Autismspektrumtillstånd (AST) kännetecknas av genomgripande svårigheter i social kommunikation, ömsesidig interaktion och sensorisk bearbetning, vilket påverkar barns delaktighet i lek, en central aktivitet för utveckling av sociala, kommunikativa och kognitiva färdigheter. Arbetsterapeutiska interventioner syftar till att främja aktivitetsförmåga och delaktighet genom strukturerade, individanpassade och aktivitetsbaserade insatser. Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att kartlägga arbetsterapeutiska interventioner som används för att stödja delaktighet i lek hos barn med AST. Studien baserades på en systematisk litteratursökning i CINAHL, Scopus och ERIC, och 15 kvantitativa artiklar inkluderades. Den tematiska analysen identifierade fyra huvudområden: lekbaserade interventioner för social delaktighet, sensoriska strategier för självreglering, struktur och individualisering samt interventioners betydelse för självständighet och vardagsdeltagande. Resultaten visar att interventioner med sensorisk integration, lekbaserade aktiviteter och visuella stödstrukturer förbättrar socialt samspel, kommunikation, lekengagemang och aktivitetsutförande. Föräldra- och skolbaserade insatser möjliggör generalisering av färdigheter till vardagliga miljöer. Slutsats: Arbetsterapeutiska interventioner utgör en central komponent i att främja delaktighet i lek hos barn med AST. Fortsatt forskning krävs för att fördjupa kunskapen om effekten av specifika interventioner och stärka evidensbasen inom området.

This thesis evaluates the performance and operation of a microgrid (MG). The aim is to assess the MG using technical, economic, and environmental Key Performance Indicators (KPIs), analyze how battery energy storage control strategies influence operational costs and system operation, and, lastly, evaluate its ability to operate in island mode. The thesis is conducted as a case study of Volvo Penta's MG at Krossholmen (KRH) test site. 

A Simulink-based model is developed to simulate the energy flow of the MG during a representative summer and winter week, based on historical data. The performance is evaluated using four KPIs: Energy storage system autonomy (ESSA), Renewable energy penetration (RESPEN), Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions (GHGRED), and Annual energy purchase expenditure (AEPEX). In addition, a power peak shaving strategy is implemented and optimized using a brute force search over different battery control limits. Island mode operation is also analyzed to determine the battery autonomy and the amount of fuel required when backup generation is included.

The results show that the selected KPIs capture different aspects of the technical, environmental, and economic performance of the MG. The contribution of renewable energy and the avoidance of greenhouse gas emissions are significantly higher during the summer week, while the winter week shows a higher demand for electricity and a greater dependence on the external grid. The optimized peak shaving strategy reduces the annual electricity cost from 3.31 MSEK to 3.19 MSEK, corresponding to a yearly saving of approximately 114 kSEK compared to operation without peak shaving. After implementing the optimization strategy, the KPI evaluation shows that only AEPEX and ESSA are affected, indicating improved economic performance and increased battery autonomy. In contrast, RESPEN and GHGRED remain unchanged. 

During island mode operation, the battery can maintain the power balance for approximately 5 h during summer and just under 1 h during winter before backup generation is required. To sustain normal operation for one week, the required hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) volume is estimated to be 1742 L during summer and 9123 L during winter. Relative to the available fuel tank capacity, the results indicate that KRH MG can operate independently of the external grid for at least one week during both simulated conditions. 

Overall, the results demonstrate that seasonal operating conditions, battery control strategy, and backup generation strongly influence MG performance and resilience. Furthermore, KPI-based evaluation combined with optimized battery control can provide useful insights for cost-effective and reliable operation.

Denna studie undersöker hur lärare i hem- och konsumentkunskap (Hkk) inom anpassad grundskola och anpassad gymnasieskola uppfattar elevers svårigheter vid receptläsning samt hur undervisningen anpassas för att möta dessa utmaningar. Bakgrunden till studien är att receptförståelse utgör en central del av Hkk-undervisningen och samtidigt är det en viktig färdighet för självständighet, hälsa och delaktighet i vardagslivet för elever med intellektuell funktionsnedsättning (IF). Tidigare forskning visar att receptläsning är en komplex aktivitet där språkliga, matematiska och praktiska förmågor samspelar, men området är fortfarande relativt outforskat inom de anpassade skolformerna.

Studien har en kvalitativ ansats och bygger på semistrukturerade intervjuer med 19 lärare verksamma inom anpassade skolformer. Det empiriska materialet analyserades genom induktiv tematisk analys enligt Braun och Clarke. Resultatet visar att elevers svårigheter främst handlar om varierande läsförmåga, begränsad begreppsförståelse, svårigheter att tolka instruktioner i flera led samt utmaningar med mått, mängder och ämnesspecifik terminologi. Receptens struktur, där ingredienslista och arbetsgång ofta är separerade, framträder också som ett hinder då det ställer höga krav på arbetsminne och simultanförmåga.

Lärarna beskriver ett brett spektrum av pedagogiska anpassningar för att stödja elevernas lärande. Vanliga strategier är bildstöd, förenklade eller omarbetade recept, muntliga genomgångar, modellering av praktiska moment, repetition och tydlig lektionsstruktur. Anpassningarna syftar både till att kompensera för svårigheter och till att successivt utveckla elevernas självständighet. Samtidigt framkommer dilemman där omfattande stödinsatser riskerar att minska elevens möjlighet till eget ansvarstagande. Även organisatoriska faktorer såsom gruppstorlek, lokaler och tillgång till stödpersonal påverkar undervisningens kvalitet.

Studien visar sammantaget att receptläsning är en mångdimensionell aktivitet som kräver medveten och flexibel undervisning. För att främja elevernas självständighet behöver undervisningen balansera stöd, utmaning och delaktighet utifrån varje elevs individuella förutsättningar.

