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  • 1.
    Hedlund, Louise
    et al.
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för fysik, kemi och biologi, Biologi. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    Van Poucke, Enya
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för fysik, kemi och biologi, Biologi. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    Jensen, Per
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för fysik, kemi och biologi, Biologi. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    Can Early Environmental Enrichment Buffer Stress from Commercial Hatchery Processing in Laying Hens?2022Ingår i: Poultry, E-ISSN 2674-1164, Vol. 1, nr 2, s. 125-137Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Under commercial conditions, laying hen chicks are exposed to a range of stressful events immediately after hatch. Here, we studied whether environmental enrichment was able to reduce the stress sensitivity of these chicks. A total of 50 hatchery chicks (HC) and 50 control chicks (CC) were raised in enriched pens (E), while 53 HC + 53 CC were raised in standard non-enriched floor pens (NE). HC weighed less on day one, but there was no effect of hatchery treatment at later ages. HC were more pessimistic in a cognitive judgement bias test and emitted more distress calls when socially isolated, indicating that hatchery stress affected behaviour and stress sensitivity. However, enrichment did not affect the behaviour in any of these tests. We found no effects of hatchery stress in a novel environment, but indications that enrichment may have increased fearfulness of HC. The sensitivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis was reduced in HC-E compared to HC-NE, indicating that enrichment buffered the physiological stress sensitivity in HC; however, the opposite pattern was found in CC. In conclusion, our results show complex and somewhat contradictory effects on the ability of enrichment to buffer the consequences of stress in commercial hatcheries.

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  • 2. Beställ onlineKöp publikationen >>
    Hedlund, Louise
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för fysik, kemi och biologi, Biologi. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    Effects of commercial hatchery processing on behaviour and welfare of laying hens2022Doktorsavhandling, sammanläggning (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
    Abstract [sv]

    Varje år äter vi mer än 76.7 miljoner ton ägg runt om i världen och för att kunna möta den här efterfrågan måste det varje år kläckas fram miljarder av värphöns. Dessa djur kläcks i kommersiella, storskaliga kläckerier och hanteras på ett sätt som möjligen skulle kunna påverka dem negativt, men forskningen på det här området är än så länge sparsam. När äggen anländer till kläckeriet placeras de i inkubatorer som rymmer omkring 60 000 ägg. Inkubatorerna är noga inställda för maximal kläckbarhet och med hjälp av fläktar regleras temperatur och luftfuktighet över dagen. Fläktarna är nödvändiga för att djuren ska överleva i inkubatorer av den här storleken, men nackdelen med dem är att de producerar buller som kan jämföras med ljudnivån från ett förbipasserande tåg. Efter 19 dagar i inkubatorn flyttas äggen över till en kläckare där djuren i desinfektionssyfte exponeras för cancerogen formalingas. Äggen kläcks efter två dagar i kläckaren, men lämnas där ytterligare ett dygn. Detta görs för att maximera antalet kycklingar som kläcks, då det för vissa individer tar längre tid att ta sig ut ur ägget än för andra. Efter totalt 22 dagar tas plastbackarna med djuren ut, och de hälls på ett löpande band. Djuren transporteras via bandet till en könssorteringsstation där tupparna sorteras bort och avlivas med koldioxid eftersom de inte kan användas i äggproduktionen. Hönskycklingarna transporteras vidare till en vaccinationsstation, maskinräknas, packas i lådor, lastas på en lastbil och körs till uppfödningsgårdar.  

    Syftet med mitt projekt var att undersöka om och hur kycklingarna påverkas av den här hanteringen i kläckeriet, ur ett kort- men också ur ett långsiktigt perspektiv. I alla våra försök har vi jämfört vita leghornkycklingar som i ett industriellt kläckeri har inkuberats, kläckts, sorteras och transporterats, med kontrolldjur som har inkuberats i en tyst miljö och efter kläckning lugnt och försiktigt placerats i en hembox. Inom varje försök har de här två grupperna varit från samma föräldradjur, och hållits separat i olika men identiska boxar.

