kan användas för jämförelser. Elbilar är förvisso ett dynamiskt område men drivs nästan helt av ett antal stora batteri- och biltillverkare utanför Sverige: både nyaföretag som Tesla Motors och  volymtillverkare som GM, Nissan-Renault och BMW. Svenskbaserade biltillverkare deltar med viss framgång – försäljningen av Volvo Cars laddbara premiumhybrid som utvecklades tillsammans med Vattenfallhar överträffat förväntningarna – men svenska företag har små möjligheter att påverka den övergripande teknik- och marknadsutvecklingen. Genom den internationella teknikutvecklingen har kostnaderna för elektrifierade personbilar kraftigt sänkts under senare år, och det finns nu ett stort antal serietillverkade modeller på marknaden. Räckvidd och laddtider är nackdelar för de flesta elbilar, men förbättras kontinuerligt. Standarder har etablerats för  infrastruktur, t.ex. snabbladdare, och även här sänks kostnaden fortlöpande.

This chapter seeks the answers to the following research question: Which are the challenges related to high tech R&D collaboration involving firms both from established and emerging economies? To answer this question, the Turkish jet fighter program is used as a case study. The study shows the chances to succeed are highly uncertain in this sector dominated by USA. Although Turkey acquired some level of R&D capability in previous defense R&D programs, the complexity of jet fighter development poses new challenges. Previous experiences indicate that technical capabilities are not sufficient, equally important is the formation of management capabilities. During the pre-development (concept) phase, Turkey chose to collaborate with Swedish Saab. The paper discusses several challenges in this type of collaboration for a full-scale jet fighter development program- These challenges concern intra- as well as inter-organizational management, the organization of the technical development projects, and the design of appropriate industry governance structures.

Knowledge-based theories of the firm have inspired a rich literature on the search, transfer and integration of knowledge in advanced economies. This paper builds on theories on boundaries and knowledge integration to analyze an important new subject: firms in emerging economies and their strategies for acquiring and integrating external knowledge and break with their past as local low-cost manufacturers. Studies within this area, we propose, may also provide fresh perspectives on the general discourse on knowledge integration across boundaries.  We start with the empirical context, emerging economies and technological catch-up, with a focus on Turkey. Then we present case studies of firm strategies to overcome external knowledge boundaries, adopted by two of Turkey´s industry leaders. These strategies are analyzed using Carlile´s (2004) framework on knowledge boundaries. We conclude by briefly reviewing the difficulties faced by the studied firms, and what these difficulties may tell us about different types of boundaries. 

The multi-level perspective on sustainability transitions positions established firms (incumbents) as defenders of existing technologies at the "regime level." By contrast, it positions new entrants at the niche level, as promoters of new technologies. This paper challenges the positioning of firms as actors on either regime or niche levels. Based on a comparative analysis of technology strategies in the heavy vehicle industry, the paper shows that established firms are active at both levels, developing several technology alternatives simultaneously. This means that incumbents technology strategies determine important parts of the required niche regime interactions. The paper also shows how incumbents may pursue contrasting technology strategies. While some adopt a dualistic approach, keeping regime and niche level activities technologically and commercially separate, others develop integrated strategies where niche activities are leveraged to impact upon the regime level. The cases studied illustrate how the success of such integrated strategies depends on the emergence of bridging policies. Bridging policies are relevant both for linking early niche markets to broader regime-level markets, and for supporting further technological advancements of niche markets. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A rich literature has investigated the antecedents of firm performance in developed economies, resulting in a consensus view that firm resources and strategy are the key determinants. Several arguments, however, suggest that in emerging economies other factors are more important for firm performance. This study analyzes the impact of firm strategy and industry structure as well as business group membership and state support on firm performance in an advanced emerging economy, Turkey. Using a data set compiled from a selection of the 1000 largest manufacturing firms in this country, the study employs several regression models to identify the main determinants of firm performance as measured by productivity and net profit margin. In contrast to studies of developed economies, the investigation finds that firm-related factors (competitive strategies) do not significantly influence performance; instead factors related to industry structure and business group membership are the strongest determinants of firm performance; further, state support interacts with business group membership and is positively related to productivity.

