The prevalence of allergies has increased worldwide, especially in affluent countries. In clinical trials, pre- and postnatal supplementation with ω-3 fatty acids or probiotics has been shown to reduce the incidence of allergies in children. However, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood and might be mediated through changes in immune mediators in breast milk or infant saliva.

This thesis aimed to investigate the effects of pre- and postnatal supplementation with ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and Limosilactobacillus (L) reuteri on immune mediators, including immunoglobulin A (IgA) in breast milk and infant saliva, human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), and milk-derived extracellular vesicle microRNAs (EV-miRNAs). In addition, we aimed to investigate the effects of the population demographic characteristics, such as maternal allergy, on these mediators.  We also aimed to investigate the effects of freezing and sodium citrate (SC), as a casein-micelle dissolving agent, on milk-derived EV characteristics and their miRNA contents.

All samples and data included in this thesis are derived from an ongoing allergy prevention, randomized clinical trial. In this trial, at gestational week 20, pregnant women were randomized into four supplementation groups receiving: ω-3 PUFA + L. reuteri (OL), ω-3 PUFA + Placebo (OP), Placebo + L. reuteri (PL), or Placebo + Placebo (PP). The ω-3 PUFA supplementation continued until 3 months postpartum, reaching the baby through breastfeeding. In contrast, the probiotic supplementation was stopped for mothers after birth and given directly to the infants for the first year of life.

In Paper I, breast milk total IgA (TIgA) levels tended to be higher in the OP group than the PP group. In the subpopulation of non-allergic mothers, higher TIgA and secretory IgA (SIgA) levels were observed in the active supplementation groups (OL, OP, and PL) than the PP group, while no effects were found among allergic mothers. In the infant saliva, the TIgA and SIgA levels were higher in the OP than in the PP group. In Paper II, supplementation with ω-3 PUFAs decreased the HMO diversity over time, from colostrum till 3 months postpartum. Furthermore, non-allergic mothers expressed significantly higher levels of several HMOs compared to allergic mothers. Additionally, breast milk IgA correlated positively with fucosylated and negatively with sialylated HMOs. In Paper III, we found no differences in EV characteristics or their miRNA cargo between fresh and frozen milk samples. In contrast, SC altered certain EV characteristics, but not their miR-148-3p levels. In Paper IV, active supplementation modulated different milk EV-miRNA expression levels among non-allergic and allergic mothers. Moreover, non-allergic mothers tended to have lower expression of miR-223-3p than allergic mothers.

In conclusion, this thesis demonstrates several immune modulatory effects of the supplements, including changes in IgA levels, HMO diversity, and EV-miRNA expression. The findings further indicate that maternal allergy modifies the supplementation effects on some of these outcomes.  In addition, freezing milk does not appear to affect EV characteristics or their miRNA content.

Traumatic hemorrhage is one of the leading causes of preventable death worldwide, and early hemorrhage control is critical for survival. In many emergency situations, the first individuals present are medical laypeople rather than professional responders. These immediate responders face extreme time pressure, uncertainty, and stress, yet are increasingly expected to initiate life-saving interventions such as hemorrhage control. Despite widespread implementation of civilian hemorrhage control initiatives, including the Stop the Bleed (STB) campaign, limited empirical knowledge exists regarding how laypeople perceive traumatic injuries, interpret severity, and perform hemorrhage control under realistic conditions. Training programs have largely been informed by clinical and military perspectives, with comparatively little grounding in cognitive science or human factors.

This thesis examines the cognitive, perceptual, and affective mechanisms underlying laypeople’s responses to life-threatening bleeding. Drawing on theories from cognitive science and human factors, most notably Brunswik’s lens model, naïve theories, and stress theory, the thesis conceptualizes medical emergencies as epistemic events shaped by uncertainty, probabilistic cues, and human sensemaking. From this perspective, recognizing and responding to hemorrhage is not solely a matter of technical skill acquisition, but of judgment under uncertainty, cue interpretation, and performance under stress.

The thesis consists of six papers. Five papers employing experimental, simulation-based methods, and one literature review. The included studies investigate how factors such as stress, exposure to blood, and visual characteristics of injuries influence laypeople’s ability to recognize hemorrhage, estimate blood loss, prioritize victims, and perform bleeding control interventions. Several studies directly assess performance rather than relying on surrogate outcomes such as confidence or intention, thereby addressing a key limitation in existing bleeding control research.

Across the included papers, the results demonstrate that laypeople’s hemorrhage control performance is systematically affected by cognitive and environmental constraints. Stress and salient trauma cues can impair both perceptual judgment and motor performance, while mismatches between perceived severity and actual injury severity highlight limitations in current training approaches. The findings suggest that conventional training models may insufficiently account for how laypeople attend to, interpret, and act upon probabilistic cues in emergency contexts.

By integrating empirical findings with theory-informed analysis, this thesis contributes to a more cognitively grounded understanding of layperson emergency response. The work advances knowledge on how hemorrhage control training can be better aligned with human perceptual and decision-making processes, and offers implications for the design of more effective, realistic, and transferable training for the general public. Ultimately, this research aims to support training practices that enhance early intervention capacity and societal resilience in medical emergencies.

The number of electric vehicles (EVs) operating in the European transport sector is expected to increase in the coming years. While transport electrification offers both economic and environmental benefits, a growing number of EVs also comes with new challenges. One such example is charging demand that exceeds the capacity of available infrastructure, leading to congestions at charging points.

The aim of this thesis is to formulate and evaluate a column generation (CG) approach as a solution method for minimizing congestion at chargers, while meeting the energy needs of each EV. The method iteratively solves a restricted version of the problem and dynamically generates new columns, corresponding to EV charging decisions, that have the potential to improve the overall solution.

The proposed solution method successfully solves most of the tested instances to either optimality or near-optimality, with small optimality gaps. All obtained solutions are feasible and satisfy the integrality requirements of the original problem, eliminating the need for additional algorithmic components, such as branch-and-price. For larger instances, the imposed time limit (50 minutes) may terminate the solution process before a feasible solution is found.

Furthermore, the results indicate that more granularity in time and charging level discretization leads to improved route durations, albeit at the cost of increased computation times. Charger coordination resulting from the presented CG solver effectively reduces congestions at charging points.

This article introduces the Differential Entropy-based Compactness Index (DECI), a new metric for synthetically describing the spatial distribution of point clouds. DECI is founded on the differential entropy (DE) of point clouds, and if they depict a moving object distribution, the index enables real-time monitoring. Historical data analysis allows for the study of DECI trends and average values in defined intervals. Multiple practical applications are suggested, including risk assessment, congestion measurement, traffic control (including autonomous systems), infrastructure planning, crowd density, and health analysis. DECI’s real-time and historical insights are valuable for decision-making and system optimization and hold potential as a feature in machine learning applications. 

Denna studie är en komparativ fallstudie baserad på totalt åtta semistrukturerade intervjuermed enhetschefer inom två organisationer. Syftet med studien har varit att utifrån ett chefsperspektiv förstå hur kommunikationen med arbetsplatsombud upplevs påverka mindre förändringsarbeten. Vidare har studien syftat till att skapa en förståelse av hur arbetsplatsombuds kommunikativa inflytande och upplevda delaktighet skiljer sig mellan chefernas upplevelser inom privat och offentlig sektor. Studiens resultat visar att kommunikationen mellan chef och arbetsplatsombud är central i förändringsarbete och påverkas av organisatoriska och relationella förutsättningar. De slutsatser som kan dras av resultatet är att tydlighet, lyhördhet, delaktighet och ett förtroendeskapande ledarskap framstår som avgörande för arbetsplatsombudets involvering och inflytande i förändringsarbete i båda organisationerna. Samtidigt finns det skillnader i chefernas upplevelser av arbetsplatsombudens delaktighet och involvering mellan fallen.

Tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNALP), mainly from bone and liver, is a serum biomarker of skeletal disease. Although the bone and liver TNALP isoforms share an identical protein structure, differences in their post-translational glycosylation alter protein structure and function, adding complexity to TNALP as a biomarker.

Osteoblasts produce four bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP) isoforms, essential for normal bone and mineral metabolism. TNALP activity is reduced in the genetic disorder hypophosphatasia (HPP), whereas unexplained elevations occur in benign transient hyperphosphatasemia (BTH). In chronic kidney disease, elevated BALP levels may provide prognostic insight into bone turnover and cardiovascular disease. However, limited understanding of TNALP glycosylation and insufficient differentiation between liver ALP and BALP underscore the need for more sensitive and specific clinical assays.