    I artikel I tog vi blodprover på kycklingarna före och efter kläckerihanteringen för att mäta deras stresshormonnivåer. De hade signifikant högre nivåer än vad våra kontroll-djur hade vid motsvarade tidpunkt, vilket tyder på att hanteringen i kläckeriet är en stressfylld upplevelse för de nykläckta djuren. Vi undersökte också effekter av kläckeri-hanteringen på olika beteenden, känsligheten av det fysiologiska stressystemet samt på fjäderskador senare i livet, och såg att kläckerihanteringen har en negativ påverkan på djuren upp till åtminstone 20 veckors ålder.  

    I artikel II undersökte vi om det fanns liknande skillnader mellan kycklingar som inkuberats, kläcks och sorterats på kläckeriet och kycklingar som inkuberats och kläcks industriellt, men inte sorterats. På så sätt kunde vi renodla effekten av själva sorterings-processen på kläckeriet. Vi kunde inte hitta några stora skillnader mellan grupperna och drog därför slutsatsen att den del i kläckeriet som verkar ha störst påverkan på djuren är inkubationen och kläckningen snarare än hanteringen. Vår hypotes är att detta beror på den höga ljudnivån och formalinbehandlingen, men fler studier behövs för att kunna bekräfta det.   

    I artikel III undersökte vi om kläckerihanteringen påverkar djurens välfärd på ett negativt sätt. För att ta reda på detta använde vi ett test som är utvecklat för att mäta optimism och pessimism hos djur. Djur som är pessimistiska kan generellt anses ha en nedsatt välfärd då de upplever till exempel en produktionsmiljö som sämre än vad ett optimistiskt djur gör. När vi testade våra två grupper – djur som inkuberats, kläckts och hanterats industriellt och kontrolldjur som inkuberats, kläcks och hanterats under lugna omständigheter – kunde vi se att kläckeridjuren var signifikant mer pessimistiska än kontrolldjuren. Den här effekten kvarstod i viss mån efter så lång tid som tio veckor. Kläckerihanteringen har med andra ord långvariga negativa effekter på djurens upplevelse av sin miljö, vilket i förlängningen kan leda till en sämre djurvälfärd.  

    I artikel IV undersökte vi om kläckerihanteringen i någon mån påverkar produktionen hos djuren. Vi såg att djuren från ett kommersiellt kläckeri la färre och mindre ägg än djur som hanterats lugnt. De här djuren utförde också mer fjäderhackning, även om skador på fjäderdräkten visade på motsatt förhållande. Vår slutsats från artikel IV är att kläckerihanteringen i viss mån påverkar egenskaper som är relevanta för industrin, och att effekterna generellt sett verkar vara negativa.  

    I den sista studien, artikel V, undersökte vi om det är möjligt att buffra stressen från kläckeriet med en komplex miljö. Vi jämförde fyra grupper av djur: två grupper från kläckeriet, där den ena gruppen hölls i en berikad miljö och den andra i en vanlig produktionsmiljö, och två grupper kontrolldjur som fick motsvarande två behandlingar. Utöver en komplex miljö bestod berikningen av en modellhöna monterad ovanpå ett värme-tak som kunde erbjuda värme och skydd åt kycklingarna på samma sätt som en levande höna skulle ha gjort. En del av våra resultat antyder att berikning har kapacitet att buffra fysiologisk stress hos kycklingar från ett kommersiellt kläckeri. I linje med tidigare studier fann vi en generell effekt där djuren från kläckeriet var mer rädda och pessimistiska än vad kontrolldjuren var.  

