We consider the Helmholtz equation with a variable coefficient in a semi-infinite strip. Homogeneous Neumann conditions are prescribed on a part of the boundary of the strip. Our aim is to find the unknown function in the Dirichlet boundary condition on the remaining part of the boundary from measurements taken on a segment inside the semi-infinite strip. We assume that the radiation condition at infinity is unknown and must be found also. The main difficulty here is the variable coefficient in the Helmholtz equation which does not allow to apply the method of separation of variable as was done in [2]. Such problems appear in acoustics to determine acoustical sources and surface vibrations from acoustic field measurements in non-uniform mediums. We split the problem in two parts. One consists of finding the radiation condition and this problem is well-posed. We derive the equation for finding the parameter of the radiation condition, that holds at infinity. The second one is to find the Dirichlet data and this problem is ill-posed. We present an operator equation with compact operator for finding the Dirichlet data. (c) 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons .org /licenses /by /4 .0/).

In this paper, we are interested in finding an optimal control support design for controlling vibrations due to pedestrian-bridge interactions. Therefore, we derive the topological derivatives of the proposed functionals using the averaged adjoint approach. A numerical algorithm initialized by these sensitivities is used as a solution strategy. The algorithm is tested numerically for two different cases of initial conditions.

In this paper, an optimal actuator placement problem with a linear wave equation as the constraint is considered. In particular, this work presents the frameworks for finding the best location of actuators depending upon the given initial conditions, and where the dependence on the initial conditions is averaged out. The problem is motivated by the need to control vibrations induced by pedestrian-bridge interactions. An approach based on shape optimization techniques is used to solve the problem. Specifically, the shape sensitivities involving a cost functional are determined using the averaged adjoint approach. A numerical algorithm based on these sensitivities is used as a solution strategy. Numerical results are consistent with the theoretical results, in the two examples considered.

We consider an inverse problem for the Helmholtz equation of reconstructing a solution from measurements taken on a segment inside a semi-infinite strip. Homogeneous Neumann conditions are prescribed on both side boundaries of the strip and an unknown Dirichlet condition on the remaining part of the boundary. Additional complexity is that the radiation condition at infinity is unknown. Our aim is to find the unknown function in the Dirichlet boundary condition and the radiation condition. Such problems appear in acoustics to determine acoustical sources and surface vibrations from acoustic field measurements. The problem is split into two sub-problems, a well-posed and an ill-posed problem. We analyse the theoretical properties of both problems; in particular, we show that the radiation condition is described by a stable non-linear problem. The second problem is ill-posed, and we use the Landweber iteration method together with the discrepancy principle to regularize it. Numerical tests show that the approach works well.

We consider the Cauchy problem for the Helmholtz equation with a domain in with N cylindrical outlets to infinity with bounded inclusions in . Cauchy data are prescribed on the boundary of the bounded domains and the aim is to find solution on the unbounded part of the boundary. In 1989, Kozlov and Mazya proposed an alternating iterative method for solving Cauchy problems associated with elliptic, selfadjoint and positive-definite operators in bounded domains. Different variants of this method for solving Cauchy problems associated with Helmholtz-type operators exists. We consider the variant proposed by Berntsson, Kozlov, Mpinganzima and Turesson (2018) for bounded domains and derive the necessary conditions for the convergence of the procedure in unbounded domains. For the numerical implementation, a finite difference method is used to solve the problem in a simple rectangular domain in R-2 that represent a truncated infinite strip. The numerical results shows that by appropriate truncation of the domain and with appropriate choice of the Robin parameters mu(0) and mu(1), the Robin-Dirichlet alternating iterative procedure is convergent.

We consider a steady state heat conduction problem in a thin plate. In the application, it is used to connect two cylindrical containers and fix their relative positions. At the same time it serves to measure the temperature on the inner cylinder. We derive a two dimensional mathematical model, and use it to approximate the heat conduction in the thin plate. Since the plate has sharp edges on the sides the resulting problem is described by a degenerate elliptic equation. To find the temperature in the interior part from the exterior measurements, we formulate the problem as a Cauchy problem for stationary heat equation. We also reformulate the Cauchy problem as an operator equation, with a compact operator, and apply the Landweber iteration method to solve the equation. The case of the degenerate elliptic equation has not been previously studied in this context. For numerical computation, we consider the case where noisy data is present and analyse the convergence.

Temperature control is important for the steel making process. Knowledge of the amount of thermal energy stored in the ladle allows for better predictions of the steel temperature during the process. This has a potential to improve the quality of the steel. In this work, we present a mathematical model of the heat transfer within a ladle during the production process. The model can be used to compute the current, and also the future, thermal status of the ladle. The model is simple and can be solved efficiently. We also present results from numerical simulations intended to illustrate the model.