The aim of this thesis is to characterize TNALP glycosylation and evaluate its influence on BALP as a biomarker. Structural differences in glycosylation patterns across cell types and TNALP isoforms were examined with novel structural methods and established BALP detection techniques.

Paper 1 applies glycoproteomics to define glycan structures and site occupancy in human TNALP. Paper 2 investigates the functional role of N-glycan sites in enzymatic activity, folding, and stability of TNALP, using site-directed mutagenesis and molecular dynamics simulations. Paper 3 expands the glycoproteomic profile with HPLC, gel electrophoresis, and analyses of TNALP expressed in multiple cell types, asfotase alfa (recombinant ALP for HPP treatment), the B2 BALP isoform, and TNALP in an overexpression mouse model. Paper 4 examines BALP status, TNALP isoform profile and glycosylation patterns in children with BTH.

The findings indicate that TNALP has five fully glycosylated sites with high heterogeneity in glycosylation, core fucosylation and sialylation between sites and cell sources. Glycan interactions with the protein are essential for normal folding and function. Increasing evidence in terminal sialylation variations might explain the differences between the TNALP isoforms and aid in developing new isoform-specific assays. However, more studies are needed to confirm these structural differences.

This article focuses on one preschool teacher student, Wilma, in order to investigate how her identitydevelopment is shaped through experiences in preschool teacher education and other relevant socialpractices. Drawing on the concepts of social practice and figured worlds, the article examines the complexityof becoming a preschool teacher. The empirical material consists of an interview with Wilma, analysedthrough Systemic Functional Linguistics and the conceptual framework Patterns of Participation. Theanalysis shows that Wilma is highly motivated to become a preschool teacher, while increasingly lessmotivated to participate in the teaching activities offered within her education. The article problematiseshow Wilma’s patterns of participation shape her developing professional identity and shows how she movesfrom trusting the preschool teacher education programme to questioning it. In this process, fellow studentsand teacher educators play important roles. The article also shows how dissonance arises as Wilma navigatesuniversity-based and preschool-based understandings of preschool as a social practice. Implications forpreschool teacher education are discussed.

The Swedish Armed Forces are going through a period of growth after a long time of gradual downsizing. The introduction of the Internet of Things and the rapid expansion of civilian wireless applications have created a substantial increase in demand for the available bandwidth. As a result, the frequency spectrum has become an increasingly contested and limited resource, leading to reduced exclusive access for military users. This recent growth, in combination with international cooperation, has significantly increased the Swedish Armed Forces demand for frequency spectrum. As the spectrum is limited, frequencies have to be reused between battalions. Spectral reuse introduces a significant risk of interference between radio systems.

This  work evaluates the link degradation caused by interference between military radio networks for two transmit power control methods, compared to a fixed transmit power baseline and a heuristic lower-bound solution. This is done in a two-network scenario for frequency-hopping networks in the very high frequency band.

The results indicate that, in most scenarios, transmit power control can be used to decrease power consumption and improve stealth capability while maintaining link quality. Under specific conditions, link quality improves when transmit power control is implemented compared to fixed transmit power. 

Biomethane production is expected to expand to meet the growing demand for renewable, secure, and locally available energy sources. Among available production technologies, anaerobic digestion (AD) plays a key role by supporting sustainable development through resource recovery, organic waste management, and biofertilizer production. However, carbon management within AD-based systems can be further improved. During biogas upgrading,biogenic CO₂, which accounts for around 30–50% of the biogas composition, is typically separated and emitted to the atmosphere. Integrating CO₂ utilization alternatives could enhance the system and support defossilization by enabling its direct use or conversion into value-added carbon-based products. Despite this potential, knowledge regarding the feasibility and performance of such alternatives remains limited.

This thesis evaluates viable CO₂ utilization alternatives in AD-based biomethane production systems to support decision making, using Sweden as an example. A multi-criteria analysis framework was developed and applied to identify and compare relevant alternatives. Moreover, contextual factors influencing the deployment of CO₂ utilization were examined. In addition, a lifecycle perspective was used to assess the environmental and economic performance of integrating CO₂ utilization alternatives in AD-based biomethane production.

The results indicate that methanation, liquefied CO₂, horticulture, and mineral carbonates are the most viable alternatives in the short term comparedto other chemicals and fuels. Nevertheless, low certainty and diverse factors likesensitivity to impurities, energy requirements, potential regulations, andstandards to meet hinder their implementation.Although CO₂ utilization is technically compatible with AD systems,uncertainties related to plant scale, dispersion, and overall system configuration hinder deployment and complicate cost estimations. Favorable market conditions, improved environmental performance, and resource efficiency act as drivers for implementation, whereas uncertain policy landscape, high costs, pricing, market uncertainty, and infrastructure constraints remain key barriers.

Compared to carbon capture and storage, feasible CO₂ utilization alternatives can potentially reduce the climate impact while also improving performance in other environmental categories. Among the alternatives, methanation significantly improves climate performance by increasing the biomethane yield but requires low-carbon-intensity electricity for hydrogen production. Furthermore, liquefied CO₂ reduces climate impact mainly by replacing fossil-based CO₂ and does not impose a significant economic burden on biomethane plants. However, it requires additional purification and faces market size constraints.

The high concentration of biogenic CO₂ from AD-based biomethane production makes it an attractive resource for utilization. Nevertheless, a systems perspective is essential when assessing its integration. While several utilization alternatives are technically feasible and can potentially improve environmental performance, their implementation depends strongly on technical conditions and broader contextual factors. Clear policy frameworks and targeted market incentives are crucial to accelerate CO₂ utilization deployment.

Railway connection reliability is fundamental to passenger satisfaction and efficient network operations. When passengers transfer between trains, even small delays can cascade into missed connections, extended travel times, and reduced trust in public transport systems. While current information systems provide descriptive delay notifications, they lack the capability to predict whether passengers will successfully make their planned connections. This thesis develops and evaluates a real-time predictive model that estimates train connection reliability from the passenger perspective using publicly available data from Trafikverket's open API. The study focuses on Alvesta station, a major transfer hub in southern Sweden connecting the Southern mainline with the Coast-to-Coast line. Using announcement data spanning December 2022 to June 2025, the research employs a supervised machine learning approach based on XGBoost gradient boosting to predict binary connection outcomes: success or failure. The model incorporates multiple dimensions of operational information including planned connection times, real-time disruption announcements, expected delays, deviation codes, and temporal propagation patterns from preceding trains. Three research questions guide the investigation: (1) How early are service disruptions reported before planned arrival? (2) How can connection reliability be modeled using these data? (3) How well does the developed model perform? Results reveal that most disruption announcements concentrate within 30–60 minutes before planned arrival, with only 12% issued in the 1–24 hour advance window. Notably, delay propagation from preceding trains on the same line emerged as the overwhelmingly dominant predictive feature, fundamentally reshaping understanding of connection reliability as driven primarily by systemic cascading failures rather than isolated incidents. The model shows strong overall predictive performance at a 30-minute prediction horizon before planned arrival, providing reliable estimates of connection success and failure. The findings demonstrate that real-time disruption information, combined with temporal propagation patterns and baseline connection characteristics, enables actionable prediction of connection reliability with sufficient lead time for passenger decision-making. This research contributes both methodological advances in railway reliability prediction and practical evidence supporting the development of intelligent traffic information systems that transform raw operational data into decision-support tools for passengers and operators.

The main purpose of this literature review has been to understand how teachers in years 4-6 can support pupils' vocabulary acquisition in English. The focus is on a Swedish school context. The literature review focuses on how teaching can be performed most effectively based on the three strategies which are cognition, metacognition, and socio-affection. We investigate which strategies are active while learning vocabulary as well as teaching approaches connected to these strategies. The teaching approaches are based on the skills of reading and listening. All research has been critically investigated and is mainly based on didactic literature, studies, and a doctoral thesis. We have used Swedish and international sources. 

The results of this study show that the usage of strategies is beneficial for vocabulary acquisition. Teachers can use the working methods mentioned in the literature review to take advantage of them in their instructions. We have found the importance of using strategies when planning and carrying out lessons with the learning objective of vocabulary acquisition.

Background: Pancreatic resection with concomitant vascular resection is increasingly practiced with outcomes mainly reported from specialist centers but lacking results from prospective global data. This study aimed to investigate factors associated with short-term outcomes after vascular resections in pancreatic surgery worldwide.