    Sammantaget så är min slutsats att kläckerihanteringen, inklusive inkubation, kläckning, transport på det löpande bandet, könssortering, vaccination och transport ut till gårdarna, har en långvarig negativ effekt, där djur från ett kommersiellt kläckeri jämfört med kontrolldjur är mer rädda och pessimistiska, har ett känsligare fysiologiskt stressystem, visar mer fjäderhackningsbeteenden och är negativt påverkade med avseende på produktion, så som viktökning och äggläggning. Jag tror att dessa resultat är högrelevanta och viktiga, inte bara för industrin utan också för välfärden hos världens vanligaste produktionsdjur.

    Delarbeten
    1. Effects of commercial hatchery processing on short- and long-term stress responses in laying hens
    Öppna denna publikation i ny flik eller fönster >>Effects of commercial hatchery processing on short- and long-term stress responses in laying hens
    2019 (Engelska)Ingår i: Scientific Reports, E-ISSN 2045-2322, Vol. 9, artikel-id 2367Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat) Published
    Abstract [en]

    In commercial egg production, chicks are exposed to a potentially stressful procedure during their first day of life. Here, we investigated how this procedure affects the chickens in a short-as well as long-term perspective by conducting two behaviour tests and measuring corticosterone (CORT) and sex hormone levels at different time points. These results were compared with a group of control chickens from the same hatchery and incubator that did not go through the commercial hatchery routine. Chickens were continuously weighed, egg production data was collected and feather scoring was performed. We found that chicks have a significant increase in CORT during the hatchery process, which implies they are exposed to stress. During first weeks of life, these chicks were more fearful, had a higher CORT reactivity during restraint and weighed more than control chicks. Later in life, hatchery treated chickens had more feather damages and injuries on combs and wattles, a faster onset of egg laying and higher levels of estradiol. We conclude that processing at the commercial hatchery was a stressful event with short-and long-term effects on behaviour and stress reactivity, and potentially also positive effects on production. The results are relevant for a large number of individuals, since the chicken is by far the globally most common farm animal.

    Ort, förlag, år, upplaga, sidor
    NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP, 2019
    Nationell ämneskategori
    Arbetsmedicin och miljömedicin
    Identifikatorer
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-154998 (URN)10.1038/s41598-019-38817-y (DOI)000459094800048 ()30787406 (PubMedID)
    Anmärkning

    Funding Agencies|Formas [2016-01728]

    Tillgänglig från: 2019-03-20 Skapad: 2019-03-20 Senast uppdaterad: 2022-09-15
    2. Incubation and hatching conditions of laying hen chicks explain a large part of the stress effects from commercial large-scale hatcheries
    Öppna denna publikation i ny flik eller fönster >>Incubation and hatching conditions of laying hen chicks explain a large part of the stress effects from commercial large-scale hatcheries
    2021 (Engelska)Ingår i: Poultry Science, ISSN 0032-5791, E-ISSN 1525-3171, Vol. 100, nr 1Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat) Published
    Abstract [en]

    In commercial egg production, laying hen chicks are exposed to several stressful events during incubation, hatching, and their first hours in life. We have previously shown that hatching and processing are associated with increased corticosterone concentration and further affect behavior and stress sensitivity in a short- as well as long-term perspective. However, it is not known whether these long-term stress effects are caused by the hatchery processing (sex sorting, vaccination, conveying, and loading for transport) or if they are mainly caused by potentially stressful events before processing, during incubation and hatching. In the present study, the aim was to assess the effects of incubation and hatching only, compared to stress effects from the entire hatchery processing. We compared Lohmann LSL chicks incubated, hatched, and processed in a commercial hatchery with chicks incubated and hatched at the same time but not further processed. We studied behavior in a novel arena and during tonic immobility, as well as weight development and corticosterone reaction during a stress challenge. Processed chicks had poorer weight development and were more active in the novel arena test. However, there were no significant differences between the groups in corticosterone reactivity or tonic immobility. When comparing with previous data, both groups had elevated corticosterone concentrations compared to what we had previously reported from chicks hatched under calm and nonstressful conditions. In conclusion, incubation and hatching alone caused long-term stress effects in chickens, but further processing exacerbated these effects to some extent.