The Cauchy problem for the heat equation is a model of situation where one seeks to compute the temperature, or heat-flux, at the surface of a body by using interior measurements. The problem is well-known to be ill-posed, in the sense that measurement errors can be magnified and destroy the solution, and thus regularization is needed. In previous work it has been found that a method based on approximating the time derivative by a Fourier series works well [Berntsson F. A spectral method for solving the sideways heat equation. Inverse Probl. 1999;15:891-906; Elden L, Berntsson F, Reginska T. Wavelet and Fourier methods for solving the sideways heat equation. SIAM J Sci Comput. 2000;21(6):2187-2205]. However, in our situation it is not resonable to assume that the temperature is periodic which means that additional techniques are needed to reduce the errors introduced by implicitly making the assumption that the solution is periodic in time. Thus, as an alternative approach, we instead approximate the time derivative by using a cubic smoothing spline. This means avoiding a periodicity assumption which leads to slightly smaller errors at the end points of the measurement interval. The spline method is also shown to satisfy similar stability estimates as the Fourier series method. Numerical simulations shows that both methods work well, and provide comparable accuracy, and also that the spline method gives slightly better results at the ends of the measurement interval.

We consider the Cauchy problem for the Helmholtz equation defined in a rectangular domain. The Cauchy data are prescribed on a part of the boundary and the aim is to find the solution in the entire domain. The problem occurs in applications related to acoustics and is illposed in the sense of Hadamard. In our work we consider regularizing the problem by introducing a bounded approximation of the second derivative by using Cubic smoothing splines. We derive a bound for the approximate derivative and show how to obtain stability estimates for the method. Numerical tests show that the method works well and can produce accurate results. We also demonstrate that the method can be extended to more complicated domains.

The Cauchy problem for Helmholtz equation, for moderate wave number k(2), is considered. In the previous paper of Achieng et al. (2020, Analysis of Dirichlet-Robin iterations for solving the Cauchy problem for elliptic equations. Bull. Iran. Math. Soc.), a proof of convergence for the Dirichlet-Robin alternating algorithm was given for general elliptic operators of second order, provided that appropriate Robin parameters were used. Also, it has been noted that the rate of convergence for the alternating iterative algorithm is quite slow. Thus, we reformulate the Cauchy problem as an operator equation and implement iterative methods based on Krylov subspaces. The aim is to achieve faster convergence. In particular, we consider the Landweber method, the conjugate gradient method and the generalized minimal residual method. The numerical results show that all the methods work well. In this work, we discuss also how one can approach non-symmetric differential operators by similar operator equations and model problems which are used for symmetric differential operators.

In this work we propose an algorithm for computing a stationary flow in a bifurcation tree. Our idea is to divide the tree into smaller basic blocks, each corresponding to one bifurcation, and solve a sequence of flow problems for the individual blocks. Numerical experiments demonstrate that the algorithm works well. We give a criteria for convergence that can be verified numerically and also an analytical convergence proof for an important special case. The application we have in mind is the computation of the time dependent blood flow in the arterial tree of the human body. The work presented here is for a simplified case but we discuss the extension of our work to the realistic cases. Also potential applications are discussed. (C) 2020 IMACS. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The Cauchy problem for general elliptic equations of second order is considered. In a previous paper (Berntsson et al. in Inverse Probl Sci Eng 26(7):1062–1078, 2018), it was suggested that the alternating iterative algorithm suggested by Kozlov and Maz’ya can be convergent, even for large wavenumbers k², in the Helmholtz equation, if the Neumann boundary conditions are replaced by Robin conditions. In this paper, we provide a proof that shows that the Dirichlet–Robin alternating algorithm is indeed convergent for general elliptic operators provided that the parameters in the Robin conditions are chosen appropriately. We also give numerical experiments intended to investigate the precise behaviour of the algorithm for different values of k² in the Helmholtz equation. In particular, we show how the speed of the convergence depends on the choice of Robin parameters.

In many industrial applications, such as in the steel industry, it is important to monitor the surface temperature, and also heating or cooling rates, during an industrial process. However, often the surface may be inaccessible for direct measurements. Instead we are restricted to using interior measurements to estimate the surface temperature, by solving an inverse heat conduction problem. The problem is well-known and has been studied by many authors. In this paper a novel algorithm is proposed, which allows the use of multiple measurements taken inside the material. The procedure is based on formulating the problem as an operator equation and stability is achieved by Tikhonov regularization. By an iterative procedure, we can deal with non-linear problems where the material properties depend on the temperature. Numerical experiments show that the method works well. We also apply the proposed method to a real industrial problem with measured data taken during an steel heating experiment. (C) 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.