Patients and methods: Data were extracted from a prospective, multicenter, international cross-sectional snapshot study in 2021 (pancreasgroup.org) assessing short-term outcomes after pancreatic surgery worldwide (NCT04652271). In the patient cohort of pancreatic surgery with simultaneous vascular resection for various diseases, short-term outcomes were reported and compared with established benchmark values. Factors affecting major complications, mortality, and histopathological resection status were assessed in multivariable logistic regression analyses with interaction testing.

Results: From a total of 3926 patients undergoing pancreatic surgery, 565 had associated vascular resections, of which 444 had venous resections alone and 121 had arterial resections alone or with concomitant venous resection. Of the 153 (47%) benchmark cases with pancreatoduodenectomy and venous resection, median postoperative morbidity fell within established benchmark criteria. Median 90-day major complication and mortality rates were similar in pancreatic resection with venous, arterial or no vascular resections (45 and 10%, 47 and 6.6%, 42 and 9.6% respectively). Patients undergoing arterial resections that developed a clinically relevant pancreatic fistula faced substantially elevated odds of 90-day mortality (OR 8.8 CI 1.6-48). In pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, the R1 rate was 26%, neoadjuvant chemotherapy being protective for both overall and venous-specific margins.

Conclusions: Vascular pancreatic surgery is performed across diverse healthcare settings worldwide. While perioperative complications were comparable to nonvascular pancreatic resections, the observed 90-day mortality was considerable overall. International collaborative efforts should focus on understanding practice variations and improve accessibility of optimal perioperative care to promote rescue capabilities.

In this article, we examine how adults in the experience-based trade certification scheme use reflection in the workplace, and how reflection contributes to their learning. The experiencebased trade certification scheme entitles workers with long and varied experience in a particular trade the right to register for a trade or journeyman’s examination without the need for formal training. The study draws on individual interviews with 29 adults from three trades who had registered for or recently taken the examination. The analysis shows that reflection is used in particular to process demanding situations the candidates face when interacting with patients, users or customers. Reflection takes place before, during and after action and is thus closely integrated into everyday work. In this way, it helps candidates to understand and adjust their own work performance, learn from experiences – including mistakes – and strengthen professional confidence. One of the study’s contributions is to show that reflection does not require formalised arenas; informal professional conversations can also promote professional development and confidence. However, organisational and social conditions can inhibit reflection. The findings highlight the need for inclusive reflection practices, leadership support and psychological safety to strengthen professional confidence, reduce risk and promote continuous learning. 

In command and control systems, the common operational picture (COP) is a key for military troops to be able to work together. There are many different solutions to achieve COP. In this master thesis, conducted at the Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), four different set reconciliation-based methods are evaluated. The evaluation is done for a military unit where communication is handled by a tactical network. Such networks are characterized by efficient broadcast in challenging scenarios, at the cost of a limited end-to-end user capacity. However, achieving COP alone is not sufficient. The network must also perform other essential functions. Hence, the set reconciliation method should ideally consume only a limited portion of the network capacity. The thesis will investigate different set reconciliation algorithms that can be designed in these types of networks. Four different set reconciliation algorithms are suggested and evaluated with the help of three different scenarios that can occur in these types of networks. The four different algorithms are a combination of a decentralized protocol and a centralized protocol, and two different methods to calculate the set differences between the nodes. The first method to calculate the set difference is using a space-efficient probabilistic data structure, called a Bloom Filter (BF), and the other is a more straightforward method. The thesis evaluates how different parameter choices within the algorithm affect whether the COP is achieved and how much network capacity is needed for the algorithms. This report aims to give the reader insight into what aspects will affect the set reconciliation algorithms in tactical networks and to give an idea of how the data should be represented in realistic scenarios that may occur in tactical networks. The master thesis demonstrates that the centralized protocol is more cost-efficient than the decentralized protocol, provided that the network can select a leader node. The thesis also demonstrates that the use of a probabilistic data structure in the set reconciliation algorithm reduces the amount of data transmitted within the network.

Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) is an effective treatment for movement disorders. Optimizing stimulation parameters remains, however, a trial-and-error process. Datadriven models leveraging Probabilistic Mapping have shown promise in predicting DBS outcomes, yet current studies rely on chronic stimulation data. This study explores the feasibility of using intra-operative stimulation test data for DBS effect prediction. Probabilistic volumes of beneficial and adverse effects were computed from intra-operative stimulation test data of 65 patients (23 with Essential Tremor + 42 with Parkinson’s Disease). A prediction dataset was generated including clinical, morphological, stimulation features along with features derived from probabilistic maps and simulated Volumes of Tissue Activated. Three machine learning models (Adaboost, Support Vector Classifier and Naïve Bayes) were implemented to predict stimulation effects in a classification task. The models were validated in a leave-one-out crossvalidation and their performances were compared. All the developed models were able to predict DBS outcome classes. The best predictive performance was achieved by the Adaboost model with a maximum balanced accuracy of 0.71 on 3 classes. These results show that intra-operative stimulation test data can predict DBS effects with a similar approach and comparable accuracy to post-operative monopolar review data.

The use of CCTV footage in commercial settings has brought Swedish evidentiary law into closer contact with EU data protection norms, creating legal uncertainty for businesses seeking to rely on surveillance footage in civil proceedings. Swedish civil procedure is characterised by the principles of free proof and free evaluation of evidence, whereas the GDPR and the Swedish Camera Surveillance Act impose strict requirements on the processing of personal data, including surveillance footage.

The purpose of this thesis is to analyse how these rules affect businesses’ ability to use surveillance footage as evidence in Swedish courts and to assess whether clearer procedural guidance should be introduced in order to better align Swedish evidentiary practice with EU data protection standards.

The analysis shows that neither the GDPR nor the Swedish Camera Surveillance Act establishes a general exclusionary rule against the use of surveillance footage in civil proceedings. Instead, these frameworks shape the lawfulness of surveillance before litigation and the procedural handling of footage once it is introduced as evidence. Where surveillance is compliant with data protection norms, it is more likely to be relied upon with fewer procedural restrictions. Where surveillance is overbroad, under-documented or otherwise non-compliant, footage may still be admitted, but is more likely to be subject to procedural, proportionality-based tailoring and potentially, parallel supervision or sanctions.

The thesis concludes that clearer procedural guidance is warranted and proposes a structured proportionality model, supplemented by a concise CCTV evidence statement. The proposal aims to promote greater legal predictability, transparency and consistency in judicial assessments.1

Diagnostic imaging plays an important role in clinical practice identifying fractures or postoperative complications in the hand and wrist, as well as for verifying adequate bone healing. Radiographic images are usually used in the clinical routine. However, the sensitivity for fracture detection is moderate, and the possibility to assess bone healing is limited. Computed tomography (CT) is increasingly used in clinical practice due to its ability to visualize skeletal structures with high spatial resolution and to provide multiplanar reconstructions.

The latest CT technology employs photon-counting detectors, which enable images with even higher spatial resolution, improved contrast-to-noise ratio, elimination of electronic noise, and access to spectral information.

The overall objective of this thesis was to evaluate image quality of the novel photon-counting CT (PCCT) compared with conventional energy-integrating detector CT (EID-CT) for wrist bone imaging, and to explore the ability to visualize bone healing and postoperative bone changes.

Studies I and II were performed using wrist specimens, Study III included patients with scaphoid fractures, and Studies IV and V included patients with wrist prostheses. In Studies I–IV, comparisons were made between PCCT and EID-CT, whereas in Study V only PCCT data were used.

In Study I, we found that PCCT yielded higher image quality, and that the observers preferred PCCT in wrist bone imaging compared with EID-CT. We also showed added value of sharper reconstruction kernels and thinner slice thickness to visualize bone details and structures.

In Study II, PCCT was found to provide superior image quality even at half the radiation dose, both in quantitative measurements and in observer evaluations, compared with EID-CT.

In Study III, focusing on scaphoid fractures, fracture visibility at baseline was rated higher with PCCT than with EID-CT. Confidence in the assessment of fracture healing at follow-up, however, was rated similarly for both systems.

Results from Study IV on metal artifacts demonstrated that no single reconstruction was optimal for bone imaging in the presence of metal wrist prostheses. However, a combination of PCCT polyenergetic images, offering high spatial resolution, and VMI reconstructions, producing less metal artifacts, may be beneficial.

