Machine Learning (ML) is frequently utilized in prediction tasks; however, its applications in hydropower forecasting,particularly in forecasting hourly power production, has not been thoroughly investigated. In this paper, two Deep Learning (DL) models,namely an autoregressive neural network and Long Short-Term Memory, are compared to a seasonal autoregressive moving average(SARIMA) model to forecast the hourly power production at a hydropower station situated in Linköping, Sweden. Hyperparameteroptimization algorithms are used to identify suitable DL models and algorithms for automatic model identification of SARIMA modelsare utilized. The three models are evaluated using a rolling origin strategy on a test dataset that consists of 10 months (January – October2023) of hourly power production. The DL models provided similarly accurate forecasts as the SARIMA model according to meansquared error and mean absolute error. However, the DL models are poorly calibrated, resulting in lower coverage compared to theSARIMA model. Furthermore, the models are using a univariate time series (i.e., using historical power production to forecast futurepower production) and future studies need to explore additional variables that may be useful in providing a more accurate forecast.

It is likely that different industrial symbiosis collaborations will have different sets of winners and losers when it comes to benefits or costs. In this study we present an analytical framework intended for evaluating a wide-range of industrial symbiosis outcomes that will aid in research design. The framework provide a base for including a broader, but also, specific set of effects and outcomes (economic, environmental and social), including a diverse set of clearly defined actors. Used consistently, the framework can average out costs and benefits across actors in the whole society, so that each actor is more likely to (over time) realize net positive outcomes from a full set of industrial symbiosis applications. The analytical framework is developed by combining theory and concepts from the system of national accounts, the planetary boundaries, and the social foundation. The analytical framework is then applied in a state of the art review, analysing value and benefits in 56 industrial symbiosis research articles. Besides providing a robust model for analysing industrial symbiosis, the results show that private market-based outcomes are the dominant form of economic value and that nonmarket valuations are completely absent. Environmental outcomes mainly consist of decreased CO2 emissions, chemical pollution and water use. Social outcomes include private income and work and network effects for the companies involved in the industrial symbiosis.

Energy management is the most prominent means of improving energy efficiency, and improved energy efficiency constitutes the cornerstone in decarbonization. For successful industrial energy management, defining accurate energy performance indicators (EnPIs) is essential. Energy-intensive industries have previously been found to have an improvement potential regarding the current monitoring of EnPIs, especially at process level. While general models for developing and implementing EnPIs exist, manufacturing industries are diverse in terms of their production processes, which is why industry-tailored models for EnPI development are needed. One major outcome of this paper is a unique model specifically tailored for kraft pulp mills. The model derives from a practice-based approach for EnPI development, building on real-life experiences from a Swedish group of companies. This paper’s developed model, and the validation of the EnPIs, further increase the understanding of the kraft pulp industry’s processes and how to apply descriptive and explanatory indicators. The developed model can potentially be generalized to other sectors.

The recovery and utilisation of industrial excess heat has been identified as an important contribution for energy efficiency by reducing primary energy demand. Previous works, based on top-down studies for a few sectors, or regional case studies estimated the overall availability of industrial excess heat. A more detailed analysis is required to allow the estimation of potentials for specific heat recovery technologies, particularly regarding excess heat temperature profiles. This work combines process integration methods and regression analysis to obtain cogeneration targets, detailed excess heat temperature profiles and estimations of electricity generation potentials from low and medium temperature excess heat. The work is based on the use of excess heat temperature (XHT) signatures for individual sites and regression analysis using publicly available data, obtaining estimations of the technical potential for electricity generation from low and medium temperature excess heat (60-140 degrees C) for the whole Swedish kraft pulp and paper industry. The results show a technical potential to increase the electricity production at kraft mills in Sweden by 10 to 13%, depending on the level of process integration considered, and a lower availability of excess heat than previously estimated in studies for the sector. The approach used could be adapted and applied in other sectors and regions, increasing the level of detail at which industrial excess heat estimations are obtained when compared to previous studies.

Svensk industri bör strategiskt arbeta mot ökad energi- och resurseffektivitet på en global marknad med knappare resurser. I detta sammanhang spelar beslutsunderlag och nyckeltal en central roll för att nå ökad effektivitet. Även för tillsynsmyndigheter är rättvisande nyckeltal avseende slutenergianvändning av mycket stor vikt för att kunna bedriva ett rättvist förebyggande och proaktivt arbete med svenska företag. De nyckeltal som finns på internationell och nationell nivå är baserade på tillförd energi och ofta relaterade till en ekonomisk output, till exempel förädlingsvärde. Det saknas emellertid nyckeltal kring slutenergianvändningen inom svensk industri fördelat på energibärare såsom el och olja och fördelat på slutenergiprocesser såsom ugnar, tryckluftskompressorer, etc. De siffror som ibland anges är baserade på grova uppskattningar. Projektets mål har därför varit att generera ett processträd avseende flera av de största, till slutenergianvändning räknat, svenska industribranscherna avseende hur slutenergianvändningen är fördelad på processnivå och olika energibärare, samt att allokera växthusgasutsläpp på dessa olika processer. Resultaten indikerar att nyckeltal baserade på energianvändning och indirekta växthusgasutsläpp på processnivå kan bidra till bättre kunskap om i vilka industriella energianvändande processer den största potentialen för energieffektivisering och minskning av växthusgasutsläpp finns. För att upprätthålla kunskap om var den största potentialen för förbättring finns krävs att energidata regelbundet samlas in efter en standardiserad kategorisering av energianvändande processer. Även om projektet har avgränsats till svensk industri kan resultatet vara till nytta också för andra medlemsstater inom EU liksom globalt.

Increasing energy efficiency within the industrial sector is one of the main approachesin order to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions. The production and processing of aluminiumis energy and greenhouse gas intensive. To make well-founded decisions regarding energy effi-ciency and greenhouse gas mitigating investments, it is necessary to have relevant key performanceindicators and information about energy end-use. This paper develops a taxonomy and key perfor-mance indicators for energy end-use and greenhouse gas emissions in the aluminium industry andaluminium casting foundries. This taxonomy is applied to the Swedish aluminium industry andtwo foundries. Potentials for energy saving and greenhouse gas mitigation are estimated regardingstatic facility operation. Electrolysis in primary production is by far the largest energy using andgreenhouse gas emitting process within the Swedish aluminium industry. Notably, almost half of thetotal greenhouse gas emissions from electrolysis comes from process-related emissions, while theother half comes from the use of electricity. In total, about 236 GWh/year (or 9.2% of the total energyuse) and 5588–202,475 tonnes CO2eq/year can be saved in the Swedish aluminium industry and twoaluminium casting foundries. The most important key performance indicators identified for energyend-use and greenhouse gas emissions are MWh/tonne product and tonne CO2-eq/tonne product.The most beneficial option would be to allocate energy use and greenhouse gas emissions to boththe process or machine level and the product level, as this would give a more detailed picture of thecompany’s energy use and greenhouse gas emissions.

In the transition towards fossil-free transports, there is an increasing interest in upgraded biogas, or biomethane, as a vehicle fuel. Liquefied biogas has more than twice as high energy density as compressed biogas, which opens up the opportunity for use in heavy transports and shipping and for more efficient distribution. There are several ways to produce and distribute compressed and liquefied biogas, but very few studies comparing them and providing an overview. This paper investigates the energy balance, environmental impact and economic aspects of different technologies for upgrading, liquefaction and distribution of biogas for use as a vehicle fuel. Furthermore, liquefaction is studied as a method for efficient long-distance distribution.