We study a non-linear operator equation originating from a Cauchy problem for an elliptic equation. The problem appears in applications where surface measurements are used to calculate the temperature below the earth surface. The Cauchy problem is ill-posed and small perturbations to the used data can result in large changes in the solution. Since the problem is non-linear certain assumptions on the coefficients are needed. We reformulate the problem as an non-linear operator equation and show that under suitable assumptions the operator is well-defined. The proof is based on making a change of variables and removing the non-linearity from the leading term of the equation. As a part of the proof we obtain an iterative procedure that is convergent and can be used for evaluating the operator. Numerical results show that the proposed procedure converges faster than a simple fixed point iteration for the equation in the the original variables.

One dimensional models for fluid flow in tubes are frequently used tomodel complex systems, such as the arterial tree where a large numberof vessels are linked together at bifurcations. At the junctions transmission conditions are needed. One popular option is the classic Kirchhoffconditions which means conservation of mass at the bifurcation andprescribes a continuous pressure at the joint.

In reality the boundary layer phenomena predicts fast local changesto both velocity and pressure inside the bifurcation. Thus it is not appropriate for a one dimensional model to assume a continuous pressure. In this work we present a modification to the classic Kirchhoff condi-tions, with a symmetric pressure drop matrix, that is more suitable forone dimensional flow models. An asymptotic analysis, that has beencarried out previously shows that the new transmission conditions hasen exponentially small error.

The modified transmission conditions take the geometry of the bifurcation into account and can treat two outlets differently. The conditions can also be written in a form that is suitable for implementationin a finite difference solver. Also, by appropriate choice of the pressuredrop matrix we show that the new transmission conditions can producehead loss coefficients similar to experimentally obtained ones.

We present a one-dimensional model describing the blood flow through a moderately curved and elastic blood vessel. We use an existing two dimensional model of the vessel wall along with Navier-Stokes equations to model the flow through the channel while taking factors, namely, surrounding muscle tissue and presence of external forces other than gravity into account. Our model is obtained via a dimension reduction procedure based on the assumption of thinness of the vessel relative to its length. Results of numerical simulations are presented to highlight the influence of different factors on the blood flow. (C) 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

The Cauchy problem for the Helmholtz equation is considered. It was demonstrated in a previous paper by the authors that the alternating algorithm suggested by V.A. Kozlov and V.G. Mazya does not converge for large wavenumbers k in the Helmholtz equation. Here, we present some simple modifications of the algorithm which may restore the convergence. They consist of the replacement of the Neumann-Dirichlet iterations by the Robin-Dirichlet ones which repairs the convergence for less than the first Dirichlet-Laplacian eigenvalue. In order to treat large wavenumbers, we present an algorithm based on iterative solution of Robin-Dirichlet boundary value problems in a sufficiently narrow border strip. Numerical implementations obtained using the finite difference method are presented. The numerical results illustrate that the algorithms suggested in this paper, produce convergent iterative sequences.

In this study, a two-dimensional linear transition inverse heat conduction problem (IHCP) was solved using the Generalized Minimal Residual Method (GMRES) in quenching process by water jets. The inverse solution method was validated by set of artificial data and solution sensitivity analysis was done on data noise level, regularization parameter, cell size, etc. An experimental study has been carried out on quenching a rotary hollow cylinder by one row of subcooled water jets. The inverse solution approach enabled prediction of surface temperature and heat flux distribution of test specimen in the quenching experiments by using measured internal specimen temperature. Three different boiling curves were defined in the quenching process of a rotary cylinder. Result obtained by the inverse solution showed clear footprint of rotation in surface temperature and heat flux on each revolution of cylinder and temperature variation damping from quenching surface toward interior of specimen. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

In this study we discuss the pricing of weather derivatives whose underlying weather variable is temperature. The dynamics of temperature in this study follows a two state regime switching model with a heteroskedastic mean reverting process as the base regime and a shifted regime defined by Brownian motion with nonzero drift. We develop mathematical formulas for pricing futures and option contracts on heating degree days (HDDs), cooling degree days (CDDs) and cumulative average temperature (CAT) indices. The local volatility nature of the model in the base regime captures very well the dynamics of the underlying process, thus leading to a better pricing processes for temperature derivatives contracts written on various index variables. We use the Monte Carlo simulation method for pricing weather derivatives call option contracts.

 A false aneurysm is a hematoma, i.e. collection ofblood outside of a blood vessel, that forms due to a hole  in the wall of an artery . This represents a serious medical condition that needs to be monitored and, under certain conditions, treatedurgently. In this work a one-dimensional model of a false aneurysm isproposed. The new model is based on a one-dimensional model of anartery previously presented by the authors and it takes into accountthe interaction between the hematoma  and the surrounding musclematerial. The model equations are derived  using rigorous asymptoticanalysis for the case of a simplified geometry.   Even though the model is simple it still supports a realisticbehavior for the system consisting of the vessel and the  hematoma. Using numerical simulations we illustrate the behavior ofthe model. We also investigate the effect  of changing the size of the hematoma. The simulations show that ourmodel can reproduce realistic solutions. For instance we show thetypical strong pulsation of an aneurysm by blood entering the hematoma during the work phase of the cardiac cycle, and the blood returning tothe vessel during the resting phase. Also we show that the aneurysmgrows  if the pulse rate is increased due to, e.g., a higher work load. 