In Study V, PCCT was used to evaluate bone changes after total wrist arthroplasty (TWA) during the first year postoperatively. Bone quality mostly decreased during the follow-up period. However, clear signs of continuous osseointegration were found, even in the presence of periprosthetic osteolysis.

In summary, compared with EID-CT, PCCT offers improved image quality in wrist imaging, increased radiation dose efficiency, and reduced metal artifacts in VMI reconstructions. These improvements allow visualization of bone microstructures, such as subtle fractures and periprosthetic osteolysis, as well as assessment of postoperative changes and osseointegration.

Background: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has historically been associated with hyperactive boys, leaving women underrepresented in research, including in sexual and reproductive health (SRH). In this thesis the perspectives of young women with ADHD and health care professionals (HCPs) will be used to explore SRH in young women with ADHD and identify health care strategies that may support informed bodily autonomy, safe sexual experiences free of judgment, healthy relationships and equitable access to SRH services.

ADHD is a common neurodevelopmental condition characterized by inattention, hyperactivity-impulsivity or both, affecting daily functioning. Gender-specific symptom presentation and comorbidities often delay diagnosis and access to care for young women. Compared with neurotypical peers, young women with ADHD are more likely to engage in sexual risk-taking behaviors, experience relationship conflicts, and report sexual dysfunction, contributing to higher rates of unplanned pregnancy, sexually transmitted diseases (STI), and lower relationship quality. Anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, and cultural norms around sexual behavior, may further impact SRH.

Aim: To explore SRH in young women with ADHD and to identify and describe health care strategies that may contribute to SRH.

Method: In the first two studies qualitative interviews were conducted with young women with ADHD (study I) and HCPs (study II) from psychiatric, gynecological, and youth clinics. Both studies were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis. In study III, phenomenography was used to address a new research question based on data from studies I and II. Study IV was performed as a Delphi study. An online survey, developed from the findings in studies I-III and previous literature, was distributed in two rounds to young women with ADHD and HCPs in psychiatric clinics, school health, youth clinics and sexual health clinics. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics.

Findings: Impulsively acting on emotions, fluctuating emotions and challenges with maintaining focus could lead to unprotected casual sex, relationship struggles, and difficulty concentrating during sex, while spontaneity and curiosity helped women find partners and expand their sexual knowledge (studies I, II). Low self-esteem, due to living with ADHD, could contribute to difficulties expressing needs in intimate situations and fear of rejection in relationships (studies I, II). Some women reported shame after being judged for breaking sexual norms, which discouraged them from seeking care (studies I, II). HCPs noted that societal expectations could lead to self-blame when women felt unable to manage sexual situations or relationships (study II). SRH experiences varied depending on comorbidity, life circumstances, timing of diagnosis, and support from family and health services (study II). Supportive partners improved acceptance and relationship quality (study I).

To provide reliable support, HCPs needed to facilitate trust through involvement and non-judgmental encounters (studies III, IV). Organizations could enable this by ensuring sufficient time and staffing, continuity, routines for discussing SRH, and training for HCPs on SRH and ADHD (studies III, IV). Accessibility could be assured through targeted information for young women with ADHD, flexible clinic hours, varied appointment formats, and coordinated care (studies III, IV). Structured visits may enhance focus and information uptake. Early ADHD diagnosis was believed to enable treatment and support that could help prevent sexual risk-taking and low self-esteem (studies I, III, IV). Self-knowledge helped with self-acceptance and with developing strategies for sexual satisfaction and risk reduction (study I).

Conclusions: Living with ADHD may contribute to positive sexual experiences and sexual knowledge for young women; however, ADHD symptoms, social norms, and low self-esteem may negatively affect SRH. To individualize SRH support, HCPs need to consider variations in functional ability, existing coping strategies, comorbidity, and life circumstances. Tailored, accessible care; early recognition of ADHD-related functional impairments in girls; and organizational conditions that promote accessibility and trust can help ensure that young women with ADHD receive appropriate support and have equal opportunities to exercise their sexual and reproductive rights alongside their neurotypical peers. The findings may further inform the development of clinical guidelines for SRH promotion in young women with ADHD, as well as emphasizing SRH strategies in existing clinical guidelines concerning ADHD management.

Wildfires are extremely difficult to manage and control. When they grow out of control, countless natural assets, properties, and even entire populations are destroyed. Over the years, allocation of resources and improvement of tactics have been focused on improving reactive capabilities. However, adopting a proactive approach can reduce reaction time and the necessary resources when action is needed for suppressing a fire.

Both the proactive and reactive phases of wildfire management involve numerous systems that need to work together with seamless communication and collaboration. When a heterogeneous collection of systems under different management communicates and collaborates towards a goal, it is beneficial to consider them as a whole System of Systems. This thesis takes a System of Systems approach to wildfire management and examines modelling and simulation considerations, with special interest in methods that can be used to obtain a refined design space for new systems. More specifically, new system requirements for the generation of new concepts of firefighting aerial vehicles.

Additionally, the thesis considers stakeholders’ needs, interests, concerns and viewpoints, which are necessary for developing high-level concepts of operations for the new systems to be included in the System of Systems. These topics are sometimes overlooked, yet necessary to keep communities engaged and to develop measures of effectiveness and performance that capture the value of different System of Systems combinations. All these considerations are aimed at contributing to the improvement of holistic requirement generation for product development of new aircraft.

We consider a superdense coding based quantum communication system utilizing entangled qubits. These qubits are added to and retrieved from a pool of available entangled qubits. In this work, we examine the reliability of such a system with respect to probability of depletion of the entangled qubit budget. Furthermore, we analyze the latency ahead of resuming transmission. Our model and analysis includes specific effects, such as quantum decoherence. Additionally, we compare different approaches for transmission after exhaustion of the entangled qubit budget. Since reliability and latency are essential metrics for quantum communication systems, joint analysis of these in relation to the system parameters is of significant interest. The results presented in this work will help guide quantum communication system designers in making modifications to meet reliability and latency specifications.

Bråktal utgör en grundläggande del av matematiken och är avgörande för vidare kunskaper inom proportionalitet, algebra och procent. Samtidigt är området välkänt som ett av de mest utmanande för elever med matematiksvårigheter, vilket gör behovet av riktade och strukturerade insatser särskilt stort.

Denna studie är en experimentell fallstudie (single-case experimental design, SCED) som undersöker effekterna av en kort och intensiv en-till-en-intervention om bråktal för elever i matematiksvårigheter på högstadiet (N=3) och inom gymnasiets introduktionsprogram (IM; N=3).

Interventionen omfattade sex lektioner à 30 minuter under två till tre veckor och baserades på explicit undervisning samt CRA-modellen. Syftet var att stärka elevernas konceptuella förståelse av bråktals storlek, ekvivalens och placering på tallinjen, samt att undersöka förändringar i motivation och om effekterna kvarstod fem veckor efter avslutad undervisning. I designen fungerade varje elev som sin egen kontroll. Datainsamlingen bestod av förtest, eftertest och fördröjt eftertest, upprepade mätserier i tallinjeestimering och bråktalsjämförelse samt en elevskattning. Analysen genomfördes med deskriptiv visuell analys, Tau-U och Wilcoxon W.

Resultaten visar tydliga förbättringar, särskilt hos IM-eleverna som uppvisade signifikanta förbättringar i både tallinjeestimering och bråktalsjämförelse. Högstadieeleverna visade mer varierade men överlag positiva resultat. Vid uppföljningsmätningen fem veckor efter interventionen kvarstod en stor del av effekterna. Elevskattningen indikerade dessutom ökad motivation, förbättrad självbild och minskad oro hos de flesta elever. Sammantaget tyder resultaten på att en kort och strukturerad Tier 3-insats kan stärka både elevernas konceptuella förståelse och deras motivation. Kombinationen av tydlig modellering och kontinuerlig återkoppling framstår som en central framgångsfaktor. 