The results show that the differences between existing technologies for upgrading and liquefaction are small in a well-to-tank perspective, especially if the gas is transported over a long distance before use. Regarding distribution, liquefaction can pay back economically after 25–250 km compared to steel container trailers with compressed gas, and reduce the climate change impact after 10–30 km. Distribution in gas grid is better in all aspects, given that it is available and no addition of propane is required. Liquefaction can potentially expand the geographical boundaries of the market for biogas as a vehicle fuel, and cost reductions resulting from technology maturity allow cost-effective liquefaction even at small production capacities.

As a result of rapid development in China and the growth of megacities, large amounts of organic wastes are generated within relatively small areas. Part of these wastes can be used to produce biogas, not only to reduce waste-related problems, but also to provide renewable energy, recycle nutrients, and lower greenhouse gases and air polluting emissions. This article is focused on the conditions for biogas solutions in Guangzhou. It is based on a transdisciplinary project that integrates several approaches, for example, literature studies and lab analysis of food waste to estimate the food waste potential, interviews to learn about the socio-technical context and conditions, and life-cycle assessment to investigate the performance of different waste management scenarios involving biogas production. Xiaoguwei Island, with a population of about 250,000 people, was chosen as the area of study. The results show that there are significant food waste potentials on the island, and that all studied scenarios could contribute to a net reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Several socio-technical barriers were identified, but it is expected that the forthcoming regulatory changes help to overcome some of them.

Research has revealed the existence of an energy-efficiency gap – the difference between optimal and actual energy end-use, suggesting that energy efficiency can be improved. Energy management (EnM) is a means for improving industrial energy efficiency. However, due to various barriers, the full potential of EnM is not realised. Several studies have addressed drivers and barriers to energy efficiency but few to EnM. This study aims to identify EnM practices, the most important perceived drivers and barriers for EnM, and relations among them in the energy-intensive Swedish pulp and paper industry (PPI), which has the longest experience internationally of practising EnM systems, and has worked according to the standards since 2004. Our results show that, altogether, the PPI works regularly and continuously with EnM, with a clear division of responsibilities. The highest maturity for EnM practices was for energy policy, followed by organization, investments, and performance measurement. The study also shows that communication between middle management and operations personnel has potential for improvement. The most important categories of drivers were economic, whereas for barriers they were organizational. Nevertheless, knowledge-related barriers and drivers were amongst the most important, suggesting that the absorptive capacity for energy issues could be improved.

Our study looked at the extent to which firm characteristics such as total firm capital affect electricity saving in energy-intensive industry in Sweden from 2007 to 2015. Specifically, the most influential variables for systematic variation in electricity saving in the energy-intensive companies participating in Sweden’s voluntary programme for improving energy efficiency in energy-intensive industry (the PFE) were studied by analysing monetary investment, payback time and firm characteristics. Monetary investment and payback time influenced electricity savings during the PFE more than firm characteristics, with monetary investment being most influential. Nevertheless, the total systematic variation in firm characteristics may account for ∼16% of the systematic variation in electricity saving, where ∼74% (32 of 43) of the studied firm characteristics seemed to merit further investigation and where ∼49% (21 of 43) of firm characteristics appeared most influential. The most influential firm characteristics were total firm capital, stock turnover ratio, machinery, short-term liabilities per turnover ratio and goodwill. The overall results showed that firm characteristics can influence a firm’s energy-saving activities and indicated a tendency for more energy savings in companies that were financially weaker or had done less work to improve energy efficiency prior to the PFE.

Effektiv energianvändning i svensk tillverkningsindustri är en nyckelfaktor för att svenska företag, branscher och industrin som helhet även fortsättningsvis ska vara konkurrenskraftiga på en global marknad med knappare resurser. Denna bok är ett led i den riktningen.



Boken är uppdelad i tre delar: Del I har sin utgångspunkt i energi­effektiviseringsgapet och fokuserar på energikartläggning och energieffektivisering av företag, framför allt ur ett tekniskt perspektiv. Del II har sin utgångspunkt i energiledningsgapet och fokuserar på energiledning samt hinder och incitament för energieffektivisering i svensk tillverkningsindustri. Del III har sin utgångspunkt i styrmedelsgapet och inriktas mot styrmedel för energieffektivisering och hur dessa kan designas, implementeras och utvärderas. 


De två första delarna riktar sig framför allt till studenter vid svenska läro­­säten samt till energi- och miljöansvariga, teknikkonsulter, kommunala tillsynstjänstemän och andra offentliga aktörer vid exempelvis regionala energikontor. Del III riktar sig i första hand till aktörer som administrerar och ansvarar för styrmedel på nationell, regional och lokal nivå. Denna del kan även vara till nytta för koncerner som vill ta ett helhetsgrepp på energifrågan samt till företag som vill minska energianvändningens negativa miljöpåverkan i hela värdekedjan, inklusive underleverantörer.

Improving energy efficiency in industry is recognized as one of the most crucial actions for mitigating climate change. The lack of knowledge regarding energy end-use makes it difficult for companies to know in which processes the highest energy efficiency potential is located. Using a case study design, the paper provides a taxonomy for energy end-use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions on a process and energy carrier level. It can be seen that drying of wood is the largest energy using and GHG emitting process in the studied companies. The paper also investigates applied and potentially viable energy key performance indicators (KPIs). Suggestions for improving energy KPIs within the wood industry include separating figures for different wood varieties and different end-products and distinguishing between different drying kiln technologies. Finally, the paper presents the major energy saving and carbon mitigating measures by constructing conservation supply curves and marginal abatement cost curves. The energy saving potential found in the studied companies indicates that significant improvements might be achieved throughout the Swedish wood industry. Even though the scope of this paper is the Swedish wood industry, several of the findings are likely to be relevant in other countries with a prominent wood industry.

Denna studie har bl.a. lett till nya insikter och en fördjupad förståelse för energiledning ur ett styrningsperspektiv. Det finns idag endast ett fåtal studier på energiledning med liknande perspektiv (Schulze et al., 2018, 2016; Virtanen et al., 2013) varför fortsatt forskning starkt rekommenderas. Den multipla fallstudien visade att det finns skillnader i organisering och styrning för energiledning även mellan liknande företag inom samma industri. Dessa skillnader kan till synes härledas till den strategiska riktning respektive företag tagit i sitt energiarbete. Ett ramverk har utvecklats som visar på vilka aktiviteter som bör prioriteras för att möjliggöra för ett proaktivt energiarbete. Fallstudien som fokuserade på investeringsprocessen och dess aktiviteter och procedurer stärker dessa slutsatser: energi bör på operativ nivå integreras som ett kriterium vid investeringar samt på strategisk nivå som en strategisk prioritet.

Although several research studies have adopted specific energy consumption (SEC) as an indicator of the progress of improved energy efficiency, publications are scarce on critical assessments when using SEC. Given the increasing importance of monitoring improved industrial energy efficiency and the rising popularity of SEC as an energy key performance indicator (e-KPI), an in-depth analysis and problematization on the pros and cons of using SEC would appear to be needed. The aim of this article is to analyse SEC critically in relation to industrial energy efficiency. By using SEC in the pulp and paper industry as an example, the results of this exploratory study show that although SEC is often used as an e-KPI in industry, the comparison is not always straightforward. Challenges emanate from a lack of information about how SEC is calculated. It is likely that SEC is an optimal e-KPI within the same study, when all deployed SECs are calculated in the same way, and with the same underlying assumptions. However, before comparing SEC with other studies, it is recommended that the assumptions on which calculations are based should be scrutinized in order to ensure the validity of the comparisons. The paper remains an important contribution in addition to the available handbooks.