The inverse geothermal problem consists of estimating the temperature distribution below the earth's surface using measurements on the surface. The problem is important since temperature governs a variety of geologic processes, including the generation of magmas and the deformation style of rocks. Since the thermal properties of rocks depend strongly on temperature the problem is non-linear.

The problem is formulated as an ill-posed operator equation, where the righthand side is the heat-flux at the surface level. Since the problem is ill-posed regularization is needed. In this study we demonstrate that Tikhonov regularization can be implemented efficiently for solving the operator equation. The algorithm is based on having a code for solving a well-posed problem related to the above mentioned operator. The algorithm is designed in such a way that it can deal with both 2D and 3D calculations.

Numerical results, for 2D domains, show that the algorithm works well and the inverse problem can be solved accurately with a realistic noise level in the surface data.

The eigenvalue problem for linear differential operators is important since eigenvalues correspond to the possible energy levels of a physical system. It is also important to have good estimates of the error in the computed eigenvalues. In this work, we use spline interpolation to construct approximate eigenfunctions of a linear operator using the corresponding eigenvectors of a discretized approximation of the operator. We show that an error estimate for the approximate eigenvalues can be obtained by evaluating the residual for an approximate eigenpair. The interpolation scheme is selected in such a way that the residual can be evaluated analytically. To demonstrate that the method gives useful error bounds, we apply it to a problem originating from the study of graphene quantum dots where the goal was to investigate the change in the spectrum from incorporating electron–electron interactions in the potential.

The Cauchy problem for the Helmholtz equation appears in various applications. The problem is severely ill-posed and regularization is needed to obtain accurate solutions. We start from a formulation of this problem as an operator equation on the boundary of the domain and consider the equation in (H-1/2)* spaces. By introducing an artificial boundary in the interior of the domain we obtain an inner product for this Hilbert space in terms of a quadratic form associated with the Helmholtz equation; perturbed by an integral over the artificial boundary. The perturbation guarantees positivity property of the quadratic form. This inner product allows an efficient evaluation of the adjoint operator in terms of solution of a well-posed boundary value problem for the Helmholtz equation with transmission boundary conditions on the artificial boundary. In an earlier paper we showed how to take advantage of this framework to implement the conjugate gradient method for solving the Cauchy problem. In this work we instead use the Conjugate gradient method for minimizing a Tikhonov functional. The added penalty term regularizes the problem and gives us a regularization parameter that can be used to easily control the stability of the numerical solution with respect to measurement errors in the data. Numerical tests show that the proposed algorithm works well. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

In this paper we consider two different linear covariance structures, e.g., banded and bended Toeplitz, and how to estimate them using different methods, e.g., by minimizing different norms.

One way to estimate the parameters in a linear covariance structure is to use tapering, which has been shown to be the solution to a universal least squares problem. We know that tapering not always guarantee the positive definite constraints on the estimated covariance matrix and may not be a suitable method. We propose some new methods which preserves the positive definiteness and still give the correct structure.

More specific we consider the problem of estimating parameters of a multivariate normal p–dimensional random vector for (i) a banded covariance structure reflecting m–dependence, and (ii) a banded Toeplitz covariance structure.

Two regime switching models for predicting temperature dynamics are presented in this study for the purpose to be used for weather derivatives pricing. One is an existing model in the literature (Elias model) and the other is presented in this paper. The new model we propose in this study has a mean reverting heteroskedastic process in the base regime and a Brownian motion in the shifted regime. The parameter estimation of the two models is done by the use expectation-maximization (EM) method using historical temperature data. The performance of the two models on prediction of temperature dynamics is compared using historical daily average temperature data from five weather stations across Sweden. The comparison is based on the heating degree days (HDDs), cooling degree days (CDDs) and cumulative average temperature (CAT) indices. The expected HDDs, CDDs and CAT of the models are compared to the true indices from the real data. Results from the expected HDDs, CDDs and CAT together with their corresponding daily average plots demonstrate that, our model captures temperature dynamics relatively better than Elias model.

Subsequent cooling of slabs after continuous casting is an important step to control before further processing such as hot-rolling. In this work the stresses that occur in slabs during the cooling process were investigated by using a finite element model. In the specific situation that we model a stack of slabs are left to cool under a hood, insulated by a ceramic material, which makes the cooling slower and the temperature distribution more even during the cooling process. The accuracy of the numerical model was validated by a comparison with temperature measurements, and also by a comparison with hot tensile tests for the specific cooling situation under investigation. The results show that the highest stress levels achieved during cooling did not exceed the mechanical strength of the material at the temperatures investigated.