    Ort, förlag, år, upplaga, sidor
    ELSEVIER, 2021
    Nyckelord
    hatchery stress; animal welfare; egg production; White Leghorn; behavior
    Nationell ämneskategori
    Zoologi
    Identifikatorer
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-172944 (URN)10.1016/j.psj.2020.10.015 (DOI)000604345600001 ()33357671 (PubMedID)
    Anmärkning

    Funding Agencies|FormasSwedish Research Council Formas [201601728]

    Tillgänglig från: 2021-01-26 Skapad: 2021-01-26 Senast uppdaterad: 2022-04-13
    3. Stress during Commercial Hatchery Processing Induces Long-Time Negative Cognitive Judgement Bias in Chickens
    Öppna denna publikation i ny flik eller fönster >>Stress during Commercial Hatchery Processing Induces Long-Time Negative Cognitive Judgement Bias in Chickens
    2021 (Engelska)Ingår i: Animals, ISSN 2076-2615, E-ISSN 2076-2615, Vol. 11, nr 4, artikel-id 1083Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat) Published
    Abstract [en]

    Simple Summary Worldwide, billions of laying hen chicks are incubated, hatched and processed in industrial hatcheries every year. When exposed to stress, hormones are incorporated in the feathers of the birds. Here, we measured levels of the stress hormone corticosterone to investigate possible stress during the incubation. Further, animals can perceive their environment either in a positive (optimistic) or a negative (pessimistic) way. We investigated how the early hatchery experiences affects "optimism" and "pessimism". Commercially hatched chicks were exposed to a positive cue, an aversive cue, and ambiguous cues, in order to evaluate the cognitive welfare state of the animals. These chicks were compared to a group of non-stressed animals. Commercially incubated chicks did not have elevated levels of feather corticosterone, which implies that the main part of the stress effects from the hatchery originates from the period around hatch. Latencies to approach ambiguous cues were longer for the stressed chicks, i.e., these showed a more pessimistic-like behaviour. We conclude that the main part of the stress effects in commercially hatched chicks originates in the period around hatch, and further, that these birds show lasting levels of increased pessimism. This strongly indicates a long-time poorer welfare state for the animals. Worldwide, billions of laying hen chicks are incubated and processed under highly industrialised circumstances every year, which, as we have previously shown, has long-lasting effects. Here, we measured corticosterone incorporated in down feathers to investigate possible stress during the incubation and showed that commercially incubated chicks did not have elevated levels of feather corticosterone, which implies that the main part of the stress effects from hatchery originates from the perinatal period and the handling immediately post-hatch. Further, we investigated how the early hatchery stress affects the chicks cognitive welfare state, i.e., "optimism" and "pessimism". We exposed commercially hatched chickens to a positive cue, an aversive cue and ambiguous cues. The birds were tested at 1 and 10 w of age and the behaviour was compared with that of non-stressed chicks. Latencies to approach ambiguous cues were longer for the stressed chicks, both at 1 (p = 0.008) and at 10 (p = 0.020) weeks of age, i.e., these showed a more pessimistic-like behaviour. We conclude that the main part of the stress effects in commercially hatched chicks originates in the perinatal period, and further, that these birds show lasting levels of increased pessimism. This strongly indicates a long-time poorer welfare state for the animals.