In core OECD countries, the defense industry is a preferred sector for government-supported development of advanced R&D and engineering capabilities, which are then diffused to civilian applications, e.g. airplanes and power turbines. This profile of government involvement and high tech makes defense system development attractive also for emerging economies, where policy makers strive to upgrade independent R&D capabilities. Within the defense sector, fighter jets are a particular demanding area in terms of system complexity, long life-cycle and extreme operational conditions. Also, fighter programs require large investments for long period of time: typically 10-20 years. Products are tightly integrated with all subsystems developed for a particular use. In contrast to consumer durables such as white goods, new entrants cannot start with reverse engineering and assembly to gradually move up the technology frontier, but have to compete with world leaders directly. Moreover, the global aerospace industry is an oligopolistic sector with cut-throat competition and very high switching costs for customers.

This paper seeks the answers of the following questions: Which are the main factors leading up to the formation of new types of international partnerships in jet fighter development? A second question is: Which are the specific challenges related to such partnerships involving firms both from established and emerging economies? In order to answer these research questions Turkish jet fighter program is used as a case study.

The paper shows that the chances to succeed are highly uncertain in this sector dominated by USA. Although Turkey developed some level of R&D capability in previous defence R&D programs, the complexity of jet fighter development poses new challenges. Previous experiences indicate that technical capabilities are not sufficient, equally important is the formation of local management capabilities. During the pre-development (concept) phase, Turkey chose to collaborate with Swedish Saab. The paper discusses several challenges in this type of collaboration for the future program development, concerning intra- as well as inter-organizational management, i. e. both the organization of the technical development projects, and the design of appropriate industry governance structures.

Studies of the rapid economic development in East Asia suggest several factors which influence how industries inlatecomer economies can utilize external knowledge to upgrade from low-end manufacturing to full-blown productdevelopment capabilities. A main aspect in this process is the learning and capability development at the level of firms.However, there are few studies of the innovation journey of specific latecomer firms and the challenges, managerialefforts and uncertainties involved in accessing and learning from international knowledge centers. Specifically, thevarious ways to acquire knowledge for innovation suggested in the literature need to be examined.This paper analyzes the strategic options confronting latecomer firms which aspire to succeed in global competition.Based on in-depth studies in two Turkish industries, white goods and automotive, the paper details the combination ofefforts and investments required to move up the technology ladder from license-based domestic businesses tointernationally competitive capabilities. Two principal ways of acquiring innovation proficiency are compared:independent capability building versus international joint ventures. The paper shows the power of the former, but alsoindicates the difficulty of fostering brand value commensurate with technological achievements. Further the analysisreveals the reasons for and the limits of the alternative way, joint venture agreements, where MNEs tend to retainexclusive control of core technologies. The discussion section suggests that in sectors where independent capabilitybuilding is implausible; it might be possible to position local firms as global niche centers of excellence withinmultinational configurations, if private and government efforts are skilfully coordinated.

Various types of policy instruments have been implemented to reduce local and global emissions, but the impact on innovation of different instruments has received less attention. This paper reviews empirical studies of the innovation impact of four main types of policy instruments in two high-emitting sectors. The conclusions are threefold. (1) Policy plays a key role for the development and diffusion of environmental innovation in the studied sectors. (2) Different types of instruments promote different types of innovations: general economic instruments has primarily encouraged incremental innovation, general regulatory instruments has enforced improvements based on modular innovation, and technology-specific instruments appears to have been needed to support the development and deployment of radically new technologies. (3) All types of policy instruments face challenges in design and implementation: understanding the selection impact of the chosen instruments, implementing increasing stringency levels, committing to an appropriate scale, and safeguarding policy stability.

For a long time, plagiarism and data manipulation have been dealt with as serious issues in science and medicine.  Reluctantly, academic dishonesty and manipulation are also becoming important issues in social sciences, with prestigious journals recently retracting several published and highly cited papers. This paper provides statistics on retracted papers during the last 12 years in management and economics as reported in several comprehensive databases, Ebsco Business Source Premier, Emerald, JSTOR, ScienceDirect, Springer, Taylor & Francis Online and  Wiley Online Library and analyzes which, if any,  explicit policies journals have formulated in this area. Drawing on recent analyses of persistent corporate fraud, the paper discusses the role of similar mechanisms for the non-discovery of academic fraud, such as institutional endorsement and ascription, fragmented control and mimetic herding. This analysis is related to current forms of academic identity construction, where publications outlets and numbers trump substance, and referencing is more important than reading or reflecting.  The paper ends with a menu of possible remedies, from journal policies and the practices of employment committees to the everyday actions of individual academics.