In this study we discuss the pricing of weather derivatives whose underlying weather variable is temperature. The dynamics of temperature in this study follows a two state regime switching model with a heteroskedastic mean reverting process as the base regime and a shifted regime defined by Brownian motion with mean different from zero. We develop the mathematical formulas for pricing futures contract on heating degree days (HDDs), cooling degree days (CDDs) and cumulative average temperature (CAT) indices. We also present the mathematical expressions for pricing the corresponding options on futures contracts for the same temperature indices. The local volatility nature of the model in the base regime captures very well the dynamics of the underlying process, thus leading to a better pricing processes for temperature derivatives contracts written on various index variables. We provide the description of Montecarlo simulation method for pricing weather derivatives under this model and use it to price a few weather derivatives call option contracts.

In this paper we present a one-dimensional model of blood flow in a vessel segment with an elastic wall consisting of several anisotropic layers. The model involves two variables: the radial displacement of the vessels wall and the pressure, and consists of two coupled equations of parabolic and hyperbolic type. Numerical simulations on a straight segment of a blood vessel demonstrate that the model can produce realistic flow fields that may appear under normal conditions in healthy blood vessels; as well as flow that could appear during abnormal conditions. In particular we show that weakening of the elastic properties of the wall may provoke a reverse blood flow in the vessel. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Two regime switching models for predicting temperature dynamics are presented in this study for the purpose to be used for weather derivatives pricing. One is an existing model in the literature (Elias model) and the other is presented in this paper. The new model we propose in this study has a mean reverting heteroskedastic process in the base regime and a Brownian motion in the shifted regime. The parameter estimation of the two models is done by the use expectation-maximization (EM) method using historical temperature data. The performance of the two models on prediction of temperature dynamics is compared using historical daily average temperature data from five weather stations across Sweden. The comparison is based on the heating degree days (HDDs), cooling degree days (CDDs) and cumulative average temperature (CAT) indices. The expected HDDs, CDDs and CAT of the models are compared to the true indices from the real data. Results from the expected HDDs, CDDs and CAT together with their corresponding daily average plots demonstrate that, our model captures temperature dynamics relatively better than Elias model.

In this paper we study the Cauchy problem for the Helmholtz equation. This problem appears in various applications and is severely ill–posed. The modified alternating procedure has been proposed by the authors for solving this problem but the convergence has been rather slow. We demonstrate how to instead use conjugate gradient methods for accelerating the convergence. The main idea is to introduce an artificial boundary in the interior of the domain. This addition of the interior boundary allows us to derive an inner product that is natural for the application and that gives us a proper framework for implementing the steps of the conjugate gradient methods. The numerical results performed using the finite difference method show that the conjugate gradient based methods converge considerably faster than the modified alternating iterative procedure studied previously.

We present a modification of the alternating iterative method, which was introduced by V.A. Kozlov and V. Maz’ya in for solving the Cauchy problem for the Helmholtz equation in a Lipschitz domain. The method is implemented numerically using the finite difference method.

In this paper, we introduce the concept of parameter identification problems, which are inverse problems, as a methodology to inpainting. More specifically, as a first study in this new direction, we generalize the method of harmonic inpainting by studying an elliptic equation in divergence form where we assume that the diffusion coefficient is unknown. As a first step, this unknown coefficient is determined from the information obtained by the known data in the image. Next, we fill in the region with missing data by solving an elliptic equation in divergence form using this obtained diffusion coefficient. An error analysis shows that this approach is promising and our numerical experiments produces better results than the harmonic inpainting.

The Cauchy problem for the Helmholtz equation appears in applications related to acoustic or electromagnetic wave phenomena. The problem is ill–posed in the sense that the solution does not depend on the data in a stable way. In this paper we give a detailed study of the problem. Specifically we investigate how the ill–posedness depends on the shape of the computational domain and also on the wave number. Furthermore, we give an overview over standard techniques for dealing with ill–posed problems and apply them to the problem.

The Cauchy problem for the Helmholtz equation is considered. It was demonstrated in a previous paper by the authors that the alternating algorithm suggested by V.A. Kozlov and V.G. Maz’ya does not converge for large wavenumbers in the Helmholtz equation. We prove here that if we alternate Robin and Dirichlet boundary conditions instead of Neumann and Dirichlet boundary conditions, then the algorithm will converge. We present also another algorithm based on the same idea, which converges for large wavenumbers. Numerical implementations obtained using the finite difference method are presented. Numerical results illustrate that the algorithms suggested in this paper, produce a convergent iterative sequences.