Biogas production from organic by-products is a way to recover energy and nutrients. However, biogas production is not the only possible conversion alternative for these by-products, and hence there is interest in studying how organic by-products are treated today and which alternatives for conversion are the most resource efficient from a systems perspective. This paper investigates if biogas production is a resource efficient alternative, compared to business as usual, to treat food industry by-products, and if so, under what circumstances. Five different cases of food industries were studied, all with different prerequisites. For all cases, three different scenarios were analysed. The first scenario is the business as usual (Scenario BAU), where the by-products currently are either incinerated, used as animal feed or compost. The second and third scenarios are potential biogas scenarios where biogas is either used as vehicle fuel (Scenario Vehicle) or to produce heat and power (Scenario CHP). All scenarios, and consequently, all cases have been analysed from three different perspectives: Economy, energy, and environment. The environmental perspective was divided into Global Warming Potential (GWP), Acidification Potential (AP), and Eutrophication Potential (EP). The results show, in almost all the systems, that it would be more resource efficient to change the treatment method from Scenario BAU to one of the biogas scenarios. This paper concludes that both the perspective in focus and the case at hand are vital for deciding whether biogas production is the best option to treat industrial organic by-products. The results suggest that the food industry should not be the only actor involved in deciding how to treat its by-products.

Striving towards a resource efficient society requires an adjustment of energy systems towards renewable options. It is also of high importance to make use of products and materials to a higher degree. Biogas production has the potential to recover nutrients and energy from organic by-products, as well as to substitute fossil fuels in the energy system. Resource efficiency relates to the economic, energy and environmental performance of the system studied. A comprehensive research design for assessment of the resource efficiency of biogas production systems is described in this paper. The research design includes the following parts: identification of cases, defining scenarios, system development, evaluation perspectives and systems analysis. The analysis is performed from three perspectives; economy, energy and environment.

The heavy transport sector is facing a growth within technology and infrastructure for use of natural gas. This opens an opportunity for the biogas market to grow as well, especially in the form of liquefied biogas (LBG). This study presents an investigation of the energy balance, environmental impact and economic aspects of current technologies for production of LBG: mixed refrigerant cycle, nitrogen cycle, pressure reduction and cryogenic liquefaction. Calculations are based on a review of recent literature and data from the biogas industry. The results show that mixed refrigerant cycle is the most economic and energy efficient technology for liquefaction of upgraded biogas, followed by nitrogen cycle. The lowest electricity use and environmental impact is achieved if the liquefaction process is preceded by amine scrubber upgrading. Pressure reduction liquefaction is inexpensive and can be an alternative in areas connected to a high-pressure gas grid, but as a method for liquefaction it is not very efficient as only about 10% of the incoming gas is liquefied and the rest remains in its gaseous form. Moreover, addition of propane for distribution in the natural gas grid increases the environmental impact compared to other distribution pathways. The cryogenic technology has a higher energy use than other liquefaction technologies but compensates by also including CO₂ separation, which could make it suitable if there is no existing upgrading facility in place. However, there are technical difficulties to overcome and it is not widely implemented.

Production of biogas from anaerobic digestion has the potential to be part of the transition to a renewable based energy system. However, diverse classifications may obstruct knowledge sharing within and between countries, thus potentially hindering development of biogas solutions, as part of an environmentally sustainable renewable based energy system. The aim of this study is to present an approach to categorize biogas production plants and to investigate and compare some country-specific classifications of biogas production plants. The study shows that there are differences between the country specific classifications studied, both in the terminology and in the underlying descriptions when the terminology is the same. It is also shown that the biogas plants studied do not fit into all of the in-depth country specific European classifications studied. A Framework for Categorization that includes seven categories is proposed. When the biogas plants studied are inserted into the framework, similarities between different plants are shown. These similarities are not found when using the existing European biogas plant classifications. It has also been shown that only three of the proposed categories are included in any of the four in-depth European classifications studied. The Framework, developed in this study, shows the complexity of common categories for biogas production plants, and it is an attempt towards finding a common classification for biogas plants. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Successful energy management is a way to achieve energy efficiency in the pulp and paper industry (PPI), which is important for assuring energy supply security, for increasing economic competitiveness, and for mitigating greenhouse gases. However, research shows that although energy use within PPI can be reduced by 5.5-19.4% per year, some of this by energy management practices, energy management is not always implemented. Why is this so? What are the barriers to, and drivers of implementation? How can the barriers be overcome? A systematic review of barriers and drivers in energy management in the PPI within peer-reviewed scientific articles suggests that the world-wide events that affect energy supply, volatility, and use seemingly also affect the number and frequency of research articles on energy management in the PPI. The perception of energy management in the PPI seems to be dominated by the understanding that it can mostly be achieved through technological improvements aiming to improve energy efficiency. The main driver of energy management was shown to be economic conditions: high and unstable energy prices, followed by drivers such as the need to remain internationally competitive, collaboration and energy management systems. Meanwhile, examples of the most important barriers are technical risks, lack of access to capital, lack of time and other priorities, and slim organization. The success factors for enhancing drivers and overcoming barriers were continuous energy accounting, energy-related collaboration, energy-efficiency programmes, and benchmarking. Altogether, success factors for energy management for improved energy efficiency could be summarized in the 4M frameworkthe 4M for energy efficiency: mind, measure, monitor, and managethat could be used as the energy management memory-tool that could lead to improved energy efficiency in other sectors as well.

The Swedish pulp and paper industry (PPI) must increase energy efficiency to remain competitive on the global market, which has experienced entries from countries with cheaper energy and raw material supplies. Interactions among variables for energy use, production, energy management, electricity price and firm characteristics (FC), in different types of mills, i.e., pulp, paper and integrated mills, in Sweden from 2006 to 2015 indicate that correlations among the studied variables were different in different types of mills. This difference between types of mills seemed to originate partly from varying accessibility to production residue that could be used for energy. For all types of mills, variation of electricity prices did not correlate significantly with energy efficiency during the study period. The studied FC were firms age, number of employees, number of companies in company group, net sales and profit for the year. Energy efficiency was more affected by the variables characterizing energy and production compared to the variables representing FC. This study also suggested presence of possible discrepancies between FC that were perceived as barriers to energy management towards energy efficiency, according to previous studies, and what was shown by the data combining variables representing energy use, production and FC. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

According to the Energy Efficiency Directive executed by the European Union, each member state is obliged to set a national target on energy efficiency. This requirement constitutes the basis for governments to formulate policy measures directed towards industrial companies. Such policy measures, along with the demand for cost-effective production to remain competitive on the market, motivates industrial companies to improve their energy efficiency. The aluminium industry is energy intensive and consumes substantial amounts of electricity and fossil fuels, resulting in both direct and indirect greenhouse gas emissions. This paper presents a study of the production of an aluminium product in Sweden in terms of implemented energy efficiency measures in the supply chain and potential areas for further improvement. Most previous studies have focused on energy efficiency measures in individual companies (value chains). However, this paper presents and analyses energy efficiency measures not only in each individual company but also in the entire supply chain of the product. The supply chain studied starts with secondary aluminium production followed by the production of a part of an automobile motor and ends with installing the motor detail in a car. Empirical data were gathered through a questionnaire and a focus group. The study shows the great potential for further energy efficiency improvements in the value chains of each individual company and in the whole supply chain. The work shown here is a part of a larger research project performed in close cooperation with the Swedish aluminium industry.