När ett privat aktiebolag ska säljas uppkommer ofta intressekonflikter mellan bolagets aktörer. Majoritetsaktieägare kan exempelvis vilja realisera sitt innehav, minoritetsaktieägare kan vilja stanna kvar i bolaget och styrelsen kan befinna sig i en komplicerad situation när aktieägarna har olika intressen. I denna uppsats analyseras hur svensk aktiebolagsrätt styr bolagets aktörers handlande vid privata företagsförsäljningar. I uppsatsen fokuseras särskilt på kompetensfördelningen mellan bolagsorganen, lojalitetspliktens funktion och bolagets intresse som handlingsdirigerande norm i dessa situationer. Frågan om vilket bolagsorgan som har kompetens att besluta om inkråmsöverlåtelser är omdiskuterad. I uppsatsen argumenteras för att det saknas tillräckligt stöd för att erkänna en oskriven exklusiv stämmokompetens i frågan om inkråmsöverlåtelser. Styrelsen är därmed behörig att fatta beslut om inkråmsöverlåtelser inom ramen för sin förvaltningskompetens enligt 8 kap. 4 § aktiebolagslagen (2005:551, ”ABL”). Aktieöverlåtelser faller däremot utanför bolagsorganens kompetens och ankommer på de enskilda aktieägarna. Med stöd i principal-agent-teorin identifieras intressekonflikter som typiskt sett kan uppkomma vid privata företagsförsäljningar beroende på transaktionens karaktär. Styrelsens lojalitetsplikt mildrar i viss utsträckning intressekonflikter mellan styrelse och aktieägare genom en skyldighet att handla i bolagets intresse. I uppsatsen analyseras ingående hur bolagets intresse bör förstås vid företagsförsäljningar, dels genom synsättet att bolagets intresse motsvarar aktieägarnas gemensamma intresse, dels genom uppfattningen om bolagets intresse som ett mer självständigt intresse. Framställningen visar att bolagets intresse som handlingsdirigerande norm har en begränsad funktion i att hantera intressekonflikter bland aktieägare. För styrelsen fungerar lojalitetsplikten och bolagets intresse främst som en yttre ram för beslutsfattandet, vilket hindrar styrelsen från att tillgodose egna intressen på bekostnad av bolaget, men lämnar samtidigt ett stort utrymme för affärsmässiga bedömningar. För aktieägarna är lojalitetsplikten och bolagets intresse endast i begränsad utsträckning handlingsdirigerande. Vid inkråmsöverlåtelser fungerar bolagets intresse som en negativ begränsning för bolagsstämman genom ett förbud mot beslut som innebär att majoriteten otillbörligen gynnas på minoritetens bekostnad. I ägarledda bolag aktualiseras därutöver en lojalitetsplikt mellan aktieägarna som i viss utsträckning kan dirigera aktieägarna från att agera i ett otillbörligt syfte vid försäljning av bolaget. Slutligen konstateras att intressekonflikter vid privata företagsförsäljningar i stor utsträckning lämnas beroende av avtalsreglerade lösningar mellan aktieägarna. 

I den här studien utforskas gångtrafikanters interaktion med självkörande bussar. Specifikt undersöks gångtrafikanternas beteenden i två olika scenarion. Ett scenario där gångtrafikanten får välja mellan att väja för en självkörande buss eller gå framför den. Det andra scenariot undersöker benägenheten att aktivt hjälpa en självkörande buss, i det scenariot har bussen stannat upp bakom en elektrisk sparkcykel och kommer inte förbi förrän den är borta. Scenariorna är skriftliga och presenteras i en online-enkät där deltagarna får svara anonymt. Det som analyseras är sannolikheten för att väja eller hjälpa en självkörande buss och hur denna benägenhet påverkas av passagerarantalet på bussen men också andra faktorer som tidspress och väderförhållanden. Alla faktorer undersöks med både kvalitativa och kvantitativa metoder. Det undersöks också om sambandet mellan passagerantalet och benägenheten att väja för eller hjälpa bussen är linjär eller om det finns ett tröskelvärde i passagerarantalet för denna sannolikhet. Det undersöks också vilken intention som tilldelas gentemot de självkörande bussarna och hur dessa mentala föreställningar kan påverka gångtrafikanternas beslut. Studiens bakgrund är starkt teoretiskt förankrad i tidigare forskning på just de självkörande bussarna på Campus Valla och syftar till att fylla ett forskningsgap som finns i studierna av interaktionen mellan bussarna och gångtrafikanterna. Den belyser vikten av att markera samhällsnyttan av självkörande fordon för att förbättra attityderna mot bussarna hos allmänheten så att interaktionen mellan gångtrafikanterna och bussarna präglas mer av samarbete än konfrontation. Enkäten besvarades av 43 deltagare och resultaten pekar på att benägenheten att väja för bussen kan påverkas av passagerantalet ombord, att det finns ett tröskelvärde i passagerarantalet och att en mängd olika faktorer spelar in i passagerarnas beslut i bådas scenarierna.  

I takt med att globaliseringen gjort produktionskedjorna alltmer ogenomskinliga har det blivit nästintill omöjligt för företag att ha full kontroll över hur deras varor tillverkas. Genom EU-direktivet Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive (2024/1760) (CSDDD) har frivilliga hållbarhetslöften nu förvandlats till bindande juridik, vilket tvingar stora bolag att ta ett faktiskt ansvar för mänskliga rättigheter och miljö genom hela sin värdekedja. I uppsatsen analyseras certifieringars roll i det nya rättsliga landskapet, med fokus på om de kan användas för att bevisa tillbörlig aktsamhet och hur skadeståndsansvar kan utkrävas när kedjan brister.

I uppsatsen används en rättsdogmatisk och EU-rättslig metod för att fastställa gällande rätt, men även rättssociologiska aspekter integreras för att belysa gapet mellan de skrivna reglerna och verkligheten. Genom att analysera CSDDD i ljuset av det antagna Omnibus-paketet från 2026 konstateras att direktivet ställer krav på att bolag ska vidta rimliga åtgärder, men att de inte förväntas garantera ett perfekt resultat.

Att anlita certifierade underleverantörer är ett bevis på att man agerat med rimlig aktsamhet, men det utgör ingen juridisk ”safe harbor”. På grund av problem med greenwashing och brister i granskningar där företag får behålla sina certifieringar trots stora brister, kan ett bolag inte bara förlita sig på ett certifikat utan det krävs ofta egna kontrollmekanismer för att helt gå fri från ansvar.

När en indirekt underleverantör förlorar sin certifiering kan huvudleverantören drabbas av ekonomiska skador eftersom den inte får benämna produkten som certifierad om certifieringskedjan brutits. I uppsatsen visas att även om huvudregeln är att kräva sin direkta avtalspart, kan man bl.a. genom att se certifikat som kvalificerade värderingsintyg öppna dörren för direktkrav mot den felande länken i kedjan.

Avslutningsvis konstateras att hållbart företagande handlar om juridisk riskhantering. Certifieringar är nödvändiga verktyg, men de får aldrig ersätta bolagets egna ansvar för kontroll. För att navigera i det nya rättsläget blir avtalsdesignen helt avgörande. Det är genom proaktiva avtalsklausuler som man säkerställer att ansvaret för fel i avtalskedjan kan utmätas och att ansvaret faktiskt följer produkten hela vägen från fabrik till kund.

Dividend stripping avser arrangemang där ägandet av aktier tillfälligt omstruktureras i anslutning till utdelningstidpunkten i syfte att minska eller eliminera källskatt på utdelningar. Fenomenet har uppmärksammats såväl internationellt som nationellt och har medfört betydande effekter på staters skatteintäkter samt på källskattesystemens funktion. I svensk rätt aktualiserar dividend stripping särskilt tillämpningen av kupongskattelag (1970:624) (KupL), vars konstruktion i huvudsak bygger på formella ägandeförhållanden och marknadsantaganden som inte alltid överensstämmer med dagens finansiella transaktionsmönster. I uppsatsen förs en diskussion kring i vilken utsträckning KupL:s nuvarande utformning är tillräcklig för att motverka dividend stripping samt vilket skydd som i praktiken erbjuds genom bulvanregeln och, möjligen i framtiden, lag (1995:675) mot skatteflykt (skatteflyktslagen). Bulvanregeln framstår som begränsad till sitt tillämpningsområde och tar främst sikte på tydligt konstlade och kortsiktiga arrangemang, medan mer komplexa strukturer riskerar att falla utanför regelns räckvidd. Skatteflyktslagen framstår som ett mer flexibelt instrument, men dess tillämpning i källskattesammanhang aktualiserar svåra avvägningar i förhållande till rättssäkerhet och unionsrättsliga krav. Vidare behandlats EU:s FASTER-direktiv, som syftar till att reformera de processuella och administrativa ramarna för källskattenedsättning och återbetalning inom unionen. Direktivet innebär inte någon materiell omreglering av missbruksbedömningen, men kan genom ökad transparens, standardiserade förfaranden och förbättrade informationsflöden påverka de praktiska förutsättningarna för att motverka dividend stripping. Direktivet kan därmed indirekt få betydelse för förekomsten av sådana arrangemang, även om den materiella bedömningen fortsatt vilar på nationell rätt.