    Ort, förlag, år, upplaga, sidor
    MDPI, 2021
    Nyckelord
    animal welfare; laying hens; hatchery; corticosterone; early stress; cognitive judgement bias
    Nationell ämneskategori
    Etologi
    Identifikatorer
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-175615 (URN)10.3390/ani11041083 (DOI)000642668800001 ()33920228 (PubMedID)
    Anmärkning

    Funding Agencies|FORMASSwedish Research Council Formas [2016-01728]

    Tillgänglig från: 2021-05-11 Skapad: 2021-05-11 Senast uppdaterad: 2022-04-13
    4. Effects of stress during commercial hatching on growth, egg production and feather pecking in laying hens
    Öppna denna publikation i ny flik eller fönster >>Effects of stress during commercial hatching on growth, egg production and feather pecking in laying hens
    2022 (Engelska)Ingår i: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 17, nr 1Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat) Published
    Abstract [en]

    Every year, billions of egg layer chicks around the world are hatched under highly stressful, industrial circumstances. Here, it is investigated how the stressful procedure in the commercial hatchery, including incubation, hatching, processing, and transport affects the chicks with regards to traits relevant for the egg production industry. These traits were compared to those of a control group hatched in a small incubator and handled gently och quietly in a quiet room without any processing and transport. The chicks were weighed at hatch and at eight additional time points: 4 days, 1 week (w), 2 w, 3 w, 5 w, 8 w, 20 w and 25 w of age. Feather pecking was studied at 15 w of age and damages to the feathers and injuries on the comb and wattle were assessed at 25 w of age. From 19 w of age, eggs were collected on three days per week, counted and weighed. Chicks from a commercial hatchery had a lower hatch weight than control chicks (p<0.001). At 20 w of age, the weight of the commercial hatched chicks was still numerically lower, although this did not reach statistical significance. Commercially hatched chicks tended to show more feather pecking behaviour at 15 w of age compared to control chicks (p<0.1), although feather condition at 25 w of age showed the opposite pattern. Regarding production, commercially hatched chickens laid fewer (p<0.05) and smaller (p<0.05) eggs than chicks hatched and handled under calm circumstances. From this experiment, it is concluded that the stressful experience in the commercial hatchery has an overall negative effect on traits relevant for the industry.

    Ort, förlag, år, upplaga, sidor
    San Francisco, CA, United States: Public Library of Science, 2022
    Nationell ämneskategori
    Ekologi
    Identifikatorer
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-184293 (URN)10.1371/journal.pone.0262307 (DOI)000834805700029 ()34982788 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85122215690 (Scopus ID)
    Forskningsfinansiär
    Forskningsrådet Formas, 2016-01728
    Anmärkning

    Funding: FORMAS [2016-01728]

    Tillgänglig från: 2022-04-11 Skapad: 2022-04-11 Senast uppdaterad: 2022-08-30Bibliografiskt granskad
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  • 3.
    Hedlund, Louise
    et al.
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för fysik, kemi och biologi, Biologi. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    Jensen, Per
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för fysik, kemi och biologi, Biologi. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    Effects of stress during commercial hatching on growth, egg production and feather pecking in laying hens2022Ingår i: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 17, nr 1Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Every year, billions of egg layer chicks around the world are hatched under highly stressful, industrial circumstances. Here, it is investigated how the stressful procedure in the commercial hatchery, including incubation, hatching, processing, and transport affects the chicks with regards to traits relevant for the egg production industry. These traits were compared to those of a control group hatched in a small incubator and handled gently och quietly in a quiet room without any processing and transport. The chicks were weighed at hatch and at eight additional time points: 4 days, 1 week (w), 2 w, 3 w, 5 w, 8 w, 20 w and 25 w of age. Feather pecking was studied at 15 w of age and damages to the feathers and injuries on the comb and wattle were assessed at 25 w of age. From 19 w of age, eggs were collected on three days per week, counted and weighed. Chicks from a commercial hatchery had a lower hatch weight than control chicks (p<0.001). At 20 w of age, the weight of the commercial hatched chicks was still numerically lower, although this did not reach statistical significance. Commercially hatched chicks tended to show more feather pecking behaviour at 15 w of age compared to control chicks (p<0.1), although feather condition at 25 w of age showed the opposite pattern. Regarding production, commercially hatched chickens laid fewer (p<0.05) and smaller (p<0.05) eggs than chicks hatched and handled under calm circumstances. From this experiment, it is concluded that the stressful experience in the commercial hatchery has an overall negative effect on traits relevant for the industry.