The eastern Tibetan margin bordered by the Longmen Shan range exhibits significant lateral differences in the lithospheric structure and thermal state. To investigate the roles of these differences in mountain building, we construct a thermo-rheological model along a wide-angle seismic profile across the eastern Tibetan margin based on recent seismic and thermal observations. The thermal modeling is constrained by the surface heat flow data and crustal P wave velocity model. The construction of the theological envelopes is based on rock mechanics results, and involves two types of rheology: a weak case where the lower crust is felsic granulite and the lithospheric mantle is wet peridotite, and a strong case where the lower crust is mafic granulite and the lithospheric mantle is dry peridotite. The results demonstrate: (1) one high-temperature anomaly exists within the uppermost mantle beneath eastern Tibet, indicating that the crust in eastern Tibet is remarkably warmer than that in the Sichuan basin, and (2) the rheological strength of the lithospheric mantle beneath eastern Tibet is considerably weaker than that beneath the Sichuan basin. The rheological profiles are in accord with seismicity distribution. By combining these results with the observed crustal/lithospheric architecture, Pn velocity distribution and magmatism in the eastern Tibetan margin, we suggest that the delamination of a thickened lithospheric mantle root beneath eastern Tibet is responsible for the growth of the eastern Tibetan margin.

A shielded thermocouple is a measurement device used for monitoring the temperature in chemically, or mechanically, hostile environments. The sensitive parts of the thermocouple are protected by a shielding layer. In order to improve the accuracy of the measurement device, we study an inverse heat conduction problem where the temperature on the surface of the shielding layer is sought, given measured temperatures in the interior of the thermocouple. The procedure is well suited for real-time applications where newly collected data is continuously used to compute current estimates of the surface temperature. Mathematically we can formulate the problem as a Cauchy problem for the heat equation, in cylindrical coordinates, where data is given along the line r = r ₁ and the solution is sought at r ₁ < r ≤ r ₂. The problem is ill-posed, in the sense that the solution (if it exists) does not depend continuously on the data. Thus, regularization techniques are needed. The ill–posedness of the problem is analyzed and a numerical method is proposed. Numerical experiments demonstrate that the proposed method works well.

The thermal conductivity properties of a material can be determined experimentally by using temperature measurements taken at specified locations inside the material. We examine a situation where the properties of a (previously known) material changed locally. Mathematically we aim to find the coefficient k(x) in the stationary heat equation (kTx)x = 0;under the assumption that the function k(x) can be parametrized using only a few degrees of freedom.

The coefficient identification problem is solved using a least squares approach; where the (non-linear) control functional is weighted according to the distribution of the measurement locations. Though we only discuss the 1D case the ideas extend naturally to 2D or 3D. Experimentsdemonstrate that the proposed method works well.

In the steel industry it is of great importance to be able to control the surface temperature and heating- or cooling rates during heat treatment processes. An experiment was performed in which a steel slab was heated up to 1250 °C in a fuel fired test furnace. The transient surface temperature and heat flux of a steel slab is calculated using a model for inverse heat conduction. That is, the time dependent local surface temperature and heat flux of a slab is calculated on the basis of temperature measurements in selected points of its interior by using a model of inverse heat conduction. Time- and temperature histories were measured at three points inside a steel slab. Measured temperature histories at the two lower locations of the slab were used as input to calculate the temperature at the position of the third location. A comparison of the experimentally measured and the calculated temperature histories was made to verify the model. The results showed very good agreement and suggest that this model can be applied to similar applications in the Steel industry or in other areas where the target of investigation for some reason is inaccessible to direct measurements. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

In the steel industry it is of great importance to be able to control the surface temperature and heating or cooling rates during heat treatment processes. In this paper, a steel slab is heated up to 1300 degrees C in an industrial reheating furnace and the temperature data are recorded during the reheating process. The transient local surface temperature, heat flux and effective heat transfer coefficient of the steel slab ares calculated using a model for inverse heat conduction. The calculated surface temperatures are compared with the temperatures achieved by using a model of the heating process with the help of the software STEELTEMP (R) 2D. The results obtained show very good agreement and suggest that the inverse method can be applied to similar high temperature applications with very good accuracy.

A two-dimensional inverse steady state heat conduction problem in the unit square is considered. Cauchy data are given for y ≤ 0, and boundary data are for x ≤ 0 and x ≤ 1. The elliptic operator is self-adjoint with non-constant, smooth coefficients. The solution for y ≤ 1 is sought. This Cauchy problem is ill-posed in an L2-setting. A stability functional is defined, for which a differential inequality is derived. Using this inequality a stability result of Hölder type is proved. It is demonstrated explicitly how the stability depends on the smoothness of the coefficients. The results can also be used for rectangle-like regions that can be mapped conformally onto a rectangle. © 2005 IOP Publishing Ltd.

We consider two dimensional inverse steady state heat conductionproblems in complex geometries. The coefficients of the elliptic equation are assumed to be non-constant. Cauchy data are given on onepart of the boundary and we want to find the solution in the wholedomain. The problem is ill--posed in the sense that the solution doesnot depend continuously on the data.