Specialpedagogisk handledning har som syfte att stödja, vägleda och skapa utrymme för reflektion kring det pedagogiska arbetet, i samverkan med lärare och annan pedagogisk personal. Målsättningen med handledningen bör vara att skapa de bästa möjliga förutsättningarna för elevers lärande och utveckling. Otydliga ramar och skilda förväntningar kan dock göra att handledningen inte blir verksam på det vis som var tänkt. Studien syftar till att undersöka hur specialpedagoger uppfattar och arbetar i sin handledande roll. Fokus ligger på deras strategier, intentioner och reflektioner kring handledning samt vilka möjligheter och hinder de upplever i arbetet. Semistrukturerade intervjuer med tio specialpedagoger genomfördes och analyserades med hjälp av tematisk analys. Studiens resultat visar att specialpedagogerna beskriver sin handledande roll som en balans mellan att ge konkret stöd och att fungera som strategiska förändringsledare. De upplever ett spänningsfält mellan att förväntas leverera lösningar och att stärka lärarnas eget ansvarstagande, samtidigt som rollen präglas av dubbel lojalitet gentemot både rektor och kollegiet. Handledningen bygger på relationellt arbete, där förtroende, lyhördhet och reflekterande frågor är centrala verktyg. Genom både informella samtal och strukturerade möten försöker specialpedagogerna skifta fokus från individärenden till lärmiljö och undervisning. Möjligheterna ligger i samverkan och gemensamt perspektivtagande, medan tidsbrist, organisatoriska hinder och akuta elevärenden begränsar det förebyggande arbetet. Motstånd uppstår särskilt när handledning upplevs som styrd snarare än behovsdriven. I analysen av studiens resultat framkommer stor samstämmighet med tidigare forskning kring handledning. Där framhålls relationsaspekten som viktig, men i denna studie framträder den som en betydande del i det handledande arbetet. Handledning kan bidra till utveckling och förändring med elevernas bästa i fokus, där gemensamma processer kan öppna för omprövning av föreställningar. Studiens resultat tyder på att med rätt förutsättningar kan handledning användas som ett handlingskraftigt verktyg i det pedagogiska arbetet.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur specialpedagoger beskriver att de genomför observation i förskolans verksamhet samt hur observation används som grund för specialpedagogisk handledning. Studien tar sin utgångspunkt i ett relationellt perspektiv och social systemteori, där barns svårigheter förstås i relation till samspelet mellan barn, pedagoger och miljö. 

Studien har en kvalitativ ansats och baseras på semistruktuerade intervjuer med sju specialpedagoger verksamma i förskolan i olika kommuner. Materialet har analyserats med tematisk analys.

In many modern applications, the presence of progress estimation at loading time issomething that has become almost expected by users. Many studies show that not havingany indication to the progress of the loading process even can degrade users’ opinions of aprogram or product. Therefore, especially during longer loading times, progress indicationis vital to satisfy users. Moreover, it has been shown to shorten the perceived waiting time,which also contributes to users’ improved opinions. This thesis focuses on implementingprogress estimation in Progvis, a tool used to teach concurrent programming to students.Progvis can be used to analyze user provided code, either manually or automatically.The automatic analysis is based on a model checker that performs an exhaustive searchof all possible execution paths. If there is an error in the code, it will terminate early,but if there are none, the code will have to run in its entirety. Therefore, the need forprogress indication became apparent.During the project, different solutions were explored. The experiments started outwith performing a manual analysis of the test code and execution time to try to findcorrelations. However, this yielded no result. Another method tried was modifying howthe model checker searches the code, but that too did not give any useful relations in thedata. When plotting how the edge count changed over time, the resulting relationshipappeared to be linear. Therefore statistical analysis was explored, and predicting thenecessary number of iterations required to reach a given number of edges. However, sinceno reliable way of calculating the final edge count was found, this approach was discarded.The final idea was to trace the relationship between explored and unexplored edges. Asthe resulting curve seemed similar to a quadratic equation, a function for polynomialregression was implemented. Based on the coefficients provided by the function, onecould calculate the zeros of the equation, giving an estimate of how many edges themodel checker will have explored when the unexplored edge count hits zero.In conclusion, the experiments resulted in regression functionality, combined with afunction to calculate the zeros of the equation returned by the regression. The progress isinitially a bit optimistic, but becomes more accurate further into the run, and the overheadfor the entire addition proved to be very small, about 0.09% of the total runtime. Theinitial poor accuracy seemed to be an okay compromise, given the small overhead, andthe fact that it improves over time. The calculated progress is displayed to the user as aprogress bar with a corresponding percentage.

Digital twins are digital representations that enable real-time monitoring, analysis, andprediction of outcomes of physical systems. They depend on continuous communicationto work, which increases the attack surface of the system and introduces security risks,especially regarding unauthorized access to digital twin data and operations. This thesisinvestigates how blockchain-based smart contracts can be used as an authorization mech-anism for a digital twin, by implementing a digital twin for a Crazyflie 2.1 and controllingaccess to it through a smart contract-based authorization layer.A prototype of this system was developed using Python and connected to the physicalUAV using the Crazyradio interface. Flight data was collected and used to identify a sim-plified digital twin representing the vertical subsystem. A blockchain-based authorizationlayer with role-based permissions was then implemented using Solidity smart contracts ina local Hardhat environment.The findings from this thesis show that such a system is feasible to implement. Flighttest runs show that the twin remained numerically stable at all times and estimated thephysical UAV’s state with bounded error. The authorization mechanism enforced the de-fined role-based access-control rules in the tested scenarios, with measured authorizationlatency in the local environment around 14–15 ms. Gas measurements were also used toestimate the relative computational cost of the smart contract operations.

Anomaly detection is an important task in industrial systems where large volumes of log data are generated continuously. In complex simulation environments, such as flight simulator systems, manual inspection of logs is time-consuming and often impractical. This creates a need for automated methods capable of identifying abnormal system behavior without relying on labeled data. This thesis investigates the effectiveness of two unsupervised machine learning methods, Isolation Forest and K-Means Clustering, for detecting anomalies in flight simulatorlog data. The study is based on approximately 3,300 unlabeled log files extracted from a simulation environment used for development and testing of complex systems. The logdata is transformed into numerical features capturing structural and behavioral characteristics such as event frequencies, error counts and log length. Both models are evaluated using a combination of anomaly scoring, distributional analysis and manual expert validation. In addition, a supervised validation experiment using a Support Vector Machine (SVM) with cross-validation is conducted to assess the consistency of the detected anomalies. The results show that both Isolation Forest and K-Means Clustering are capable of identifying meaningful anomalies in the dataset. Isolation Forest achieves higher precision and primarily detects globally rare and structurally deviating observations. K-Means Clustering identifies anomalies based on deviations from cluster structures and recurring system patterns but shows lower precision. The manual evaluation confirms that several detected anomalies correspond to meaningful system issues such as process interruptions and communication failures. The supervised validation showed that the anomalies were difficult to clearly separate from normal behavior, suggesting that the dataset contains varied and overlappinganomaly patterns. Overall, the findings suggest that Isolation Forest was more precise for identifying meaningful anomalies in this dataset, while both methods demonstrated the ability to detect abnormal system behavior in unlabeled industrial log data.