Improving energy efficiency in industry is recognized as one of the most vital activities for the mitigation of climate change. Consequently, policy initiatives from governments addressing both energy-intensive and small and medium-sized industry have been enacted. In this paper, the energy end-use and the energy efficiency potential among industrial small and medium-sized companies participating in the Swedish Energy Audit Program are reviewed. The three manufacturing industries of wood and cork, food products and metal products (excluding machinery and equipment) are studied. A unique categorization of their production processes energy end-use is presented, the results of which show that the amount of energy used in various categories of production processes differ between these industries. This applies to support processes as well, highlighting the problem of generalizing results without available bottom-up energy end-use data. In addition, a calculation of conservation supply curves for measures related to production processes is presented, showing that there still remains energy saving potential among companies participating in the Swedish Energy Audit Program. However, relevant data in the database used from the Swedish Energy Audit Program is lacking which limits the conclusions that can be drawn from the conservation supply curves. This study highlights the need to develop energy policy programs delivering high-quality data. This paper contributes to a further understanding of the intricate matters of industrial energy end-use and energy efficiency measures.

The process industry in general is very energy-intensive, and therefore models focusing on energy can be very important in order to reach higher profitability. In this study, an optimization model of the supply chain in a pulp company, where energy is included with respect to its revenue generating capabilities, is used. Using real company data, and through an analysis of the model’s results, we show that higher profitability can be achieved when integrating energy into the planning process. Our findings show that when energy-intensive raw materials not only provide fibre to the pulp process but also generate an energy surplus, there is room for different planning approaches in order to maximize the total profit. This paper reveals promising changes that can be made for improving the current planning process. The scenarios considered involve market changes for energy demand and price, and also alternative production opportunities. A cross-analysis compares the scenarios in order to reveal additional relations that are important to consider. Depending on a price change of energy, the model prioritizes in its selection of pulp products to produce. From this we provide guidelines on where and when to increase or decrease pulp production. The model shows that the company can increase its total profit no matter which of the included energy parameters that increase in price. The paper contributes to previous research by enhancing the usefulness of this model for not only the case company as such, but also by illustrating and describing how the approach applied can be useful for other cases within the energy intensive industry.

This paper investigates if biogas production is a good alternative to treat food industry by-products and if so, under which circumstances. All food industries in Sweden, with more than 49 employees were mapped. Geographical clusters of industries were identified, and from these five clusters with no or minor biogas production were selected and further analyzed. Three different perspectives were analyzed for each cluster: economic, energy and environmental performance (Global Warming Potential (GWP), Acidification Potential (AP) and Eutrophication Potential (EP). The analysis was based on a comparison of three systems: BAU (Business as Usual) and two biogas production systems: “CHP” and “Vehicle”. In system CHP (Combined Heat and Power) the produced biogas is used to produce heat and electricity and in system Vehicle, the produced biogas is used as vehicle fuel. Interviews were carried out with the food companies in the selected clusters to determine the amounts of organic waste and the present treatment of the waste, as basis for System BAU. The results show that biogas should be produced in one of the clusters, whilst System BAU has an advantage over the biogas systems in all other clusters. The results for the biogas systems (CHP and Vehicle) are varying depending on the origin of the electricity production, whilst the results for System BAU is robust regarding electricity. The conclusion of this paper is that both the perspective in focus and the system at hand are vital for deciding whether or not biogas production is the best option to treat industrial food waste. Different alternatives can also be “best” from different perspectives. System CHP is a bad economical choice, but the almost always the best choice from an energy perspective for all clusters. This means that invest decisions on biogas production plants have to be made with a broad systems perspective taking existing and potential local value-chains into account.

Denna rapport ger en kortfattad översikt och syntes av tvärvetenskapliga forskningsresultat från verksamheten i konsortiet Byggnader i energisystem inom forskarskolan Program Energisystem. Tonvikten ligger på tiden från forskarskolans start 1997 till dess 15-årsjubileum 2012, men hänvisningar görs även till forskning publicerad därefter. Utgångspunkten har varit att lyfta fram det tvärvetenskapliga inom forskningen för att visa hur forskarskolan har bidragit till tvärvetenskaplig kunskaps- och metodutveckling.

I rapporten ges en översikt över fallstudier och avhandlingar inom konsortiet och de tvärvetenskapliga forskningsresultaten sammanfattas inom tre huvudsakliga tematiska områden: (1) Passivhus: boende och energieffektiva byggnadstekniker,

(2) Energieffektivisering: processer och aktörer, samt (3) Energianvändning, vardagsaktiviteter och småskalig solenergi i hushåll. Tvärvetenskapliga metoder och resultat sammanfattas och utvecklingen av samarbeten och angreppssätt beskrivs. Rapporten avslutas med några sammanfattande reflektioner kring hur framgångsrik tvärvetenskaplig forskning bör bedrivas.

Det finns en omfattande publicering från Program Energisystem. Förutom 78 doktorsavhandlingar och 16 licentiatavhandlingar så har forskarstuderande och seniorer publicerat ytterligare minst 500 publikationer inom ramen för Program Energisystem.

I denna rapport förtecknas dessa publikationer.

Forskarskolan Program Energisystem har med sina fem deltagande forskningsavdelningar från Chalmers tekniska högskola, Linköpings universitet, KTH och Uppsala universitet varit banbrytande inom tvärvetenskaplig energisystemforskning och dess tre konsortier har spelat en viktig roll för forskarskolans utveckling. Konsortierna är inriktade på byggnader i energisystem, industriella energisystem samt lokala och regionala energisystem. I varje konsortium har doktorander och seniorer från minst två av de deltagande avdelningarna bedrivit tvärvetenskaplig forskning.

I det lokala och regionala konsortiet har forskningsfrågorna kretsat kring aktörer och processer av betydelse för energisystemen i svenska kommuner, län och regioner. Inom konsortiet har frågeställningar om miljömässigt, socialt och ekonomiskt hållbara lokala och regionala energisystem bland annat studerats genom att analysera aktörers agerande och politiska processer inom de tekniska, ekonomiska och institutionella villkor som utgör begränsningar och möjligheter för energisystemen. En tydlig trend inom konsortiets forskning under forskarskolans arton år är att inriktningen gått i riktning från lokal till regional och från stationära till mobila energisystem. Den förskjutningen följer också den ökande betydelse som regioner i form av länsstyrelser har fått för samordningen av energi- och klimatplaneringen i Sverige under det senaste decenniet. Kommunerna har fortfarande en dominerande position genom den energirelaterade infrastruktur som de förfogar över men en förskjutning mot ett mer regionalt inflytande är tydlig.

Totalt har 26 doktors- och en licentiatexamen avlagts av konsortiets doktorander och dessa alumner är nu verksamma inom energirelaterade verksamheter Sverige. Den främsta representationen finns inom myndigheter och akademier.

Idén att samhällsvetenskaplig och teknisk energisystemforskning måste vävas samman för att utveckla ny kunskap och få ökad samhällsnytta var utgångspunkt när Program Energisystem startade år 1997.

Program Energisystem identifierade tidigt kärnvärden som visades vara viktiga framgångsfaktorer:

• Energisystem med tyngdpunkt på användarsidan
• Tvärvetenskaplig, universitets- och fakultetsöverskridande
• forskning och forskarutbildning
• Sammanhållen forskarskola
• Finansiering av hela doktorandprojekt
• Samarbeten i tematiska forskningsområden
• Kontinuerlig tvärvetenskaplig utveckling
• Långsiktig finansiering av samordningsstruktur

Program Energisystems arbete har kännetecknats av:

• Val av samhällsrelevanta projekt av hög vetenskaplig kvalitet
• Gemensamma tvärvetenskapliga kurser och projektarbeten
• Tvärvetenskaplig handledning
• Kontinuerligt arbetande fora för diskussion
• och kontakter över ämnesgränser
• Forskningssamarbeten mellan seniorer i olika ämnen
• Aktivt doktorand- och alumninätverk

Forskarutbildningens målsättning har varit att utbilda bättre samhällsvetare

och bättre ingenjörer, inte att göra samhällsvetare av ingenjörerna eller ingenjörer

av samhällsvetarna.