Slutsatserna visar att frågan om hur dividend stripping bör hanteras inte har ett entydigt svar, utan är beroende av vilken vikt som fästs vid bland annat effektiv skatteuppbörd och rättssäkerhet. Analysen speglar därmed en bredare problematik inom skatterätten, där behovet av att skydda skattebaser måste vägas mot kraven på förutsebarhet och ett välfungerande kapitalmarknadssystem. Ett långsiktigt hållbart regelverk förutsätter därför en välavvägd kombination av materiella regler och fungerande administrativa strukturer.

Motivation är en viktig faktor som påverkar både elevers matematiska förmågor och inlärning. Syftet med denna systematiska litteraturstudie var att undersöka och sammanställa effektiva undervisningsstrategier för lärare i lågstadiet för att stärka elevers motivation i matematikämnet. Studien genomfördes genom litteratursökningar i databaserna ERIC, Scopus och SwePub. Från sökningarna fick vi fram tio relevanta artiklar som sedan sammanfattades och granskades. Utifrån resultaten identifierade vi fyra olika teman på effektiva undervisningsstrategier för att stärka motivation: eleverna motiveras av spelkomponenter, eleverna utforskar matematik i grupp, läraren uppmärksammar metakognitiva strategier samt läraren stöttar elevernas kompetens genom formativ bedömning.

Recent global events, including the COVID-19 pandemic, wars and migration streams, have highlighted the promise of digital infrastructures while also showcasing how dependent we are on digital systems for accessing welfare services such as healthcare, social services and education, as well as for accessing public service media. Notably, in the context of welfare provision, different people and social groups are affected in distinct ways by such digital systems. This Crosscurrent contribution conceptualizes the notion of digital vulnerabilities, which captures some of the contemporary challenges posed to societies increasingly interconnected with and dependent on digital systems. Drawing on feminist moral philosophy, we suggest three layers of digital vulnerabilities: vulnerabilities through digital infrastructures, vulnerabilities in digital infrastructures and vulnerabilities of digital infrastructures. We illustrate these three layers with examples from four critical welfare domains, namely healthcare, education, social services and public service media. We conclude with a call for additional empirical research on how digital vulnerabilities play out in practice, across welfare domains and in welfare regimes beyond the Global North. Such issues need to be explored further to meet contemporary challenges.

I uppsatsen jämförs definitionen av regulatoriskt Tier 1 kapital mellan det amerikanska och europeiska regelverket. Utgångspunkt tas ur Basel III-ramverket som utgör den globala standarden rörande kapitaliseringsreglerna för banker. Frågeställningen som besvaras är om det föreligger skillnader mellan regelverken och hur dessa i så fall är utformade.

Efter det första kapitlet behandlas den globala bankregleringens framväxt och hur den kommit att få en legitimitet genom åtaganden från G20-länderna. Därefter följer en introduktion till kapitalklasserna i Basel III-ramverket och regleringens struktur i USA och EU. Därefter delas uppsatsen upp i de två underkategorierna till Tier 1 kapital, CET 1 och AT 1-kapital, ochde två regelverken jämförs.

Slutsatsen som presenteras i uppsatsen är att både det amerikanska och europeiska regelverket i hög grad har implementerat Basel III-ramverket på ett sätt som fyller en liknande funktion och når upp till ramverkets ändamål. Det finns dock några väsentliga skillnader mellan regelverken kopplat till att det amerikanska regelverket gör skillnad på vilken metod banken använder i sin riskberäkning och även tillåter att mortgage servicing assets inkluderas, vilket inte tillåts enligt det europeiska regelverket. Det finns även vissa skillnader i utformningen av att ge ut finansiella instrument som ett statsstöd för kapitaliseringsändamål. Slutligen har det amerikanska regelverket en snävare definition vad gäller AT 1-kapital och tillåter inte att skuldinstrument såsom CoCos inkluderas. Denna typ av skuldinstrument tillåts enligt Basel III-ramverket och det europeiska ramverket.

Glucose sensors are essential for managing diabetes, a metabolic disease affecting 1 in 10 adults globally. Enzyme-based biosensors, particularly those utilizing oxidoreductases, offer high specificity for glucose detection. This study explores the use of flavin-dependent glucose dehydrogenase from Aspergillus oryzae (AoGDH) in developing glucose sensors integrated into organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) without mediators. We employed tri-thiophene monomer units to form conductive polymers interfacing with AoGDH, allowing sensing due to the proximity of the FAD cofactor. Despite AoGDH’s lower stability compared to glucose oxidase (GOx), its ability to function without oxygen sensitivity makes it advantageous. Using electropolymerization, we successfully incorporated AoGDH into the OECT gate electrode, demonstrating glucose detection in physiological ranges, albeit in buffer solutions. Furthermore, integrating this system into a 3D-printed capillary-driven microfluidic device facilitated on-demand sensor fabrication, enhancing portability and point-of-care application potential. This study underscores the viability of AoGDH-based, and ad hoc fabricated, OECT sensors for accurate and responsive glucose monitoring in biomedical applications.

In this study, we explore how students in Year 4 (10 years old) utilize different semiotic modes while designing a comic displaying the evolution of a lizard with a particular trait: armor. Situated use of comic design for natural science didactics is an understudied practice, and, thus, based on video observations of three case students working throughout seven lessons, we draw on designs for learning when exploring how different semiotic modes are utilized in meaning making to create an evolutionary trait in designing a comic. The analysis demonstrates how the lizards’ armor is designed, and how this semiotic content is transformed and transduced by the students through different semiotic modes. The results demonstrate that the students’ process develops from mainly verbal discussions to drawn images, to writing, to finally producing the multimodal ensembles of their comics. However, this process is not linear, and the analysis shows how sometimes an individual student’s drawing, gestures, or writing can also become the origin of an idea that is developed through transductions to other modes. Thus, in comic design, transductions between modes support students’ understanding of the biological content, as well as their ability to formulate more general conclusions in the classroom.

Post-adoption and continuance use of maritime digital platforms and inter-organizational information systems, such as Port Community Systems (PCS), is often overlooked in the literature. This study focuses on the benefits associated with using PCS to coordinate port calls, and the purpose is to identify and explain how different mechanisms influence the continuance use of PCS. A framework that combines Organizational Information Processing Theory, Technology Continuance Theory, and design science is applied to a longitudinal single case-study in Sweden. The data was collected using 21 interviews with port call actors, two observations and two archival documents. The findings revealed how organizational, regulatory, and labour-related mechanisms cause information quality deficiencies, undermining the satisfaction and continuance use of PCS. The study further proposes mechanisms to enhance the satisfaction and continuance use of PCS. These mechanisms are critical to achieve the economic and environmental benefits of PCS.

Servitization is transforming business-to-business (B2B) markets as firms move from product-centric offerings to integrated product–service offerings driven by data. Advances in digital platforms have accelerated this shift by enabling firms to analyze data acquired from customers’ installed bases and ecosystem partners. Consequently, digital platforms have become central infrastructures for servitization, supporting ecosystem collaboration and value creation through service development. Despite their growing importance, firms face challenges in leveraging digital platforms, particularly regarding platform architecture and ecosystem orchestration for sharing data and digital resources required for servitization. This thesis examines how B2B firms manage digital platforms to create value from data through service development. Drawing on technology affordance as the core theoretical lens, it conceptualizes data and digital platforms as artefacts that enable action possibilities for servitization. The thesis focuses on two interrelated dimensions: (1) how firms transform platform architectures to enable interoperability and modularity, and (2) how they organize platform ecosystems through orchestration to facilitate data and digital resource integration and exchange while managing tensions related to control, access, and misappropriation. Based on five appended studies using qualitative and conceptual approaches, the thesis contributes by (i) explaining how platform evolution enables the actualization of platform and data affordances, (ii) developing process frameworks for sustainable servitization, (iii) articulating empowerment–tension dynamics in platform-based service ecosystems, (iv) identifying platform types and orchestration logics, and (v) examining shifts in platform control through data brokerage models. Overall, the thesis advances a technology affordance-based explanation of platform-based servitization and offers managerial guidance on designing, governing, and orchestrating platforms for sustained value creation.