    Ladda ner fulltext (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 4.
    Gabrielle, Lunden
    et al.
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för fysik, kemi och biologi, Biologi. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    Rebecca, Oscarsson
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för fysik, kemi och biologi, Biologi. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    Hedlund, Louise
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för fysik, kemi och biologi, Biologi. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    Gjöen, Johanna
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för fysik, kemi och biologi, Biologi. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    Jensen, Per
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för fysik, kemi och biologi, Biologi. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    Play ontogeny in young chickens is affected by domestication and early stress2022Ingår i: Scientific Reports, E-ISSN 2045-2322, Vol. 12, nr 1, artikel-id 13576Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Play is common in young homeotherm animals and has an important role as a tentative indicator of positive states of welfare. Furthermore, during domestication play is believed to have increased in frequency in several species as part of the domestication syndrome. Here, we studied the ontogeny of play in chickens in two experiments. The first compared the behavioural development between domesticated White Leghorn (WL) laying hen chicks and ancestral Red Junglefowl (RJF) and the second compared the same between WL chicks that had experienced the stress of commercial hatchery routines and a control group, hatched under calm conditions. In both experiments, 10 groups of four chicks each from each of the groups were moved twice per week to an enriched and fully enclosed play arena, starting at day 8 and finishing day 39 or 53 after hatch. In the arena, the frequency of play behaviours was recorded during 30 min and divided into object, locomotory and social play. In experiment one, total play as well as object play was significantly more common in WL whereas locomotor and social play was more common in RJF. In experiment two, total play was significantly more frequent in commercially hatched chicks, despite that none of the sub-categories differed significantly between the groups. In conclusion, domestication as well as early stress does affect the occurrence of play in chickens, but the effects are complex and require further research.

  • 5.
    Hedlund, Louise
    et al.
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för fysik, kemi och biologi, Biologi. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    Jensen, Per
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för fysik, kemi och biologi, Biologi. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    Incubation and hatching conditions of laying hen chicks explain a large part of the stress effects from commercial large-scale hatcheries2021Ingår i: Poultry Science, ISSN 0032-5791, E-ISSN 1525-3171, Vol. 100, nr 1Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    In commercial egg production, laying hen chicks are exposed to several stressful events during incubation, hatching, and their first hours in life. We have previously shown that hatching and processing are associated with increased corticosterone concentration and further affect behavior and stress sensitivity in a short- as well as long-term perspective. However, it is not known whether these long-term stress effects are caused by the hatchery processing (sex sorting, vaccination, conveying, and loading for transport) or if they are mainly caused by potentially stressful events before processing, during incubation and hatching. In the present study, the aim was to assess the effects of incubation and hatching only, compared to stress effects from the entire hatchery processing. We compared Lohmann LSL chicks incubated, hatched, and processed in a commercial hatchery with chicks incubated and hatched at the same time but not further processed. We studied behavior in a novel arena and during tonic immobility, as well as weight development and corticosterone reaction during a stress challenge. Processed chicks had poorer weight development and were more active in the novel arena test. However, there were no significant differences between the groups in corticosterone reactivity or tonic immobility. When comparing with previous data, both groups had elevated corticosterone concentrations compared to what we had previously reported from chicks hatched under calm and nonstressful conditions. In conclusion, incubation and hatching alone caused long-term stress effects in chickens, but further processing exacerbated these effects to some extent.