The increased usage of remote sensing imagery within surveillance, target tracking, and search operations has imposed a demand for object detection algorithms to find objects that are far from the sensor. This thesis explores a wide range of methods that aim to improve detection performance when objects appear small within images. By evaluating how different architectures, modifications, and preprocessing steps influence detection accuracy, inference time, and computational efficiency, questions regarding how state-of-the-art models perform, how improvements affect inference speed, and how targeted approaches influence the detectability of larger objects are addressed. The model architectures evaluated in this thesis include various iterations of the YOLO family (YOLOv5 to the recent YOLO26), detection transformers in the form of RF-DETR, as well as the modifications SO-YOLO and SO-DETR. All models were trained and evaluated on the AI-TOD dataset, with a supplementary evaluation on the VisDrone2019 dataset, providing metrics on small-sized objects through AI-TOD and objects of larger scale through VisDrone2019. In addition to the architectures, image slicing methods such as SAHI and SAFT, data augmentation methods, and model parameters were trialed in order to identify improvements. The findings of this study show that transformer-based approaches through RF-DETR yielded the best performance among baseline models, scoring an mAP@[0.5:0.95] value of 0.2 on the AI-TOD test set. Among the top-performing models, NMS-free designs were predominantly used. A substantial trade-off between accuracy and inference speed remains, as techniques such as upsampling, SAHI, and SO-YOLO significantly degrade runtime efficiency, rendering them impractical for real-time applications. Mosaic augmentation emerges as the most effective training strategy for improving general robustness; however, conventional augmentation methods primarily enhance localization stability rather than addressing the fundamental challenges of tiny object detection. Moreover, approaches targeted toward small objects often, but not always, degrade performance for larger objects.

In Sweden, 11 areas have been identified as highly exposed to multiple flood risks, one of which is Malmö. The aim of this thesis is to expand previous research on flooding in Malmö by analyzing the city’s two types of flood risks (coastal- and cloudburst flooding) and their impacts on critical societal functions using GIS analysis. Furthermore, the study aims to examine Malmö’s current planning strengths and identify areas for further development to protect these essential functions. To address this aim, flood and cloudburst mapping has been conducted using GIS, visualizing exposed critical societal functions. Document analysis has been used as a complementary method to assess Malmö’s planning strengths and areas for improvement. The analysis focuses on Malmö’s coastal strategy, cloudburst plan, and risk management plan, evaluated through a theoretical framework based on technical, nature-based, and institutional measures. The GIS analysis shows that societal functions in Malmö are exposed to flooding, particularly in coastal and low-lying areas, posing risks to the economy, transportation and services. Malmö’s flood risk management demonstrates strengths in integrated planning, a combination of technical and nature-based solutions, and a long-term perspective. However, weaknesses include limited network integration, unclear distribution of responsibilities, uncertain financing, and insufficient focus on preparedness and recovery.

Sustainable rural environments are often seen as a prerquisite för regional development, but are often restrained by a lack of accessible public transport. This study examines transport poverty in rural areas, focusing on how regional public transport affects daily movement. The purpose is to showcase vulnerability to transport poverty in rural areas by analysing access to buses. Accessibility, mobility and the prioritization between city and countryside are central to evaluating this issue. This is case study of the region of Sörmland, Sweden, which combines textual analysis and GIS-based modelling. The paper reveals that the way planning is conducted affects transport poverty, where a lack of concrete and strategic measures restricts travel possibilities, especially in rural areas. The type of mobility modeling that is used affects how the accessibility of public transport is represented. The paper showcases an imbalance between mobility and accessibility, thus amplifying the tension between city and countryside

This bachelor’s thesis examines whether small municipalities need local traffic strategies and how traffic planning is carried out in municipalities with and without such a strategy. The study adopts a micro-level perspective and is based on interviews with municipal officials and document analysis in the Swedish municipalities of Säter and Hedemora. The analysis is grounded in collaborative planning theory and focuses on how local actors navigate traffic issues in everyday planning practice.

The results show that both municipalities express a clear need for a local traffic strategy. Traffic-related sections within comprehensive plans, as well as reliance on regional and national policy documents, are considered insufficient for achieving long-term and holistic traffic planning. A local traffic strategy is viewed as a politically anchored framework that supports continuity, coordination, and communication. Furthermore, the strategy is expected to be flexible, up to date, and preferably digital to remain relevant and practically useful.

The study adopts an abductive approach and aims to analyze women’s experiences of the contemporary urban environment, their visions of an ideal city, and how these relate to the spatial plan of Linköpings municipality. Feminist theory has been used as the theoretical framework, and a workshop with focus groups has been conducted. In the focus groups, participants discussed their experiences of the current urban environment in Linköping, while also visualizing their ideas of an ideal urban design. The collected material, consisting of discussions and illustrations, was then compared with the ambitions expressed in the municipality’s spatial plan.

The results show that the intentions and objectives of Linköpings municipality’s spatial plan aligns with the women’s representations of a desirable urban environment. At the same time, a gap emerges between the municipality’s visions and the women’s experiences of the existing urban environment, suggesting that ambitions for gender equality are not always implemented into the physical environment.

Mass management is an important part of infrastructure projects and has a decisive impact on how efficiently and sustainably a project can be carried out. Although mass management is a central aspect of construction and civil engineering projects, challenges often arise because clients and contractors have different responsibilities, working methods and objectives in the various stages of a project. This thesis has been conducted as a qualitative study with the aim of investigating and comparing how clients and contractors work with mass management in infrastructure projects. The study focuses on early project stages, implementation and follow-up, as well as how coordination between the actors affects the outcome of mass management. The thesis is based on literature studies, document studies and five semi-structured interviews with both clients and contractors. The empirical material has been analysed thematically to identify recurring patterns in the actors’ working methods. The results show that the client primarily governs mass management in the early stages through requirements, project documentation and mass balance analyses, while the contractor is responsible for the practical management during implementation. The study also shows that clear coordination between the actors creates better conditions for resource-efficient and sustainable mass management. However, insufficient communication and unclear responsibility can lead to inefficient management, where usable masses are transported away while new material is purchased. To develop mass management, earlier and more coordinated planning between the actors is required, where responsibilities, documentation and requirements are clarified throughout the different project stages. Access to areas for temporary storage and processing is also an important prerequisite for increased reuse. Digital tools can contribute to improved follow-up and information sharing, but need to be used more coherently throughout the project stages. The conclusion is that mass management should be regarded as a shared process throughout the entire project. More efficient and sustainable mass management requires clients and contractors to collaborate at an early stage and work towards common goals throughout the project.