I den kontinuerliga utvecklingen av Program Energisystem har ett förtroendefullt samarbete utvecklats som möjliggjort kontinuerliga förbättringar av forskningen och forskarutbildningen.

Arvet från Program Energisystem har förts vidare i den nya Forskarskola Energisystem. Forskarskola Energisystem har en delvis annan struktur men bygger innehållsmässigt vidare på centrala idéer från Program Energisystem. Det finns ett fortsatt stort behov av tvärvetenskaplig kunskapsutveckling på energiområdet som främst handlar om att förstå komplicerade samband och processer och hur dessa kan påverkas.

Denna syntesrapport är en sammanfattning och analys av den forskning som bedrivits inom ramen för det Industriella konsortiet från år 1997 (konsortiets verksamhet startade 1999) inom ramen för forskarskolan Program Energisystem. Under denna tid har 25 doktorsavhandlingar och en licentiatavhandling producerats inom det Industriella konsortiet. Avhandlingarna sammanfattas och analyseras i denna syntesrapport och arbetet avgränsas då till att studera avhandlingarnas Problemområde, Verktyg/Metod/Teori, Systemgräns, studerad Sektor och Övergripande resultat. Vidare ges, med utgångspunkt från dessa forskningsresultat, förslag på fortsatt forskning för hållbara och effektiva energisystem.

Många viktiga problemområden har studerats inom ramen för forskarskolans Industrikonsortium. Ett flertal avhandlingar behandlar möjligheter att minska utsläppen av växthusgaser från industrin och här har flera sektorer studerats, bland annat massa- och pappersindustrin, järn- och stålindustrin, kemiindustrin och oljeraffinaderiindustrin. Ett centralt tema i avhandlingarna är potentialer för energieffektivisering i industrisektorn, inte minst vid införande av bioraffinaderikoncept i framtiden. Här analyseras t.ex. tekniska potentialer, kostnadseffektivitet för energieffektiviseringsåtgärder, samt betydelsen av energiledning och styrmedel.

I avhandlingarna har en mängd olika metoder och verktyg använts. Den i särklass mest använda vetenskapliga metoden är intervjuer (15) följt av scenarioanalys (10), dokumentstudier (9), simuleringsberäkningar (9), pinchanalys (9) och optimering (8). Fallstudiemetodik där mer än en metod används för att studera ett specifikt fall, t.ex. ett företag, förekommer i flera avhandlingar. En grundtanke i forskarskolan Program Energisystem har varit att forskaren måste vara medveten om att resultat från energisystemanalyser kan påverkas av vilka systemgränser som valts. I flertalet av Industrikonsortiets avhandlingar har Europas elsystem utgjort systemgräns då effekter av förändrad elanvändning eller elproduktion analyserats.

Industrikonsortiets forskningsresultat visar på många intressanta slutsatser. Det påvisas att det finns energieffektiviseringspotentialer både i nya investeringar och i energiledningsåtgärder, som att justera driftsbetingelser för befintlig teknisk utrustning och ändra beteenden. Det konstateras också att energisamarbeten mellan industri och energibolag med syfte att öka användningen av industriell överskottsvärme i många fall är en hållbar lösning som minskar regioners behov av primärenergi och reducerar utsläppen av växthusgaser. Hinder mot sådana samarbeten kan vara att detta inte är en del av industrins kärnverksamhet. Det konstateras även att energisamarbeten mellan närliggande anläggningar i ett industrikluster kan leda till avsevärt större energieffektiviseringspotentialer än om var och en av de ingående industrierna arbetar enbart med interna åtgärder. Hinder mot denna typ av samarbete är brist på etablerade affärsmodeller. Forskningen visar på ett behov av fortsatta studier kring begreppet kärnverksamhet och dess påverkan på energifrågan i svensk industrin. Avskiljning och lagring av koldioxid (CCS) från industrin har studerats och här konstateras att denna lösning inte är ekonomiskt lönsam med dagens förutsättningar. Det rekommenderas därför att framtida forskning bedrivs för att studera vilka styrmedel som skulle behövas för att CCS ska bli ekonomiskt intressant för industrin. En annan viktig fråga är hur energitjänsteföretag ska formulera affärsmodeller och strategier kring CCS, samt hur de kan samarbeta med industrin för att på affärsmässiga grunder få till stånd CO2– avskiljning, transport och lagring. Även framtida forskning kring styrmedel, t.ex. energitjänster, för ökad energieffektivitet i industrisektorn förordas. Resultat från Industrikonsortiets avhandlingar visar att processintegrationsverktyget pinchanalys kan kombineras med optimeringsverktyg (i detta fall MIND) vid analys av industriella energisystem. Denna metodkombination ger intressanta resultat varför fortsatt forskning förordas kring kombinationer av olika processintegrationsmetoder. I flertalet avhandlingar har företagsdata använts som indata vid exempelvis modellering och processintegrationsstudier. Detta har accentuerat behovet av ett standardiserat protokoll vid insamling av företagsdata. Ett sådant protokoll kan öka reliabiliteten på indata och förslagsvis användas vid fallstudier.

Avslutningsvis kan konstateras att trots närmare 20 års tvärvetenskaplig forskning mellan samhällsvetare och teknikvetenskaperna finns det fortfarande mycket mer att beforska och utveckla.

Biogas Research Center (BRC) är ett kompetenscentrum för biogasforskning som finansieras av Energimyndigheten, LiU och ett flertal externa organisationer med en tredjedel vardera. BRC har en mycket bred tvärvetenskaplig inriktning och sammanför biogasrelaterad kompetens från flera olika områden för att skapa interaktion på flera olika plan:

• mellan näringsliv, akademi och samhälle,
• mellan olika perspektiv, samt
• mellan olika discipliner och kompetensområden.

BRC:s vision är:

Resurseffektiva biogaslösningar finns genomförda i många nya tillämpningar och bidrar till en mer hållbar energiförsörjning, förbättrat miljötillstånd och goda affärer.

BRC:s särskilda roll för att uppnå denna vision är att bidra med kunskapsförsörjning och process-/teknikutveckling för att facilitera utveckling, innovation och implementering av biogaslösningar. Resurseffektivitet är ett nyckelord, vilket handlar om att förbättra befintliga processer och system samt utveckla biogaslösningar i nya sektorer och möjliggöra användning av nya substrat.

For BRC:s etapp 1, den första tvåårsperioden mellan 2012-2014, var forskningsprojekten organiserade enligt tabellen nedan. Den visar viktiga utmaningar för biogasproducenter och andra intressenter, samt hur dessa ”angreps” med åtta forskningsprojekt. Fem av projekten var av explorativ karaktär i bemärkelsen att de var bredare och mer framtidsorienterade - exempelvis utvärderade flera möjliga tekniska utvecklingsmöjligheter (EP1-5). Tre projekt hade ett tydligare fokus på teknik- och processutveckling (DP6-8).