The interlingual translation of personification is a subject scarcely studied in the field of translation studies. In this paper, personifications in Charlotte Perkins Gilman's  "The Yellow Wallpaper" are examined and compared to four Swedish translations of the work, with the aim of determining what types of shifts are common when translating personification. The results show that shifts are established frequently, and they influence how the target texts mediate the source text. By the use of omission and word replacement, the personifications are either erased or replaced, changing the way the texts are interpreted. Translating personification comes with difficulties, and this study has shown that the lack of studies in this field is unfavorable to its importance. 

Carbon capture and utilization has been proposed as an essential climate change mitigation strategy, but only a few implemented cases exist. During biomethane production from anaerobic digestion, CO₂ is commonly separated and emitted into the atmosphere, which can be utilized as raw material for various products. This research aims to identify and assess CO₂ utilization alternatives for possible integration with biogas upgrading from anaerobic digestion by developing a soft multi-criteria analysis (MCA). A literature review complemented with stakeholder participation enabled the identification of relevant alternatives and criteria for assessment. Potential alternatives for CO₂ utilization include methane, mineral carbonates, biomass production, fuels, chemicals, pH control, and liquefied CO₂. Results show that although no alternative performs well in all indicators, there is an opportunity for short-term implementation for methane, biomass production, mineral carbonates, liquefied CO₂, and pH control. Moreover, the uncertainty analysis reveals that even though the technologies have a high technological development, more information on critical aspects is still required. The soft MCA provides information to decision-makers, practitioners, and the academic community on learning opportunities of the alternatives and indicators to step from development into implementation. For instance, the method can be used to assess more specific systems with different locations and scales or to direct efforts to ease the implementation of CCU.

Försäkring bygger i grunden på ett socialt kontrakt. Många bidrar med små belopp för att skyddaden enskilde vid skada. Det är en spänningsfylld balansakt mellan solidaritet genomriskgemenskap och ekvivalens genom riskdifferentiering. Men vad händer när modern teknikutmanar denna historiska grundval? I takt med att artificiell intelligens gör intåg iförsäkringsbranschen skapas möjligheter till en hyperindividualiserad riskbedömning ochprissättning. Denna extrema tekniska precision driver den aktuariella ekvivalensprincipen till sinabsoluta spets och ställer samhället inför en brännande strukturell målkonflikt. Hur förenaskravet på Individual Fairness, där varje person betalar exakt för sin egen risk, med rättsliga ochetiska krav på Group Fairness och icke-diskriminering?

I denna uppsats analyseras just de juridiska och normativa utmaningar som uppstår i kölvattnetav denna algoritmiska prissättning. Fokus riktas mot hur försäkringsföretag förväntas navigera ikorsdraget mellan löftet om exakt riskdifferentiering, principen om grupprättvisa och detvingande ramarna i dataskyddsförordningen, AI-förordningen, Solvens II ochFörsäkringsdistributionsdirektivet. I granskningen av det normativa landskapet framträder entydlig rättslig kollision. Å ena sidan uppmuntrar Solvens II en riskadekvat prissättning påindividnivå. Å andra sidan sätter diskrimineringslagstiftningen och den nya AI-förordningenabsoluta gränser för utfallet på gruppnivå. Det framgår tydligt att den tekniska genvägen att heltenkelt exkludera skyddade diskrimineringsgrunder är otillräcklig, eftersom AI-modeller effektivtåterskapar dessa mönster via proxyvariabler. AI-förordningen markerar här ett paradigmskifte,särskilt genom artikel 10.5 som tillåter hantering av känsliga personuppgifter just för att aktivtkunna upptäcka och korrigera diskriminerande utfall.

Sammanfattningsvis möter unionsrätten inte denna konflikt genom ett förbud mot artificiellintelligens utan genom tvingande skyddsregler om transparens, mänsklig tillsyn och åtgärder motalgoritmisk partiskhet. Eftersom en alltför exakt riskbedömning ändå hotar försäkringenssolidariska funktion och kan leda till finansiell exkludering av högriskgrupper kvarstår dock enöverhängande risk. De lege ferenda argumenteras därför för en modern skälighetsprincip somsätter tydliga materiella gränser för premievariationer och förbjuder prissättning baserad påbeteenden utan faktisk riskrelevans.

I produktansvarslagen (1992:18) finns det bestämmelser om strikt skadeståndsansvar för skadebringande produkter. Lagen bygger på ett EU-direktiv som antogs för cirka 40 år sedan, och dess syfte var att harmonisera medlemsstaternas lagstiftning för att förhindra en snedvridning av konkurrensen på den inre marknaden, men också tillförsäkra konsumenter ett enhetligt skydd för skador på deras hälsa och egendom. Av naturliga skäl tog regelverket sikte på materiella produkter, eftersom det typiskt sett bara var den typen av produkter som kunde orsaka person- eller sakskada. I takt med teknikutvecklingen har emellertid läget förändrats, och EU-lagstiftaren har nu uppmärksammat att även digitala produkter kan orsaka skada. Därför gjordes anpassningar i regelverket, och år 2023 antogs ett nytt direktiv om produktansvar (EU) 2024/2853. I korthet har bland annat produktbegreppet utvidgats till att omfatta immateriella produkter såsom programvara, och – sannolikt på grund härav – har det också införts en ny ersättningsgrund: förstörelse eller förvanskning av data. 

Den nya ersättningsgrunden analyseras i uppsatsen, med särskilt fokus på dess rättsliga klassificering samt vilken typ av ersättning som kan komma att utgå. Skälet till denna avgränsning är att det nyligen lagts fram ett lagförslag i Sverige (SOU 2025:103), i vilket det föreslås att skada i data ska behandlas som en ren förmögenhetsskada. Detta synes stå i strid med direktivets preambel, enligt vilken rena förmögenhetsskador inte bör föranleda skadeståndsansvar. Vad gäller ersättningsfrågan är det – utifrån ett svenskt perspektiv – oklart ifall ersättning bara kan utgå för den ekonomiska förlusten, eller om det också kan bli aktuellt att ersätta affektionsvärdet i datan. 

Några säkra slutsatser kan dock inte dras beträffande den rättsliga klassificeringen. Men oberoende om det skulle vara fel att behandla förstörelse eller förvanskning av data som en ren förmögenhetsskada, behöver det inte innebära att lagförslaget är direktivstridigt. I slutändan är det samma förutsättningar i både lagförslaget och direktivet för att skadeståndsersättning ska kunna utgå - varför klassificeringen inte torde spela någon roll. Vad gäller frågan om ersättningens omfattning, är det sannolikt endast de ekonomiska förlusterna till följd av dataskadan som ersätts. Av analysen framgår också att det inte torde vara fråga om många situationer där ersättning kan utgå för andra ekonomiska förluster än kostnaden för att återställa eller återvinna datan. På grund av det utreds om det borde införas en rätt till ersättning för affektionsvärdet i data i den nya produktansvarslagen, men här finns det ett par omständigheter som talar emot dess genomförbarhet – bland annat skadelidandes bevisbörda. 

The EU faces extensive cyberthreats in which products with digital elements (PDEs) constitute a weakness in the interconnected society. To face these challenges the EU has introduced the Cyber Resilience Act (CRA). The CRA holds a comprehensive regulatory approach as it applies horizontally to all PDEs and imposes various obligations on manufacturers. Simultaneously, the widespread use of Free and Open-Source Software (FOSS) presents significant challenges. FOSS refers to a specific type of software which is community driven and can be accessed, modified, and redistributed for free. The FOSS community is underfunded resulting in frequent cybersecurity vulnerabilities. This is particularly problematic considering FOSS components are often integrated into commercial PDEs, constituting weaknesses in supply chains. The widespread use of FOSS entails that a single vulnerability can be exploited simultaneously across multiple entities, potentially causing far-reaching damage. This thesis examines whether the CRA adequately addresses cybersecurity vulnerabilities originating from FOSS while balancing regulatory burdens for manufacturers and innovations from FOSS.  

Furthermore, the thesis examines if provisions regarding the integration of FOSS components in commercial PDEs provide sufficient regulatory certainty for manufacturers. The thesis provides both descriptive and critical analysis of the regulatory burdens imposed on manufacturers while evaluating the reasonableness of these obligations. The thesis focuses in particular on the "commercial activity criterion" and the due diligence requirement. The thesis concludes that there are regulatory uncertainties relating to these provisions, especially regarding the term "intention to monetize" within the "commercial activity criterion" which creates interpretative challenges. Similarly, the due diligence requirement lacks clarity regarding both what mandatory measures manufacturers must undertake and at what point this obligation is considered fulfilled. Furthermore, the analysis reveals that the CRA in its current form relies largely on standards that have not yet been fully formulated, creating implications which may threaten both the existence of FOSS and the implementation of the CRA. 