Homelessness is a complex social problem that affects both individual living conditions and structural factors related to housing provision and urban development. Even though the right to a home is specified as a human right by UN, there are thousands of people in Sweden that live in homelessness. This article aims to analyze local governments experiences of the establishment of housing solutions for people in homelessness. The study is a qualitative interview based on reference projects from the municipalities of Linköping, Stockholm, Borås and Sundsvall. The empirical material is analyzed using thematic analysis and uses the concept of NIMBY and the right to the city as a theoretical framework.  The study shows that all municipalities use communal housing in combination with the housing first model principles to provide living arrangements for homeless people. Furthermore, the study also shows that local resistance often arises in connection with the establishment of housing for people experiencing homelessness and is shown through complaints and concerns. The municipalities have used communication, information, collaboration and strategic locations as measures to address any local resistance. 

Segregation in cities is a complex phenomenon that affects people's living conditions and cohesion. The way segregation is described and represented contributes to how it is maintained. This study aims to examine how and why Skäggetorp is portrayed as a problemarea in municipal documents from Linköping Municipality and local daily press from Östgöta Correspondenten. The study also investigates which underlying assumptions about responsibility, causes, and solutions in the problem representations with a focus on segregation. The theoretical framework of the study consists of the WPR approach and the concept of territorial stigmatization. The WPR approach, a form of discourse analysis, is applied as the qualitative analytical method. The analysis shows that Skäggetorp is portrayed as a problem because both municipal documents and local daily press link the area to segregation and social challenges such as insecurity and crime. The study shows that causes, solutions and responsibility for segregation are understood in different ways. Municipal documents emphasize to a greater extent local interventions and individual-based solutions, than local daily press which more often highlights structural explanations.

The accessibility of emergency vehicles is essential for a well-functioning society, but its accessibility risks being affected during large-scale construction projects. The purpose of this thesis is to gain a deeper understanding of the conditions that the various emergency services have for accessibility during construction periods, how well different emergency service actors perceive that collaboration functions between them and planners before and during the construction period and finally how well emergency service actors feel informed by planners regarding the Ostlänken project during the construction phase, and to what extent they consider that there is a need to be involved in the planning process. Through semi-structured interviews with employees within the police, the fire and rescue services and the ambulance services, as well as a complementary document analysis, variations in the actor’s conditions, needs and involvement with planners have been identified. The analysis is grounded in collaborative planning theory, with a particular focus on Linköping and Norrköping. 

This thesis presents a case study of a manual assembly line at ABB Västerås, where soft starters are assembled. The primary purpose of the project is to minimize the cycle time and to assess the momentary capacity potential of the assembly line. In addition, ABB specified the objective of developing a guiding handbook to support future line balancing projects within similar production contexts. This report uses normalized units instead of seconds to ensure confidentiality.

The methodological approach initially focused on analyzing and optimizing task allocation across stations, using a mathematical programming formulation to obtain optimal line balance. During the problem analysis, it became evident that operator performance had a significant impact on station capacities, resulting in substantial variability in processing times and shifting bottleneck locations. Consequently, the scope of the study was extended to include scenario-dependent optimization, where multiple approaches were developed to account for the variation in operator assembly pace. These approaches were subsequently evaluated with respect to operator availability, capacity potential, applicability, and development areas.

The results include a static solution of task allocation, yielding a cycle time of 21.51 u, representing a deviation of only 0.23% from the theoretical optimum. In addition, several complementary approaches were developed, including optimized scenarios, best positioning of operators for steady state solution, complementing solutions, and pushing task heuristic. The findings indicate that these approaches offer promising opportunities to better leverage the variation in operator capacity.

The study concludes that the static solution has potential to be immediately applicable for ABB. However, although the complementary approaches show that significant performance improvements are achievable, their implementation requires increased integration of shop-floor data acquisition. Furthermore, incorporating operator-dependent capacity information may improve the operational control and production planning activities.  

The purpose of this study is to map and examine the municipal civil servant perspective on collaboration between the municipality and property owners in the prevention of pluvial flooding. The study is based on a qualitative approach consisting of semi-structured interviews with civil servants from Gävle, Lund, Malmö and Stockholm and a complementary document analysis. The results show that the municipalities have a similar view of the concept of collaboration. Furthermore, the results show that the municipalities work with collaboration within climate adaptation, however, it is difficult to achieve continuity in the work. As a result of the current distribution of roles and responsibilities, legislation, policies and resources, the study proposes a shift in responsibility between the parties. The analysis is based on collaborative governance, which shows the importance of collaboration in managing societal challenges. The study contributes to increased understanding of collaboration between the municipality and property owners in counteracting pluvial flooding. 

Modern Air Traffic Management (ATM) heavily relies on Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) for real-time aircraft tracking. However, the inherent lack of encryption and authentication in the ADS-B protocol exposes digital air traffic services to significant cybersecurity risks, including data tampering, spoofing, and injection attacks. While traditional cryptography-based security solutions introduce significant deployment overhead and latency, machine learning offers a non-intrusive alternative for verifying data integrity through trajectory consistency checking.

This thesis proposes a reconstruction-based anomaly detection framework tailored for multivariate ADS-B surveillance data streams. We design and implement a Temporal Attention Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) Autoencoder prototype capable of modeling the complex temporal dynamics of aircraft trajectories. By utilizing an unsupervised learning paradigm, the model learns the normal underlying patterns of legitimate flights and detects anomalies based on reconstruction errors. To bridge the gap between deep learning complexity and operational trust in safety-critical aviation domains, we integrate Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) using SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) to provide feature-level interpretability for detected anomalies.

The framework is evaluated using a curated dataset of real-world trajectories combined with simulated attack vectors, including trajectory deviation and spoofing scenarios. The experimental results demonstrate that the Temporal Attention LSTM Autoencoder achieves high detection accuracy and robust performance against various anomaly profiles. Furthermore, the SHAP-based explanations successfully isolate the specific data features contributing to the anomaly scores, providing air traffic controllers with actionable insights. This research underscores the potential of combining deep sequence modeling with explainability to enhance the security and trustworthiness of next-generation digital air traffic services.