I den här slutrapporten ges en kortfattad bakgrundsbeskrivning och det finns en introduktion till vad den här typen av kompetenscentrum innebär generellt. Därefter finns mer detaljerad information om BRC, exempelvis gäller det centrumets etablering, relevans, vision, hörnstenar och utveckling. De deltagande organisationerna presenteras, både forskargrupperna vid Linköpings universitet och partners och medlemmar. Vidare finns en mer utförlig introduktion till och beskrivning av utmaningarna i tabellen och kortfattat information om forskningsprojekten, följt av ett kapitel som berör måluppfyllelse och den externa utvärdering som gjorts av BRC:s verksamhet. Detaljerad, listad information finns till stor del i bilagorna.

Kortfattat kan det konstateras att måluppfyllelsen överlag är god. Det är speciellt positivt att så många vetenskapliga artiklar publicerats (eller är på gång att publiceras) kopplat till forskningsprojekten och även i det vidare centrumperspektivet. Helt klart förekommer en omfattande verksamhet inom och kopplat till BRC. I etapp 2 är det viktigt att öka andelen mycket nöjda partner och medlemmar, där nu hälften är nöjda och hälften mycket nöjda. Det handlar framför allt om stärkt kommunikation, interaktion och projektledning. Under 2015 förväntas åtminstone två doktorsexamina, där avhandlingarna har stor koppling till forskningen inom etapp 1.

I början på år 2014 skedde en extern utvärdering av verksamheten vid BRC med huvudsyftet att bedöma hur väl centrumet lyckats med etableringen samt att granska om det fanns förutsättningar för framtida framgångsrik verksamhet. Generellt var utfallet mycket positivt och utvärderarna konstaterade att BRC på kort tid lyckats etablera en verksamhet som fungerar väl och engagerar det stora flertalet deltagande aktörer, inom relevanta områden och där de flesta involverade ser BRC som en befogad och väl fungerande satsning, som de har för avsikt att även fortsättningsvis stödja. Utvärderingen bidrog också med flera relevant tips och till att belysa utmaningar.

Utöver denna slutrapport finns separata publikationer från forskningsprojekten.

Arbetet som presenteras i rapporten har finansierats av Energimyndigheten och de medverkande organisationerna.

In BRC EP3 focus has been on new industries. The goal has been to find some new industries where biogas production is a resource‐efficient way to take advantage of material flows that are not used today. From this goal seven activities were formulated and are in short: (A1) Present biogas solutions, (A2) Overview of new industrial sectors in Sweden regarding biogas production, (A3) Possibilities and impossibilities process‐wise, (A4) Energy and environmental impacts, (A5) Societal aspects, (A6) Selection of case studies, and (A7) Case study design. These activities needed different angles of approach and therefore a variety of methods were used in the project, e.g. literature studies, calculations, measurements, interviews and workshops. The results from the activities are presented in short below.

A1: International comparison of biogas production at industrial sites, for example, is impossible to carry out as different classifications are used in different countries. In A1 a way to categorize biogas plants is proposed and discussed.

A2: By screening and geographically pin‐pointing the food industry, eight clusters were chosen for deeper studies. A mapping of biogas potential was thereafter carried out in these clusters. The activity shows great potentials for some of the clusters regarding biogas production.

A3: Process‐related feasibility for opportunities for the clusters studied in A2 is targeted. The general conclusion is that there are no severe aspects that imply that one should not continue working with a specific cluster or a specific substrate found in those clusters, regarding biogas production.

A4: Each cluster found in A2 is assessed in terms of environmental aspects (climate, acidification and eutrophication), energy balance and economy, which were found being the most important assessment criteria when it comes to efficient biogas solutions. The results show, for example, that even though some of the clusters hold a large potential for biogas production some of these clusters do not imply profitable solutions or environmental advantages compared to the present situation of using the substrates. Moreover, the study shows that the end use of the biogas (electricity, heat and vehicle fuel) has significant influence on the results. It is shown that each cluster has a unique combination of substrates and unique alternatives for use of both substrates and produced biogas, implying different beneficial solutions. Sometimes the beneficial solutions differ dependent on what assessment criterion used.

A5: Societal aspects were explored for each cluster found in A2. It is shown that there are differences between the clusters regarding institutional and organizational prerequisites. Important areas have been identified on both a national level (e.g. taxes) and regional level (e.g. cooperation between public and private sectors).

A6: When selecting case studies it is found that the following aspects needs to be considered: (1) biogas potential, (2) character of substrates and other materials, (3) environmental aspects (climate, acidification and eutrophication), (4) influence on energy balances (5) economy, (6) use of biogas, and (7) societal aspects.

A7: When designing case studies the same aspects as for A6 applies. However, when designing the case study it is also vital to consider where to put the system border and also consider the localization of the production unit (e.g. internal at a company or detached).

Moreover, integration of biogas solutions with other types of material or energy flows has to be considered.

All the stated parts in “Motivation and aim” are addressed in the project. Consequently, the target of the project is achieved.

The adopted energy efficiency directive stresses the use of excess heat as a way to reach the EU target of primary energy use. Use of industrial excess heat may result in decreased energy demand, CO2 emissions reduction, and economic gains. In this study, an energy systems analysis is performed with the aim of investigating how excess heat should be used, and the impact on CO2 emissions. The manner in which the heat is recovered will affect the system. The influence of excess heat recovery and the trade-off between heat recovery for heating or cooling applications and electricity production has been investigated using the energy systems modeling tool reMIND. The model has been optimized by minimizing the system cost. The results show that it is favorable to recover the available excess heat in all the investigated energy market scenarios, and that heat driven electricity production is not a part of the optimal solution. The trade-off between use of recovered excess heat in the heating or cooling system depends on the energy market prices and the type of heat production. The introduction of excess heat reduces the CO2 emissions in the system for all the studied energy market scenarios. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The industrial sector is important to study in terms of improved energy efficiency, being one of the major energy-using sectors and responsible for a major share of CO2 emissions. The energy end-use (EEU) in the industrial sector is complex in general as processes are intertwined and interrelated. Moreover, bottom-up data of EEU on an aggregated level is scarce. Data for total energy supply like electricity, oil, coal, and natural gas exists but bottom-up data of what processes these energy carriers are used in, and moreover, where the major potential for implementation of energy efficiency measures (EEMs) exists, is less prevalent. This holds in particular for industrial small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). This makes policy formulation and design for industry a great challenge. Knowledge on where and how energy is used, as well as where opportunities for improvement exist, may provide good support for developing the most effective policies. Therefore, the aim of this study has been to present and compare available bottom-up energy data for industrial SMEs in four countries, namely Belgium, Italy, Japan and Sweden. Results show that the existence and quality of bottom-up EEU data differs largely between the countries and the development of a general taxonomy of structuring EEU data as well as EEMs is needed. Without the development of such a general taxonomy, the deployment level of EEMs and carbon dioxide emission reductions is unlikely to ever reach its full potential as knowledge is missing on how large the potential is, in which processes the major potential is found, how far industry has reached in terms of deployment levels, and in which areas future energy policies are needed. In conclusion, this paper of EEU and EEM in industrial SMEs addresses the high importance of future research in creating a harmonized data categorization, as this will greatly support the transition towards sustainable industrial energy systems. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The impact of global climate change as a result of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), primarily from the use of fossil fuels, is demanding actions from all sectors of society. The industry sector is one of the world’s largest energy using sectors and GHG emitters. Improved energy efficiency in industry is one of the foremost means of improving energy efficiency and reducing GHG emissions. Research shows that despite large untapped potentials for improved energy efficiency in industry, cost-efficient energy efficiency measures are not always implemented, explained by the existence of barriers to energy efficiency, e.g. information imperfections and asymmetries. Moreover, research shows that a major energy efficiency potential lies in the energy system and the way it is governed. For regional governments, the industrial energy use is difficult to affect as they only have indirect power to influence the decisions in those organizations. This underlies the importance of developing methods on how a region can support and effectively contribute to energy efficiency improvements in the local industry. So far, methods are limited related to regional governance of industrial energy systems. The aim of this paper is to present a structured methodology for improved regional resource efficiency in the local industry from a regional perspective, inspired by the Triple Helix Model. Results display the county administrative board of administration’s current method how to target industry, and ends with a proposal for how the methods could be improved.