Studies of the rapid economic development in East Asia have generated several models how industries in latecomer economies may upgrade from low-end manufacturing to full-blown product development capabilities.  With the exception of some Korea and Taiwan’s firms, however, there are few studies of the innovation journey of specific firms and the challenges, managerial efforts and uncertainties involved in linking to and learning from international knowledge centers. Moreover, the alternative ways suggested in the literature to acquire knowledge for innovation, need to be analyzed and compared from a firm and management perspective.

This paper analyzes the strategic options confronting emerging economy firms which aspire to succeed in global competition. Using in-depth studies of two company cases in Turkey, one in white goods and one in the automotive industry, the paper details the combination of efforts and investments required to move up the technology ladder from license-based domestic businesses to independent, internationally competitive capabilities on par with global innovation leaders.  The paper shows the critical value of long-term ownership structures for independent capability building but also indicates the difficulty of building brand value commensurate with technological achievements.  Further, the paper demonstrates the limits of the alternative way, joint venture agreements, where MNEs tend to retain exclusive control of key technologies and product decisions.  Here the paper suggests that coordinated private and Government efforts might be needed to position local partner firms as global centers of “niche” excellence within the multinational configuration.

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The creative destruction of existing industries as a consequence of discontinuous technological change is a central theme in the literature on industrial innovation and technological development. Established competence-based and market-based explanations of this phenomenon argue that incumbents are seriously challenged only by ‘competence-destroying’ or ‘disruptive’ innovations, which make their existing knowledge base or business models obsolete and leave them vulnerable to attacks from new entrants. This paper challenges these arguments. With detailed empirical analyses of the automotive and gas turbine industries, we demonstrate that these explanations overestimate the ability of new entrants to destroy and disrupt established industries and underestimate the capacity of incumbents to perceive the potential of new technologies and integrate them with existing capabilities. Moreover, we show how intense competition in the wake of technological discontinuities, driven entirely by incumbents, may instead result in late industry shakeouts. We develop and extend the notion of ‘creative accumulation’ as a way of conceptualizing the innovating capacity of the incumbents that appear to master such turbulence. Specifically, we argue that creative accumulation requires firms to handle a triple challenge of simultaneously (a) fine-tuning and evolving existing technologies at a rapid pace, (b) acquiring and developing new technologies and resources and (c) integrating novel and existing knowledge into superior products and solutions.

Bokens syfte är att ge kunskap och inspiration åt chefer, ledare och medarbetare med intresse för kreativitet och innovation. Den baseras på forskning och tar upp exempel hämtade från många av Sveriges ledande företag. Avsikten är att belysa hur organisatoriska förhållanden påverkar förutsättningarna för kreativitet och innovation samt att ge uppslag till hur företags innovationsförmåga kan utvecklas.

Studies of new product development have demonstrated the value of effective interaction

between research and development (R&D) and manufacturing, but few studies also include

service operations despite their growing importance. Building on in-depth studies of two

firms in the capital goods sector, the paper illustrates how the structural differences between

the R&D-manufacturing and R&D-service interfaces result in serious information and

interaction imbalances, and presents managerial means to handle these. The paper makes

three contributions. First, it shows the value of moving beyond a dyadic perspective to

studies of more complex structures involving triads of specialized functions. Second, the

paper underlines the role of informational flows that can compensate for asymmetries in

such triads and facilitate thoughtful trade-off decisions. Third, the paper highlights the

importance of creating conditions for integrated knowledge-based approaches across functions,

which involve the generation and sharing of new knowledge. The paper ends with an emerging management agenda to support such integrative efforts in new product development projects.

The aim of this chapter is to outline the key issues for heavy vehicle manufacturers in their collaboration with suppliers of electric motors. The information was collected via an in-depth study of the hybrid product development conducted by two heavy-vehicle manufacturers with their respective electric motor suppliers: Scania–Voith and Volvo Trucks– Kollmorgen. The two vehicle manufacturers used different types of electric motor for their hybrid powertrains. They also chose different types of architecture for their hybrid vehicles. By analysing the similarities and differences in these two collaborations, the chapter will demonstrate some of the key challenges involved.