3D Gaussian Splatting (3DGS) has emerged as a computationally efficient method for high-quality novel view synthesis and volumetric scene reconstruction. However, the quality of the resulting models depends strongly on the capture setup and camera distribution used during data acquisition. This thesis investigates how the configuration of a cylindrical multi-camera rig influences the reconstruction quality of 3DGS models. To enable large-scale experimentation, a virtual evaluation tool was developed using Three.js, capable of automatically generating synthetic datasets, executing Structure-from-Motion reconstruction through COLMAP, training 3DGS models in LichtFeld Studio, and evaluating the results through image similarity metrics. The tool was used to perform grid-search experiments across hundreds of rig configurations while varying parameters such as camera density, rig radius, vertical spacing, tapering, and sparsity patterns. The findings indicate that while maximizing camera density consistently increases the total number of reconstructed Gaussians, the perceived visual quality and standard image similarity metrics reach a point of diminishing returns relatively early. Notably, deploying a checkerboard sparsity pattern proved to be an optimal trade-off, significantly reducing the required camera count while preserving core reconstruction fidelity. Additionally, the rig's radius was found to be a critical factor for structural robustness; smaller radii limited environmental context, which frequently led to scene duplication errors. The study also highlights the fragility of sparse reconstruction of virtual scenes, especially regarding object symmetry, lighting, and environmental context, all of which caused multiplied point clouds and poor camera position estimates, even when initialized with prior camera poses. Furthermore, there were limitations in the evaluation methodology. Since validation images originated from viewpoints already present in the training data, PSNR and SSIM values were likely inflated, restricting the ability to fully evaluate the effect of angular spacing between cameras. Ultimately, this work demonstrates that highly efficient volumetric capture systems can be designed without strictly maximizing camera count, and provides a reproducible virtual evaluation tool to guide future physical rig development.

Urban heat islands are a phenomenon in which urban environments exhibit higher temperatures than surrounding rural areas and have become increasingly common due to climate change. This study aims to examine the vulnerability to urban heat islands in central Linköping and the planning ideology that has contributed to the current vulnerable areas, in order to analyze the possibilities for implementing adaption measures in vulnerable locations. Furthermore, the study analyses how the municipality describes adaptation efforts in policy documents. The study is based on cases and was investigated with GIS-analyses, document analysis and field studies. The results show that Stora torget and Hospitalstorget during the summer experience high temperatures and exhibit high vulnerability according to the vulnerability mapping. The study indicates a significant need for climate adaptation measures, however their implementation is constrained by legalization related to cultural heritage protection. The findings thus reveal a conflict of objectives between climate adaptation and conservation interests, highlighting the need for a review of existing regulatory frameworks.

Gas turbines can serve multiple functions within the power system and are used as backup power invarious applications. Through a case study at Forsmarks Kraftgrupp AB potential applications for agas turbine installation, whose primary role is to provide backup power to the nuclear power plant inForsmark, were mapped. This was conducted in connection with the planning of a future renewal ofthe gas turbine facility, with the aim of examining whether a new installation should be designed tofulfill functions beyond backup power. The objective was also to identify relevant fossil-free fuel alternatives. The analysis included the market for manual frequency restoration reserves, opportunities tocontribute to local grid stability and flexibility, and the potential value of the gas turbine as a resourcefor the facility for the management of nuclear waste and spent nuclear fuel operated by the SwedishNuclear Fuel and Waste Management Company in Forsmark. By comparing different concepts in termsof cost of electricity production and annual operational costs, as well as analyzing gas turbine technicalcharacteristics and fuel options, desirable features for a future gas turbine installation were identified.The results indicate that developments in compensation levels on the manual frequency restoration reserve market have a significant impact on the economic potential. Despite uncertainties, the analysissuggests that profitability may justify a higher installed capacity than strictly required for the backuppower function. The needs of the nuclear waste facility may also support an increased capacity, whereas economic incentives for using the installation to support local grid stability are currently limited.Regarding fuel choice, liquefied biogas, hydrotreated vegetable oil, and ethanol emerge as the mostrelevant alternatives. The expected operational pattern requires rapid and potentially frequent starts,which favors the use of an aeroderivative gas turbine, as this type of machine is generally better suitedfor cyclic operation compared with industrial gas turbines. The conclusions of this study may informthe design of gas turbine installations in other backup power applications and help identify potentialadded value of various backup power resources within the power system.

Educators are facing heavy workloads, with potential consequences for both their well-being and the education system. As generative AI grows more capable, this raises the question of whether it can help reduce that burden. This project was focused on the generation of learning materials in Sectra's platform for medical education: Sectra Education Portal. The project was based on an existing prototype for lesson generation and aimed to understand educators' perceptions of the tool, the factors shaping those perceptions, and how to improve both through feature-level enhancements to the prototype. To answer these questions, a pre-study was conducted, consisting of a literature search on design principles for AI-powered systems, along with an interview round to gather user opinions of the original prototype. Then, enhancements to the prototype were designed and implemented, based on the findings from the pre-study. Finally, the original prototype and the extended version were compared in a user evaluation with 15 participants. 

The study concluded that the enhancements positively affected the perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and trust in the prototype. The addition of an AI Chat stood out as an impactful enhancement for both perceived usefulness and ease of use. On the other hand, additions such as an AI Provenance Banner appeared to have no meaningful impact on the perceptions of study participants. Notably, participants reported an identical need to verify the tool's output between both prototypes, suggesting that perceived trust did not necessarily reduce need for verification. 

This Master’s thesis investigates operational efficiency and planning practices within rail maintenance facilities, focusing specifically on wagon maintenance at Green Cargo’s depot in Eskilstuna. Rail freight serves as a climate-smart alternative as the transport sector faces pressure to decarbonize, but its competitiveness relies on both operational availability and precision, ensuring that wagons are maintained correctly and available when needed. Maintenance operations in this sector are characterized by high task variability and uncertainty in demand, which can challenge operational efficiency. The study applies an adaptive Value Stream Mapping (VSM) approach to visualize physical and information flows. On-site observations and semi-structured interviews with planning and workshop personnel were conducted to provide a detailed mapping and analysis of operational processes. In addition, historical repair data from 2025 was analyzed to identify patterns in repair frequency and variation across different wagon types.

The findings indicate that maintenance lead times are strongly influenced by structural constraints within the workshop layout, resource dependencies and administrative interruptions rather than the technical execution of repairs alone. Entry and exit occur at the same end, which together with specialized tracks, limited brake testing equipment, restricted shunting flexibility, creates positional dependencies and recurring bottlenecks. High-frequency repair categories such as brake and welding work further contribute to significant variability in processing times. Administrative approval procedures linked to predefined price ceilings and limitations in material handling further reduce flow continuity and visibility of operational performance. Operational and strategic recommendations include constraint-based inflow planning, SMED-based task externalization and expanded resource capacity for brakes and welding. The study also suggests improving digital monitoring and exploring future standardized flow-oriented workshop layouts. The study concludes that maintenance stability requires an integrated systems perspective. Effective coordination of layout, planning and resources is essential to reduce lead times and boost fleet availability.