This commentary is a response to Thao Phan’s article that tracks the relationship between contemporary digital test beds and histories of colonialism, racism and empire. Building on Phan's arguments, I suggest two possible further expansions: one is to link drone experiments with global logistics and militarism, and track how the end of experiments enables a slippage between military and commercial targets of emerging technologies by iteratively producing new forms of targets. The other one is to ask how testbeds could also operate as sites for scholarly experiments and interventions on the test, to different ends and to a different success. 

The Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine (DICOM) standard plays a centralrole in modern radiology, where it defines how medical images are stored and sent from animaging device (modality) to a central storage server, Picture Archiving and Communica-tion System (PACS). The DICOM network standard was one of the first Internet protocolsbuilt on the TCP/IP stack and was developed in a time when cybersecurity was not a con-cern. As a result, the standard did not define methods for encrypting images in transit.Instead, they are sent in plain text. This becomes a liability for the healthcare sector be-cause of patient data leakage and distrust in the healthcare system. This thesis presents anovel solution to implement cybersecurity defences for the DICOM data flow between themodality and PACS, and in addition, a solution for how mutual trust can be establishedbetween them. The solution was based on extensive discussion with industry experts re-garding the issue and which solutions would work in hospital environments. From thediscussion, a comprehensive threat model was done where the risks were evaluated withOpen Worldwide Application Security Project (OWASP) Risk Assessment Ranking. Basedon these discussions and the threat modeling, the requirements for the prototype were es-tablished and implemented in a real-world setting. The aim of the thesis is to present asolution on how to maintain patient privacy and increase cybersecurity awareness in theDICOM community.

As cybersecurity threats continue to grow in complexity and scale, the need for efficient, consistent, and scalable threat modeling methods becomes important. Incorporating threat modeling into the software development lifecycle (SDLC) is also necessary to ensure that software development conforms to security requirements. However, traditional manual threat modeling approaches are often time-consuming and resource-intensive. Moreover, many existing tools lack automation or the integration capabilities required to support modern development practices and product security risk assessments effectively.

This thesis presents a semi-automated method for performing asset-centric security risk assessments, integrating STRIDE threat classification with the OWASP Risk Rating methodology to identify and evaluate risks within software architectures represented by Data Flow Diagrams (DFDs). To make this possible, a web application called Thalaura is created, implementing a novel risk-generation algorithm that considers vulnerabilities and threat vectors combined with certain aspects of the architecture to generate risk regarding the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of assets in the system. Furthermore, security experts can configure security controls that threat modelers can use to mitigate risks detected in the system.

To evaluate the performance of Thalaura, its outputs were compared with the existing automated threat modeling tools: Microsoft Threat Modeling Tool and Threat Agile. Results showed that Thalaura produced more comprehensive and granular risk descriptions, offering greater visibility and consistency by following a clear methodology and Zero Trust approach. A quantitative analysis confirmed strong correlations between configured inputs and risk scores, while qualitative testing demonstrated effective mitigation recommendations through applied security controls, which enable dynamic threat modeling.

Bakgrund: Arbetsterapeuter har fokus i att främja delaktighet, däremot kommer de stöta påaktivitetsorättvisor i arbetet med patienter. Tidigare forskare menade att uppfattningar omaktivitetsrättvisa kan utmanas, genom dialog, för att kunna benämna och uppmärksammaaktivitetsorättvisa med andra arbetsterapeuter. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva arbetsterapeutersuppfattningar om aktivitetsrättvisa. Metod: Denna kvalitativa studie var empirisk och enfenomenografisk metodansats har använts, för att besvara syftet. Intervjuguiden var utformadav fiktiva scenarier, som baserades på aktivitetsorättvisor. Resultat: I resultatet presenteradesfem teman. Några deltagare tyckte att aktivitetsrättviseperspektivet var ett naturligt tankesätt,för dem, medan andra hade svårigheter att se hur de kunde arbeta med det praktiskt.Deltagarna hade uppfattningar om att de som har funktionsnedsättningar påverkas av ettindividualiserat samhälle. Möjligheten att utföra uppgifter på olika sätt och anpassningar,resonerade deltagarna om. Att få göra aktivitetsval och erbjuda hjälp, var något somdeltagarna lyfte. Deltagarna resonerade även om meningsfulla aktiviteter och rätten till det.Konklusion: Deltagare hade uppfattningar om aktivitetsrättvisa, samt visade en förståelse föraktivitetsrättvisa och dess betydelse

Technological development is an integral part of human life that both shape and is shaped by society. In today’s volatile society, anticipating and interpreting emerging changes is crucial to face future challenges. The predictive abilities of Artificial Intelligence (AI) can support planning in such conditions. Yet AI adoption remains slow in sectors such as energy systems, and urban development, which are characterized by entangled dependencies, critical social services, and multiple involved actors and stakeholders, making planning and management challenging. This thesis addresses key questions about how AI, which relies on historical data, can support future-oriented planning processes in such complex systems. From an innovation management point of view, AI integration is organizationally challenging, shaped by interacting internal and external dynamics – such as tasks, workflows, technical prerequisites, and societal trends – calling for a holistic socio-technical perspective to ensure feasibility and desirability.

This thesis promotes "cooperative intelligence" emphasizing humans’ and AI’s reciprocal dependencies. AI-integration in complex system planning relies on collective sensemaking, especially in the process of constructing meaning of potential futures and identifying possible actions to shape those futures. AI’s predictive ability can guide the navigation of uncertainty and ambiguity in this process and contribute as boundary objects in mediating meaning across domain and organizational boundaries. However, it can also embed historic conditions and introduce new uncertainties. This duality calls for conscious involvement and negotiation among diverse actors.

This thesis sets out to explore how humans together with AI make sense of potential futures in complex system planning building on two empirical studies in the Swedish energy sector. The first study follows the development of an AIprototype to assist planning of energy systems in new city districts. The second study investigates the implementation of an AI-tool to assess impacts of societal trends on the future energy system.

The thesis contributes to existing literature by informing how AI connects temporal dynamics of imagination and action in human-AI cooperation, how it reconfigures cross-boundary collaboration, develops the notion of intelligent boundary objects, and how organizational structures need to evolve. It contributes to innovation management research, detailing how AI-integration shapes prospective sensemaking and strengthens organizational planning capabilities.

Understanding and manipulating the interaction of light with matter such as electrons, atoms, molecules, and artificially engineered materials form an important field of study in different areas such as in optoelectronics, energy technology, spectroscopy, imaging, remote sensing and communications. This thesis focuses on the emerging field of nanophotonics where light is manipulated at the nanoscale, more specifically advanced optical systems based on conducting polymers. First, we show that nanostructures of an n-type conducting polymer named poly(benzodifurandione) (PBFDO) can sustain localized surface plasmon resonances similar to metallic nanostructures. Unlike metals, however, they exhibit reversible chemical/electrical switching of their plasmonic response, with promising applications in dynamic nanophotonics.

We further explore hybrid systems by integrating conducting polymer nanoantennas with a thin film of indium tin oxide (ITO), which is known as an epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) material because of having vanishing permittivity within the infrared region that enables peculiar optical properties. By designing antenna resonances to spectrally overlap with the ENZ regime of ITO, coupling is achieved, giving rise to new hybrid optical modes. The redox-tunability of the conducting polymer enables reversible modulation of this coupling. Simulations reveal that the ENZ mode is excited by the near-field of the conductive polymer nanoantennas, suggesting opportunities in nonlinear optics such as electro-tunable nonlinear refractive index. We also explored similar coupling possibilities using weaker nanoantennas, such as from PBFDO having much lower charge carrier mobility in general compared to other conducting polymers.

The thesis then investigates nanoantennas made from an in-plane anisotropic material, based on uniaxially stretching a conducting polymer thin film which causes a difference in the in-plane charge carrier mobility because of partial alignment of its polymer chains. We show that nanostructures made from such films can induce optical chirality even for geometrically symmetric shapes. The chiral response could then be chemically tuned through tuning the redox-state of the polymer. This study adds a fundamentally different ultrathin dynamic design to the field of chiroptics.