The next section presents the hybrid development processes at Volvo and Scania, and the following two sections deal with the technological dynamics of electric drive systems and the development of the electric motors used in Volvo Trucks’ and Scania’s heavy hybrid electric vehicles. A comparative analysis of hybrid development and supplier collaboration conducted by Volvo Trucks and Scania follows. The final section provides conclusions on how new product development (NPD) collaborations are organized and a discussion on lessons learnt from the study.

Since the 1960s, governments have sought to encourage technological development to reduce pollution. These efforts now include global greenhouse emissions, especially in sectors such as transport and energy generation. A variety of means are applied: general taxes and trading systems, subsidies and technology-forcing standards. At the macro-level, economists argue that general economic instruments are a more efficient way to regulate emissions than administrative or technology-specific measures. The effectiveness of general economic instruments needs to be examined in relation to their innovation impact in different (sub-) sectors, however. This paper builds on research in the automotive and energy sectors to compare general and specific, economic and administrative, means in terms of their impact on different types of innovation. The review shows that the effectiveness of policy instruments is conditioned by the type of innovation needed (incremental, modular, architectural or radical) and the responding industrial context. General instruments – economic and administrative – encourage development and diffusion of incremental and modular innovation, whereas technology-specific instruments are needed to support the development and diffusion of architectural and radical low-carbon innovations. However, in order to have an effect, instruments have to be connected to a responding industrial context, i.e. networks of firms with requisite resources and capabilities to deploy. Key challenges for policy makers when choosing instruments include issues of selection, stringency, scale and stability.

Reducing transport emissions, in particular vehicular emissions, is a key element for mitigating the risks of climate change. In much of the academic and public discourse the focus has been on alternative vehicle technologies and fuels (e.g. electric cars, fuel cells and hydrogen), whereas vehicles based on internal combustion engines have been perceived as close to their development limits. This paper offers a different perspective by demonstrating the accelerated improvement processes taking place in established combustion technologies as a result of a new competition between manufacturers and technologies, encouraged both by more stringent EU legislation and new CAFE levels in the US. The short-term perspective is complemented by an analysis of future improvement potentials in internal combustion technologies, which may be realized if efficient regulation is in place. Based on a comparison of four different regulatory approaches, the paper identifies the need for a long-term technology-neutral framework with stepwise increasing stringencies, arguing that this will encourage continual innovation and diffusion in the most effective way.

Academic dishonesty and plagiarism have become hot issues in newspapers and academia. However, there are few studies of how leading journals are handling these issues. Therefore the purpose of this paper is to analyze the current situation and policies concerning academic dishonesty, plagiarism and paper retractions in academia in general, and business and economics disciplines in particular. Four databases, Ebsco Business Source Premier, Emerald, JSTOR and ScienceDirect, have been examined. This survey shows that while some science journals, e.g. medical journals, are very active in retracting papers due to the dishonesty and plagiarism, business and economics journals are not. The survey also displays that some journals have already published explicit policies regarding academic honesty; within the business field, however, only two established and one emerging journal discuss such policies. Given the extent of the problem, it seems important that more journals openly confront the situation, elaborate and publish explicit policies how to reduce the future occurrence of academic dishonesty and plagiarism.

The automotive industry has a strong presence in the global economy and employs a significant proportion of the working population. It has contributed to the growth of modern society by satisfying everyday mobility. However, it has been accused of badly affecting the environment and public health, and thus finding new methods of propulsion for automotives is currently a subject of intense debate. In this volume, the concept of sustainable development has been correlated with the main theoretical framework of production analysis and managerial economics, that is: manufacturing and architecture theories; the theory of comparative advantage of design-location; design driven and design-thinking theories; concepts-knowledge models; rule-based and innovative design regimes; path dependency theory; literature on breakthrough and disruptive innovations; studies on technology competition; reasoned action and planned behaviour theories; institutional theoretical approaches; firm growth theories; the smart grid paradigm; business model innovation; and definition of scenarios through analytic hierarchy process models and consumer framing.The Greening of the Automobile Industry is one of the products of the research programme 'Sustainable Development and Automotive Industry', run between 2007-2010 by GERPISA (the Permanent Group for the Study of and Research into the Automobile Industry and its Employees). GERPISA is a French-based international network of researchers in economics, management, history, and sociology, all studying the automotive industry. GERPISA was formed in 1992 and is made up of 400 members from 27 different countries. Since 2010 GERPISA has become a Groupement d'Interet Scientifique based at the Ecole Normale Superieure de Cachan.