Using an orthogonal coordinate transformation the domain is mappedonto a rectangle. The Cauchy problem can then be solved by replacing one derivative by a bounded approximation. The resulting well--posed problem can then be solved by a method of lines. A bounded approximation of the derivative can be obtained by differentiating a cubic spline, that approximate the function in theleast squares sense. This particular approximation of the derivativeis computationally efficient and flexible in the sense that its easy to handle different kinds of boundary conditions.This inverse problem arises in iron production, where the walls of amelting furnace are subject to physical and chemical wear. Temperature and heat--flux data are collected by several thermocouples locatedinside the walls. The shape of the interface between the molten ironand the walls can then be determined by solving an inverse heatconduction problem.  In our work we make extensive use of Femlab for creating testproblems. By using FEMLAB we solve relatively complex model problems for the purpose of creating numerical test data used for validating our methods. For the types of problems we are intressted in numerical artefacts appear, near corners in the domain, in the gradients that Femlab calculates. We demonstrate why this happen and also how we deal with the problem.

We consider two dimensional inverse steady state heat conduction problems in complex geometries. The coefficients of the elliptic equation are assumed to be non-constant. Cauchy data are given on one part of the boundary and we want to find the solution in the whole domain. The problem is ill--posed in the sense that the solution does not depend continuously on the data. Using an orthogonal coordinate transformation the domain is mapped onto a rectangle. The Cauchy problem can then be solved by replacing one derivative by a bounded approximation. The resulting well--posed problem can then be solved by a method of lines. A bounded approximation of the derivative can be obtained by differentiating a cubic spline, that approximate the function in the least squares sense. This particular approximation of the derivative is computationally efficient and flexible in the sense that its easy to handle different kinds of boundary conditions. This inverse problem arises in iron production, where the walls of a melting furnace are subject to physical and chemical wear. Temperature and heat--flux data are collected by several thermocouples located inside the walls. The shape of the interface between the molten iron and the walls can then be determined by solving an inverse heat conduction problem. In our work we make extensive use of Femlab for creating test problems. By using Femlab we solve relatively complex model problems for the purpose of creating numerical test data used for validating our methods. For the types of problems we are intressted in numerical artefacts appear, near corners in the domain, in the gradients that Femlab calculates. We demonstrate why this happen and also how we deal with the problem.

The sideways heat equation is a one-dimensional model of a problem, where one wants to determine the temperature on the surface of a body using interior measurements. More precisely, we consider a heat conduction problem, where temperature and heat-flux data are available along the line x = 1 and the solution is sought in the interval 0 = x < 1. The problem is ill-posed in the sense that the solution does not depend continuously on the data. Stability can be restored by replacing the time derivative in the heat equation with a bounded spectral approximation. The cut off level in the spectral approximation acts as a regularization parameter, that controls the degree of smoothness in the solution. In certain applications one wants to solve the sideways heat equation in real time, i.e. to constantly update the solution as new measurements are recorded. For this case sequential solution methods are required.

We consider an inverse problem for the two-dimensional steady-state heat equation. More precisely, the heat equation is valid in a domain O, that is a subset of the unit square. Temperature and heat-flux measurements are available on the line y = 0, and the sides x = 0 and 1 are assumed to be insulated. From these we wish to determine the temperature in the domain O. Furthermore, a part of the boundary ?O is considered to be unknown, and must also be determined. The problem is ill-posed in the sense that the solution does not depend continuously on the data. We stabilize the computations by replacing the x-derivative in the heat equation by an operator, representing differentiation of least-squares cubic splines. We discretize in the x-coordinate, and obtain an initial value problem for a system of ordinary differential equations, which can be solved using standard numerical methods. The inverse problem that we consider in this paper arises in iron production, where the walls of a melting furnace are subject to physical and chemical wear. In order to avoid a situation where molten metal breaks out the remaining thickness of the walls should constantly be monitored. This is done by recording the temperature at several locations inside the walls. The shape of the interface boundary between the molten iron and the walls of the furnace can then be determined by solving an inverse heat conduction problem.

We consider an inverse problem for the two dimensional steady state heat equation. More precisely, the heat equation is valid in a domain Ω, that is a subset of the unit square, temperature and heat-flux measurements are available on the line y = 0, and the sides x = 0 and x = 1 are assumed to be insulated. From these we wish to determine the temperature in the domain Ω. Furthermore, a part of the boundry ∂Ω is considered to be unknown, and must also be determined.

The problem is ill-posed in the sense that the solution does not depend continuously on the data. We stabilize the computations by replacing the x-derivative in the heat equation by an operator, representing differentiation of least squares cubic splines. We discretize in the x-coordinate, and obtain an initial value problem for a system of ordinary differential equation, which can be solved using standard numerical methods.