Manufacturing companies facing increasing product variety and demand volatility are undergrowing pressure to improve flexibility while maintaining cost efficiency and competitiveness. In this context, mixed-model assembly lines have emerged as a potential production systemdesign for handling high product variety within assembly lines manufacturing. This thesis analyzed the current production system for the drill machine product family at Väderstad AB, with the purpose of assessing its capability to support a shift toward mixed-model assembly. The study was a single case study using deductive research approach and a mixed-methodsmethodology. Qualitative data were collected through semi-structured, and unstructured interviews, workshops, and direct work observations, while quantitative data were obtained from production planning and enterprise systems. A literature review covering production systems, lean production, manufacturing flexibility, and mixed-model assembly provides thetheoretical foundation for the analysis. The study applied Miltenburg’s framework for production system development to study manufacturing lever capabilities and manufacturing outputs, supported by an operational characteristic gap analysis and quantitative performance metrics related to sequencing and production variability. The results show that the current production system partially fulfills the requirements fors hifting towards mixed-model assembly, but several critical gaps are identified. These include limited standardized work, lack of multi-skilled operators, weak synchronization of production flow, and lack of robust sequencing logic in current operations. Quantitative analysis further indicates sequencing deviations and high variability on the most complex assembly lines. While most manufacturing levers operate at an adult capability level, human resources andproduction planning and control remain at an industry-average level, constraining system flexibility.The thesis concludes that a shift toward mixed-model assembly lines is feasible and aligns well with the company’s competitive strategy but requires improvements in prioritized operational characteristics and manufacturing lever capabilities. Recommendations include developing standardized planning rules, strengthening operator multiskilling, introducing systematic performance tracking at assembly stations, and improving the level of standardized work. These changes are necessary to align the production system with Väderstad’s manufacturing strategy and to support long term competitiveness through improved flexibility and performance.

Higher education institutions (HEIs) play a pivotal yet underexplored role in Regional Green Transitions (RGTs) and sustainable development. This volume addresses this knowledge gap by examining how universities in the Nordic region engage with RGTs, offering theoretical and methodological insights from diverse disciplines such as economic geography, political economy, organisational theory and education. The Nordic region, often regarded as a benchmark for best practices in education, research, innovation and regional development, serves as the backdrop for this exploration.

Through a rich collection of case studies, the book reveals that RGTs are neither linear nor uniform. Universities navigate these transitions at varying speeds and with different strategies. Some act as agenda-setters, leveraging local coalitions and innovation ecosystems, while others adopt a more cautious approach, observing leading regions and universities before committing to action. Structural pressures, such as national funding systems, global supply chains and sectoral dependencies, further shape their responses.

Offering important conceptual and practical insights for a wide variety of audiences, from social scientists and advance students to university managers, and policymakers, this volume underscores the critical role of HEIs in advancing RGTs (and change processes more generally) amidst evolving political, economic and social landscapes.

The steel industry accounts for approximately 7% of global greenhouse gas emissions and is therefore one of the most emissions-intensive industries. At the same time, steel is one of the most widely used alloys in the world and plays a central role in Sweden’s welfare and industrial development. This creates a pressing need for a transition toward lower-emission production processes. However, there is currently no clear and unified definition of what constitutes low-emission steel, nor is there sufficient knowledge regarding how such steel is perceived downstream in the value chain. Transitioning production processes from conventional steelmaking to low-emission steel, similar to other environmental innovations, involves several significant challenges, including increased costs. Consequently, it is crucial that environmental innovations are developed through close collaboration among actors across the value chain in order to understand which values, beyond purely monetary aspects, motivate customers’ willingness to pay. Furthermore, existing research on how value propositions for environmental innovations can be designed and embedded in industrial value chains, particularly in the context of low-emission steel, is currently limited.

The purpose of this master’s thesis is therefore to explore and analyze the value proposition of low-emission steel from a value chain perspective and to identify the drivers and barriers to its realization. A Swedish steel company that offers low emission steel is used as a case company, together with three of its direct customers and their customers within the heavy transport segment in the Nordic market. The methodological approach consists of a literature review and an interview study. The literature review covers three main theoretical areas: value proposition, environmental innovation with drivers and barriers to environmental innovation included within the value proposition framework and lastly the theoretical area value chain. The interview study comprises a total of 30 interviews conducted across the case company’s value chain, including six internal interviews at the case company, 16 interviews with customers distributed among Customer A, B, and C, and eleven interviews with customers’ customers within the segments of retailers, transport operators, and recycling companies. The interview study was crucial for achieving an in-depth understanding of how the value of low-emission steel is perceived downstream in the value chain.

The results present the identified need for low-emission steel, stakeholders’ perceptions of its value, and the drivers and barriers influencing the realization of its value proposition. These findings are further analyzed in the discussion, where drivers and barriers are contrasted, and changes in value perception downstream in the value chain are examined. The results show that perceptions of value vary among different actors and gradually diminish further downstream in the value chain. A key influencing factor is how carbon dioxide emissions during the use phase of customers’ products, as well as the share of steel as an input material, affect existing sustainability initiatives. The primary drivers are internal factors such as ambitions to meet sustainability targets, a desire to be at the forefront, and the use of differentiation strategies. At the same time, several barriers to realizing the value proposition in practice are identified, primarily related to a gap between perceived benefits and willingness to pay, as well as limited knowledge and a lack of external requirements.

The construction sector is one of the largest consumers of plastic in Sweden, accounting for approximately 20 percent of the country's total plastic use, while less than one percent of plastic waste is recycled. Soft plastic in the form of packaging constitutes a significant portion of this waste, but practical handling on construction sites is often characterized by inadequate routines, inefficient flows and low sorting quality. The purpose of this study is to investigate how soft plastic is handled in practice on construction sites, focusing on work routines, waste flows and time from generation to final handling, and to identify factors that affect efficiency. Data collection was based on observations, time studies and unstructured and semi-structured interviews. Qualitative and quantitative data collected were analyzed and linked to previous research in construction logistics, flow analysis, source sorting and standardization of work. The results show that fitters generate the most soft plastic, mainly when unpacking white goods, and that three different working methods were applied at the workplace, these are that the worker carries the waste all the way to the container area, that the flow is divided between two workers at the entrance level and that waste is thrown through windows down to the entrance level. The purity of the collected soft plastic varied between approximately 95/5 for the first two working methods and 80/20 for the third. The time studies showed that waiting for the elevator and sorting at the container area constitute the most time-consuming and variable moments, where the elevator was identified as a clear bottleneck in the waste flow. The conclusion is that the handling of soft plastic is largely controlled by the layout of the workplace, access to shared resources and the division of responsibilities and work routines. None of the observed working methods is optimal but entails a conflict of goals between time efficiency and sorting quality. The study shows that the potential for improvement lies primarily in clearer division of responsibilities and standardized routines.