This paper presents a study on the production of biofuels from algae cultivated in municipal wastewater in Gothenburg, Sweden. A possible biorefinery concept is studied based on two cases; Case A) combined biodiesel and biogas production, and Case B) only biogas production. The cases are compared in terms of product outputs and impact on global CO2 emissions mitigation. The area efficiency of the algae-based biofuels is also compared with other biofuel production routes. The study investigates the collaboration between an algae cultivation, biofuel production processes, a wastewater treatment plant and an industrial cluster for the purpose of utilizing material flows and industrial excess heat between the actors. This collaboration provides the opportunity to reduce the CO2 emissions from the process compared to a stand-alone operation. The results show that Case A is advantageous to Case B with respect to all studied factors. It is found that the algae-based biofuel production routes investigated in this study has higher area efficiency than other biofuel production routes. The amount of algae-based biofuel possible to produce corresponds to 31 MWfuel for Case A and 26 MWfuel in Case B.

How can a different planning of production and supply chain increase energy efficiency and effectiveness? This descriptive and rather exploratory case study investigates these possibilities by mapping the production system and its supporting energy system at a steel company’s production site. Several possibilities for improvement in the planning processes have been located and evaluated. Our findings resulted in identifying four different improvement areas: 1) planning slab furnaces, 2) utilizing embedded heat and shortening lead times, 3) broader frame when scheduling for decreasing waste at set-ups, and 4) demandresponse opportunities related to electricity price variations. The first improvement area: planning of the slab furnaces, shows the largest potential, both in terms of energy savings and reduced costs. The second and the third improvement areas are similar to each other in terms of potential energy savings, but if the lead-time also could be decreased in the second it would be more economically beneficial than the other. Additional possibilities are found in the fourth improvement area where electricity demand response actions by rescheduling the energy-intensive production into times of low electricity price might save electricity costs. To conclude, the company could reach both higher energy efficiency and profitability simultaneously, by utilizing the energy- and the production systems combined in a more efficient and effective way.

This paper investigates the possibilities of merging suitable processes for energy management into operations management processes within a steel company. The descriptive and rather exploratory case study maps the production system and its supporting energy system within one of the company’s production sites. Several possibilities for improvement in the planning processes have been located and evaluated. Our findings resulted in that four different improvement areas could be identified: planning furnace ovens, utilizing embedded heat and shortening lead times, wider scheduling for decreasing waste at set-ups, and demand-response opportunities related to electricity price variations. Improved planning of the furnace ovens shows the largest potential, both in terms of energy savings and reduced costs. To utilize embedded heat and to reduce waste at set-ups are similar to each other in terms of potential energy savings, but if the lead-time also could be decreased the economical benefits would excel. There are moreover possible economical benefits of electricity demand response actions by rescheduling the energy-intensive production into times of low electricity price. To conclude, the company could reach both higher environmental performance and economical profitability simultaneously, and thus utilizing the energy- and the production systems combined in a more efficient and effective way.

The issue of climate change due to, in particular anthropogenic emissions of CO2 is driving decision-makers to make decisions towards more efficient use of energy. Improved industrial energy efficiency is stated to have a key role in the transition into more carbon-neutral energy systems. In most countries, industrial SMEs represent more than 95 % of the number of companies. Thus, the sector is apart from using energy, a major driver in the Economy in regard to innovations, and GDP growth, investments and export etc. The aim of this paper is to present results of an international study within International Energy Agency Industrial Energy Technologies and Systems) concerning the design and structure of effective energy end-use policies towards industrial SMEs in the countries Belgium, Japan, Spain and Sweden. The major method used was workshops, and literature studies, mainly country-specific reports and documents, mostly written in that countries native language.Results from this paper states that for medium-sized and energy-intensive industrial SMEs it is emphasized that Energy Conservation Law/Long-Term Agreements (LTA)/Voluntary Agreement (VA) are strong energy end-use policies followed by energy audit programs, preferably but not necessarily located regionally or locally. Energy networks, preferably locally or regionally anchored, are also policies suggested to be considered for medium-sized and energy-intensive industrial SMEs followed by investment subsidies mainly for investments in production-related technologies, benchmarking, and finally sector guidelines.For small-sized and non-energy-intensive industrial SMEs it is emphasized that energy audit program, preferably locally or regionally anchored, followed by energy networks, preferably locally or regionally anchored, are strong energy end-use policies followed investment subsidies, benchmarking, and finally sector guidelines.

There are many different aspects a production-planning model has to be able to handle to make a model adequate for the purpose. One aspect is the handling of start-ups and shutdowns for different processes. The production plan is likely to be changed when considering, for example, a cost connected to the start-up and/or shutdown of processes. Besides costs associated with start-ups and shutdowns, waste may be produced during the start-up and shutdown. However, there is also the possibility of carrying out soft start-ups and shutdowns or limiting the number of start-ups and shutdowns. Thus, start-ups and shutdowns have to be handled in an adequate way in models to produce reliable and accurate results. In optimisation tools, this may be dealt with by introducing certain constraints, including integers. In this paper, the implementation of alternative ways to consider start-ups and shutdowns are presented. This is done in the energy system optimisation tool reMIND, which deals with Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) problems. The purpose of this paper is to show four alternatives to consider start-ups and shutdowns in optimisation models. This involves, in total, almost 50 constraints. Also, a simple dairy case study is included in the paper to visualise the effect of implementing the different alternatives to shutdowns.

The EU has established so-called 20–20–20 targets, which in relation to energy mean that each Member State shall improve energy intensity levels by 3.3% annually, leading to a reduced primary energy use of 20% by the year 2020, calculated from a projected level based on the primary energy use in 2005. Sweden has established a less ambitious target of 1.7% annual energy intensity improvement through 2020. The aim of this paper is to evaluate, ex-ante, the EU 2020 primary energy target for the Swedish industrial sector. An applied backcasting methodology is used. The assessment made in this paper is that actions that lead to between 31.6 and 33.2 TWh/year reductions in energy end-use are needed if the EU target is to be achieved. Results from this paper shows that the current energy policy instruments are not sufficient to the EU or Swedish targets. Estimations in this paper are that a primary energy target of about 22.3 TWh/year is reasonable. The paper concludes by presenting a roadmap on how the Swedish 2020 target can be achieved through: i) energy management; ii) energy-efficient technology; and iii) energy supply measures, with an approximate cost of 280–300 MEUR or 75–80 kWh per public EUR. Three major additional policy measures are needed compared with the current policy: including all energy carriers, not just electricity, in the Swedish long-term agreements program PFE; setting up networks; and making it possible for third parties, i.e., industry, to deliver excess heat into the monopolized Swedish district heating grids.

Integrated planning of the supply chain at a multi-site pulp company has previously been considered, in whichenergy are included with respect to its revenue generating capabilities. When energy intense raw materials notonly give fiber to the pulp process but also generate an energy surplus, there is room for different planningapproaches to maximize the total profit. This paper deeply analyses the model with more analytical scenariosand reveals promising changes that can be done in terms of both refining the current planning, but also byimproving the production system and its corresponding energy system. The scenarios considered involvemarket changes for energy demand and price, and alternative production opportunities. The scenarios arecross-analyzed and compared in order to reveal additional relations that are worthy to consider. The findingstherefore point out the usefulness of the model and its advantages.