The inverse problem, that we consider in this paper, arises in iron production, where the walls of a melting furnace are subject to physical and chemical wear. In order to avoid a situation where molten metal breaks out the remaining thickness of the walls should constantly be monitored. This is done by recording the temperature at several locations inside the walls. The shape of the interface boundary between the molten iron and the walls of the furnace can then be determined by solving an invers heat conduction problem.

In many industrial applications one wishes to determine the temperature history on the surface of a body, where the surface itself is inaccessible for measurements. The sideways heat equation is a model of this situation. In a one-dimensional setting this is formulated mathematically as a Cauchy problem for the heat equation, where temperature and heat--flux data are available along the line x=1, and a solution is sought for 0 ≤ x< 1. This problem is ill-posed in the sense that the solution does not depend continuously on the data. Stability can be restored by replacing the time derivative in the heat equation by a bounded approximation. We consider both spectral and wavelet approximations of the derivative. The resulting problem is a system of ordinary differential equations in the space variable, that can be solved using standard methods, e.g. a Runge-Kutta method. The methods are analyzed theoretically, and error estimates are derived, that can be used for selecting the appropriate level of regularization. The numerical implementation of the proposed methods is discussed. Numerical experiments demonstrate that the proposed methods work well, and can be implemented efficiently. Furthermore, the numerical methods can easily be adapted to solve problems with variable coefficients, and also non-linear equations. As test problems we take model equations, with constant and variable coefficients. Also, we solve problems from applications, with actual measured data.

Inverse problems for the stationary heat equation are also discussed. Suppose that the Laplace equation is valid in a domain with a hole. Temperature and heat-flux data are given on the outer boundary, and we wish to compute the steady state temperature on the inner boundary. A standard approach is to discretize the equation by finite differences, and use Tikhonov's method for stabilizing the discrete problem, which leads to a large sparse least squares problem. Alternatively, we propose to use a conformal mapping to transform the domain into an annulus, where the equivalent problem can be solved using separation of variables. The ill-posedness is dealt with by filtering away high frequencies from the solution. Numerical results using both methods are presented. A closely related problem is that of determining the stationary temperature inside a body, from temperature and heat-flux measurements on a part of the boundary. In practical applications it is sometimes the case that the domain, where the differential equation is valid, is partly unknown. In such cases we want to determine not only the temperature, but also the shape of the boundary of the domain. This problem arises, for instance, in iron production, where the walls of a melting furnace is subject to both physical and chemical wear. In order to avoid a situation where molten metal breaks out through the walls the thickness of the walls should be constantly monitored. This is done by solving an inverse problem for the stationary heat equation, where temperature and heat-flux data are available at certain locations inside the walls of the furnace. Numerical results are presented also for this problem.

Numerical procedures for solving a non-Characteristic Cauchy problem for the heat equation are discussed. More precisely we consider a problem, where one wants to determine the temperature on both sides of a thick wall, but where one side is inaccessible to measurements. Mathematically it is formulated as a Cauchy problem for the heat equation in a quarter plane, with data given along the line x = 1, where the solution is wanted 0 ≤ x <1. The problem is often referred to as the sideways heat equation.

The problem is analyzed, using both Fourier analysis and the singular value decomposition, and is found to be severely ill-posed. The literature is vast, and many authors have proposed numerical methods that regularize the IHCP. In this paper we attempt to give an overview that covers the most popular methods that have been considered.

Numerical examples that illustrate the numerical algorithms are given.

We consider a two-dimensional steady state heat conduction problem. The Laplace equation is valid in a domain with a hole. Temperature and heat-flux data are specified on the outer boundary, and we wish to compute the temperature on the inner boundary. This Cauchy problem is ill-posed, i.e. the solution does not depend continuously on the boundary data, and small errors in the data can destroy the numerical solution. We consider two numerical methods for solving this problem. A standard approach is to discretize the differential equation by finite differences, and use Tikhonov regularization on the discrete problem, which leads to a large sparse least squares problem. We propose to use a conformal mapping that maps the region onto an annulus, where the equivalent problem is solved using a technique based on the fast Fourier transform. The ill-posedness is dealt with by filtering away high frequencies in the solution. Numerical results using both methods are given.

We consider an inverse heat conduction problem, the sideways heat equation, which is a model of a problem where one wants to determine the temperature on the surface of a body using internal measurements. The problem is ill-posed in the sense that the solution does not depend continuously on the data. We discuss the nature of the ill-posedness as well as methods for restoring stability with respect to measurement errors.

Successful heat treatment requires good control of the temperature and cooling rates during the process. In an experiment a aluminium block, of the alloy AA7010, was cooled rapidly by spraying water on one surface. Thermocouples inside the block recorded the temperature, and we demonstrate that it is possible to find the temperature distribution in the region between the thermocouple and the surface, by solving numerically the sideways heat equation.