Studien undersöker hur eurocentrism tar plats i svenska historieläroböcker på högstadiet och studerar förändringar mellan läroböcker kopplade till läroplaner från 1962 och 2022. Uppsatsen utförs genom att studera tre läroböcker från respektive års läroplan, genom kapitel som behandlar kolonialism. I arbetet formuleras två frågeställningar, en kopplad till eurocentriska tendenser i läroböckerna och en till dess förändringar över tid. Arbetet analyserar hur läroböckerna utgörs av ett eurocentriskt narrativ och därmed identifiera vilka risker läroböckerna medför i undervisningen. Frågeställningen besvaras genom en tematiskt innehållsanalys som metod och använder Nagres definition av eurocentrism, samt det funktionella perspektivet som teoriram. Genom den tematiska innehållsanalysen identifierades tre teman. Resultatet var att läroböckerna återger ett eurocentriskt perspektiv, dock i olika uttryck. Läroböckerna skapar också ett "vi och dem"-narrativ där läroböckerna från Lgr62 skapar direkta distinktioner mellan människor medan läroböckerna från Lgr22 skapar indirekta distinktioner. Samtliga böcker omfattas av problematiska framställningar, men läroböckerna från Lgr62 har en högre grad av problematik. Läroböckerna riskerar därför att förmedla en vinklad historieundervisning. Dock identifieras en tydlig förändring i läroböckerna där de nyare representeras i större omfattning av ett globalt perspektiv. 

Klimakteriet är en tidsperiod på upp till tio år som kan innebära fysiska och psykiska förändringar som påverkar möjligheten att delta i arbete och fritid. Tidigare studier har främst fokuserat på klimakteriets påverkan i arbetslivet, medan fritid och samspelet mellan arbete och fritid är mindre studerat, särskilt ur ett aktivitetsperspektiv. Syftet var att undersöka hur personer upplever arbete och fritid i relation till klimakteriet. Metoden var kvalitativ med semistrukturerade intervjuer med tio personer. Resultatet visade att klimakteriet påverkade orken i vardagen, vilket fick konsekvenser för deltagande i arbete och fritid. Arbetet prioriterades ofta samtidigt som behovet av återhämtning ökade, vilket innebar att fritiden i större utsträckning användes för återhämtning. Förändringar i självbild, liksom kognitiva och emotionella utmaningar påverkade hur deltagarna hanterade vardagen. Kunskap, stöd och strategier var centrala för att upprätthålla delaktighet. Konklusion: Sammantaget påverkade klimakteriet orken i vardagen, vilket ledde till en obalans mellan arbete och fritid där fritiden i högre utsträckning användes för återhämtning. Förändringar i självbild påverkade hur deltagarna förhöll sig till arbete och egna behov. Tillgång till kunskap och stöd framstod som centralt för att hantera dessa förändringar. 

Most missile systems today use model based controllers. The performance of such controllers will be determined by the accuracy of the model compared to the true system. If production is scaled up or the production cost of the missiles produced needs to be decreased, there will be a larger deviation between individual missiles. One way to mitigate the problem of model uncertainties is to use an adaptive controller where the control law changes in order to improve performance mid flight. 

In this thesis, such methods will be explored in combination with methods that force adaptation to be rapid and accurate. For the missile to gather useful information to be used during adaptation of the control law it will have to manoeuvre somehow comparing its motion to the predicted motion. Given that the goal of a missile launch is to strike a target the performance in the later stage is more important than the initial performance, therefore it is important that adaptation happens early. Thus, initial excitation through Optimal Experiment Design is considered. Another method of mitigating the risk of poor performance late in the mission stage is to enforce persistence of excitation throughout the entire flight and constantly adapt to changes in parameters. 

The adaptive controllers in this thesis are indirect, meaning that aerodynamic coefficients are estimated and then used in a new model based control synthesis. Two estimation methods are considered, Recursive Least Squares and the Prediction Error Method. The considered controllers are: an Adaptive Gain Scheduled Linear Quadratic Controller, Adaptive Model Predictive Controller and a Persistently Exciting Adaptive Model Predictive Controller.  

The results show that performance is improved with the adaptive strategies. What is also found is that the robustness of the adaptive schemes is higher than the pre-implemented Gain Scheduled Linear Quadratic Controller via Monte Carlo simulations. 

This thesis studies numerical methods for solving the Poisson equation in one, two, and three dimensions. The work focuses on the discretization of the Poisson equation using finite difference methods together with Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions. The resulting linear systems are analyzed and solved using both direct and iterative numerical methods.Special attention is given to Krylov subspace methods, including the Arnoldi process and GMRES, as well as the Successive Over-Relaxation (SOR) method. Theoretical properties such as the Maximum Principle, uniqueness of solutions, and the singularity of Neumann systems are discussed. The structure and sparsity of the discretized matrices are also examined together with their computational implications. Several numerical experiments are performed to evaluate the efficiency and convergence behavior of the implemented methods for different matrix sizes and dimensions. The results show how iterative methods such as GMRES and SOR perform for sparse systems from the discretized Poisson problem and highlight the advantages and limitations of the different approaches.

Colorectal cancer is one of the most common types of cancer, and its incidence is increasing among younger individuals. Postoperative treatment with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) has been shown to reduce the risk of recurrence for a subgroup of patients. The proven recurrence‑reducing effect of ASA applies to patients (stage I–III rectal cancer and stage II–III colon cancer) with a mutation in the PI3K signaling pathway, who constitute approximately 37% of patients. 

To determine which patients carry this mutation in the PI3K signaling pathway, testing can be performed using the GMS560 panel. Since testing with the GMS560 panel is both time‑ and resource‑intensive, the question has been raised whether all patients should receive postoperative ASA treatment, i.e., without applying GMS560 panel testing. 

This report compares the following alternatives in a health economic analysis: 

• Identifying patients with a PI3K pathway mutation through GMS560 panel testing and treating these patients with postoperative ASA. 
• Treating all patients (stage I–III rectal cancer and stage II–III colon cancer) with postoperative ASA. 

Since the 37% of patients who benefit from postoperative ASA treatment receive it in both alternatives, there is no difference in recurrence outcomes. The differences between the alternatives lie in the cost of GMS560 panel testing and the increased risk of side effects resulting from treating all patients with ASA. The question, therefore, is whether the value of avoiding unnecessary side effects (costs and impact on quality of life) outweighs the cost of GMS560 panel testing. Our results indicate that this is not the case; the cost of the GMS560 panel is too high to offset the effects of increased side effects. 

The risk of severe GI bleeding, with and without ASA, is an uncertain variable that was varied in a sensitivity analysis. Regardless of variations in this risk, as well as variations in ASA treatment duration and the analysis follow‑up period, the conclusion remains that GMS560 panel testing is too costly to be justified by the reduction in side effects. The trend is towards lower costs for testing with the GMS560 panel, a cost reduction that would need to be significant for testing to be justified from a health economic perspective.