    Ladda ner fulltext (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 6.
    Hedlund, Louise
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för fysik, kemi och biologi, Biologi. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    Nötkreaturet: urmoder och produktionsdjur2021Bok (Övrig (populärvetenskap, debatt, mm))
  • 7.
    Hedlund, Louise
    et al.
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för fysik, kemi och biologi, Biologi. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    Palazon, Tiphaine
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för fysik, kemi och biologi. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    Jensen, Per
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för fysik, kemi och biologi, Biologi. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    Stress during Commercial Hatchery Processing Induces Long-Time Negative Cognitive Judgement Bias in Chickens2021Ingår i: Animals, ISSN 2076-2615, E-ISSN 2076-2615, Vol. 11, nr 4, artikel-id 1083Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Simple Summary Worldwide, billions of laying hen chicks are incubated, hatched and processed in industrial hatcheries every year. When exposed to stress, hormones are incorporated in the feathers of the birds. Here, we measured levels of the stress hormone corticosterone to investigate possible stress during the incubation. Further, animals can perceive their environment either in a positive (optimistic) or a negative (pessimistic) way. We investigated how the early hatchery experiences affects "optimism" and "pessimism". Commercially hatched chicks were exposed to a positive cue, an aversive cue, and ambiguous cues, in order to evaluate the cognitive welfare state of the animals. These chicks were compared to a group of non-stressed animals. Commercially incubated chicks did not have elevated levels of feather corticosterone, which implies that the main part of the stress effects from the hatchery originates from the period around hatch. Latencies to approach ambiguous cues were longer for the stressed chicks, i.e., these showed a more pessimistic-like behaviour. We conclude that the main part of the stress effects in commercially hatched chicks originates in the period around hatch, and further, that these birds show lasting levels of increased pessimism. This strongly indicates a long-time poorer welfare state for the animals. Worldwide, billions of laying hen chicks are incubated and processed under highly industrialised circumstances every year, which, as we have previously shown, has long-lasting effects. Here, we measured corticosterone incorporated in down feathers to investigate possible stress during the incubation and showed that commercially incubated chicks did not have elevated levels of feather corticosterone, which implies that the main part of the stress effects from hatchery originates from the perinatal period and the handling immediately post-hatch. Further, we investigated how the early hatchery stress affects the chicks cognitive welfare state, i.e., "optimism" and "pessimism". We exposed commercially hatched chickens to a positive cue, an aversive cue and ambiguous cues. The birds were tested at 1 and 10 w of age and the behaviour was compared with that of non-stressed chicks. Latencies to approach ambiguous cues were longer for the stressed chicks, both at 1 (p = 0.008) and at 10 (p = 0.020) weeks of age, i.e., these showed a more pessimistic-like behaviour. We conclude that the main part of the stress effects in commercially hatched chicks originates in the perinatal period, and further, that these birds show lasting levels of increased pessimism. This strongly indicates a long-time poorer welfare state for the animals.

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  • 8.
    Hedlund, Louise
    et al.
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för fysik, kemi och biologi, Biologi. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    Whittle, Rosemary
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för fysik, kemi och biologi, Biologi. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    Jensen, Per
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för fysik, kemi och biologi, Biologi. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    Effects of commercial hatchery processing on short- and long-term stress responses in laying hens2019Ingår i: Scientific Reports, E-ISSN 2045-2322, Vol. 9, artikel-id 2367Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    In commercial egg production, chicks are exposed to a potentially stressful procedure during their first day of life. Here, we investigated how this procedure affects the chickens in a short-as well as long-term perspective by conducting two behaviour tests and measuring corticosterone (CORT) and sex hormone levels at different time points. These results were compared with a group of control chickens from the same hatchery and incubator that did not go through the commercial hatchery routine. Chickens were continuously weighed, egg production data was collected and feather scoring was performed. We found that chicks have a significant increase in CORT during the hatchery process, which implies they are exposed to stress. During first weeks of life, these chicks were more fearful, had a higher CORT reactivity during restraint and weighed more than control chicks. Later in life, hatchery treated chickens had more feather damages and injuries on combs and wattles, a faster onset of egg laying and higher levels of estradiol. We conclude that processing at the commercial hatchery was a stressful event with short-and long-term effects on behaviour and stress reactivity, and potentially also positive effects on production. The results are relevant for a large number of individuals, since the chicken is by far the globally most common farm animal.

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