The development of a method, called MIND (Method for analyzes of INDustrial energy systems) started in the early 90ies at the division Energy Systems at Linköping University, Sweden. The software reMIND, based on the MIND method, includes a graphical user interface (Figure 1) along with a number of functions in order to analyze industrial energy systems.

Figure 1: Graphical interface of reMIND

The tool has been used in a number of different projects over the years showing great opportunities to make an impact on the energy systems. In a foundry, for example, using reMIND it was concluded that the holding furnaces would in the future be valuable to reduce electricity costs. The head of company had decided to remove the holding furnaces when investing in new furnaces, but due to the reMIND study, the decision was changed. In another study great savings has been shown when introducing a heat market in a region north of Stockholm, where several industrial- and energy companies could sell and buy heat. In the steel industry process optimization has been conducted to reduce costs. Also, in Eco-Industrial parks great synergy effects have been shown by using reMIND. In total there are around 100 publications, in whole or in part, based on modeling using reMIND (e.g. dissertations, scientific articles, reports and theses).

So far, reMIND has mainly been used in the academia (Linköping University, Luleå University of Technology, University of Gävle and Chalmers University of Technology) but also Swerea MEFOS has used the tool. Just recently it has started to be used in China.

The program is developed as a general tool to be able to model a variety of industries and their energy supply and use. However, it is possible to model any kind of system, but so far only energy-related problems have been modeled both in industries and district heating systems and in the integration in between. With the help of optimization routines the system cost is minimized based on the limitations and conditions the modeled company is exposed to. However, any type of minimization may be accomplished when using reMIND, e.g. minimizing CO₂-emissions. It is also possible to model problems with multi-objective characters.

The structure of the problem is represented by branches (e.g. electricity) and nodes (e.g. process lines). Each node includes numerous functions describing the functionality of the node. Time is divided into time steps to consider the dynamics of the system.

The adopted Energy Efficiency Directive stresses the importance of using excess heat as a way to reach the EU target of primary energy consumption. Utilization of industrial excess heat may result in decreased energy demand, CO₂ emissions reduction, and economic gains. In this study, an energy systems analysis is performed with the aim of investigating how excess heat should be used, and the impact of global CO2 emissions. The manner in which the heat is recovered will affect the system. The influence of excess heat recovery and the trade-off between heat recovery for heating or cooling applications and electricity production has been investigated using the energy systems modeling tool reMIND. The model has been optimized with regard to system cost. The results show that it is favorable to recover the available excess heat in all the investigated energy market scenarios, and that electricity production is not a part of the optimal solution. The trade-off between utilization of excess heat in the heating or cooling system depends on the energy market prices and the type of heat production. The introduction of excess heat also reduces the CO₂ emissions in the system for all the studied energy market scenarios.  

Improved energy efficiency in industrial energy systems is for example of outmost importace as a mean to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and reduce energy costs. The energy efficiency potential in European industry is stated by the European Commission to be 25 percent, where the majority of the measures are found in pumps, fans and lighting. Despite extensive attention given to energy efficiency, research states that a majority of avaliable cost-efficient energy efficiency measures are not implemented due to the existence of various barriers to energy efficiency, in particular information-related barriers. Energy audits, and energy audit programs, are one of the most widespread and used instruments to overcome barriers to energy efficiency and promoting energy efficiency in industry. In particular when it is related to generic technologies and industrial small- and medium-sized enterprizes. Despite the importance of energy audits, and the fact that a large number of energy audit programs are in operation in the EU and across the world, there is a considerable lack of so called energy audit tools, i.e. a standardized tool to conduct the actual energy audit. The aim of this paper is to present an energy audit tool for industrial SMEs. The tool is based on more than three decades of research and teaching in the area of energy audting in industry, covering more than 300 energy audits, primarly conducted in Sweden. The developed tool uses unit process categorization, which enables energy auditors and energy program administrators to conduct energy audits in a standardized way.

Climate change, as a result of anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, is of great concern for society today. Industry accounts for almost 40% of global CO₂ emissions and consequently it is important that this sector investigate options to reduce its CO₂ emissions. In this paper, an economic evaluation of integration of a biomass gasifier with a steel plant is performed. Synthetic natural gas (bio-SNG) from the gasifier substitutes liquefied petroleum gas as fuel in the steel plant’s heating furnaces. Eight future market scenarios are used to analyse investment opportunities to integrate production of bio-SNG with a case study steel plant. Results from the analysis show that high fossil fuel prices could make integration of a biomass gasifier and fuel conversion profitable. Moreover, profitability is highly dependent on biomass price. At current price levels, production cost for bio-SNG is 82 EUR/MWh.

In April 2006 the EU adopted the so-called Energy End-Use efficiency and Energy Services Directive that gives energy audit programs a central role for promoting energy efficiency. As a consequence Sweden launched a program to support implementations of energy audits in Swedish companies, the so-called energy audit checks, in April 2010. The program is constructed so that a company that performs an energy audit gets subsidy of 50 % of the audit cost, up to a maximum value of 3300 EUR, when performed an approved energy audit. The program targets small and medium sized companies, as the maximum subsidy indicates. The aim of this paper is to present an evaluation of the initial phase of this Swedish energy audit program. The results include bottom-up data on potentials and outcome of the program and comparison with other previous programs. Expected results, in addition to bottom-up data, will include the need to involve regional and municipal actors in the program, a need for formulation of program goals and a need for a standardized energy audit tool. The energy efficiency potential for the 300 energy audits approved so far in the program is estimated to around 20 %. 1000-2000 energy audits are estimated to be approved within the program, which makes it by far the largest Energy audit program in Sweden. The already funded energy audits indicate an implementation rate of the proposed measures of 20-40 %.

Using industrial excess heat in District Heating (DH) networks reduces the need for primary energy and is considered efficient resource use. The conditions of Swedish DH markets are under political discussion in the Third Party Access (TPA) proposal, which would facilitate the delivery of firms' industrial excess heat to DH networks. This paper estimates and discusses the untapped potential for excess heat deliveries to DH networks and considers whether the realization of this potential would be affected by altered DH market conditions. The results identify untapped potential for industrial excess heat deliveries, and calculations based on estimated investment costs and revenues indicate that realizing the TPA proposal could enable profitable excess heat investments.

In recent years, there has been a worldwide focus on the issue of energy because of increased energy prices and the threat of increasing global warming. Furthermore, industries are facing greater competition as a result of increasing globalisation, which is forcing companies to reduce their expenses. Reducing the use of energy is therefore an essential task for the future as it has a positive impact on both the environment and the profits of any business. Reductions in energy demand can be accomplished by different means, such as investments in energy-efficient processes or load management. Analytical tools may be used to support the decision-making process, when choosing between a number of measures, and analysing the results can help to choose which changes should be made.

This paper studies two types of energy analysis tool: energy systems optimisation (ESO) and discrete event simulation (DES). The aim of this paper is to describe a method where a DES and an ESO tool are combined in order to study the potential energy and resource reduction in complex industrial energy systems. A case study representing a part of a dairy is also included to illustrate the use of the method. The system modelled includes a process where the durability or longevity of milk increases from a few days to 28 days by using steam injection.

The results from the case study show that the dairy has much higher potential production capacity than realised today. This also means that there is a potential to reduce the operation hours from a three-shift to a two-shift operation to meet the existing weekly demand. The analysis also shows that there are large potential reductions in both energy and other resources. The largest potential reductions are primarily from electricity and water. The combination of tools increases the reliability of the analysis and facilitates decision making in an industrial site.