The Electric Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows (EVRPTW) is an extension of the classical Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) that includes additional energy and time constraints, increasing the complexity of the problem. Solutions found using exact methods are often limited to small instances, while larger instances require the use of heuristics for a solution within reasonable computational time.

The purpose of this study is to investigate whether two different types of heuristics, Kernel Search (KS) and Simulated Annealing (SA), can be adapted to solve the EVRPTW. The results are evaluated based primarily on the number of vehicles and secondarily on the total distance needed. 

KS consistently outperformed SA across all tested benchmark instances, especially for larger problems where the difference in solution quality increased significantly. KS managed to find the optimal solution for almost all of the small instances, whereas SA found the optimal solution for only a fraction of the instances. When the energy constraints were removed, both KS and SA found optimal solutions more frequently, but KS still performed significantly better than SA.

SAMMANFATTNING Bakgrund: Kronisk ankelinstabilitet (CAI) är en vanligt förekommande fotledsskada framförallt hos ungdomar och unga vuxna som är aktiva inom idrott. CAI klassas som mekanisk instabilitet, med symtom som smärta, muskelsvaghet, nedsatt funktionsförmåga och balans. Tidigare studier på vuxna med CAI tyder på att balansträning kan vara effektivt för patienter med CAI för att förbättra sin funktion i vardagen. Balansträning påverkar, och minskar, även risken ytterligare för CAI-relaterade fotledsskador hos vuxna patienter. Hur balansträning påverkar unga personer med CAI jämfört med andra studier är i nuläget outforskat.   

Syfte: Syftet var att sammanfatta och värdera det vetenskapliga underlaget samt fastställa evidensläget gällande effekten av balansträning jämfört med ingen intervention eller kontrollintervention på balansförmågan hos ungdomar och unga vuxna med kronisk fotledsinstabilitet.  

Metod: Systematisk kritisk litteraturgranskning med systematisk sökning i databaserna PubMed och Cochrane. Efter urvalsprocessen inkluderades nio artiklar som besvarade detta arbetes syfte. Granskning av de inkluderade artiklarnas metodologiska kvalitet genomfördes med Fowkes & Fultons granskningsmall och sammanställningen av dess evidensgraden genomfördes med GRADE.   

Resultat: Sammantaget bedömdes den metodologiska kvaliteten av inkluderade artiklar vara av måttlig kvalitet. Evidensgraden bedömdes vara av låg tillförlitlighet. Balansträning visades inte ha en signifikant påverkan på balansförmågan jämfört med andra interventioner.   

Konklusion: Översikten tyder på att balansträning inte har större effekt på balansförmågan jämfört med andra interventioner hos ungdomar och unga vuxna med CAI. Evidens styrkan bedöms som låg. Fler välstrukturerade studier behövs för att stärka evidensläget.  

The cross-zonal energy trade market within Europe enables efficient energy allocation. Countries coveredby the EU-regulations are obligated to keep at least 70 percent of their energy transmission capacity openfor trade, for example to enable even price levels on the market. The EU emissions trading system limitscountries’fossil-based energy production, which increases the need for fossil-free production. Externalitiesarise as a result of fossil-free energy production, which causes costs for the local and regional populationand hence a market failure. The trading system for emission allowances in combination with the 70-percentrule enables countries to reduce or eliminate their own energy production by importing energy from othercountries. Hence, there is a risk that the market participants exploit others’fossil-free energy productionthrough free-riding. The diminishing quantity of fossil energy production in combination with potentialfree-riding could lead to energy shortages and uncertainty on the European energy market.

This study examines and quantifies the local and regional externalities caused by the energy productionfrom wind, solar, hydro, nuclear power and bioenergy. Furthermore we analyze whether incentives exist forfree-riding between countries covered by the European trading agreement. This was investigated through aliterature review, semi-structured interviews and a survey. The interviews were conducted with field expertsfrom various Swedish government institutions. The survey was based on a double bounded dichotomouschoice contingent valuation method, DBDC CVM, where the respondents’willingness to pay, WTP, andwillingness to accept, WTA, were individually estimated for each energy source. Furthermore theperceived level of information and distance preferences were analyzed. The result shows that theexternalities from wind and nuclear power are valued the highest, while those of solar power are valued thelowest. According to previous literature, the interviews, and the survey, information seems to be essentialin order to attain acceptance for the energy sources among the population. Finally we present a propositionto introduce a joint compensation system for the countries within the trade agreement to adjust for themarket failure.

The Doughnut Model has gained increasing attention as an alternative framework for analysing sustainable development by integrating social well-being with ecological sustainability. However, applying the model at the local level presents methodological challenges, as it was originally developed for global conditions. The aim of this study is to analyse how social and ecological sustainability dimensions are expressed in the governance of Norrköping Municipality and how the municipality performs in relation to a locally adapted Doughnut Model.

The study is based on a qualitative document analysis of municipal policy documents, complemented by statistical indicators from national databases. The analysis draws on the Doughnut Model’s social foundation and ecological ceiling, operationalised through a locally adapted framework inspired by Tomelilla Municipality’s application of the model.

The results show that Norrköping demonstrates strong performance in several ecological areas, particularly climate adaptation, while challenges remain regarding consumption patterns, emissions, and resource use. On the social side, difficulties related to social equality, public health, safety, and socioeconomic disparities are identified. The analysis further indicates that sustainability dimensions receive varying levels of priority within municipal governance and that some areas lack clear indicators and measurable criteria for evaluating progress.

The findings suggest that the Doughnut Model functions well as an analytical framework for identifying strengths, gaps, and inconsistencies in municipal sustainability governance. At the same time, the study highlights challenges related to local operationalisation, indicator selection, and the translation of global sustainability frameworks into local contexts.

Overall, the study demonstrates that the Doughnut Model can contribute to a more integrated understanding of sustainability in municipal governance by illustrating the relationship between social needs, ecological boundaries, and policy priorities. The study’s main contribution is to increase understanding of how sustainability ambitions are translated into practical municipal governance and follow-up processes.

Power transistor selection and gate circuit design for a three-phase motor drive is

investigated. The objective is to minimize total power loss of the switching device

in an inverter leg designed for a (180 V, 9.9 Arms) permanent magnet synchronous

motor, while retaining robustness against parasitic turn-on, voltage and current

overshoot, and oscillation. The work combines circuit-level simulation in LTspice

with experimental double pulse tests on both an existing and a redesigned pro-

totype. Parametric sweeps of gate resistance and parasitic inductance and capac-

itances were performed to quantify their individual contributions to switching

behavior and to guide the design of a new motor drive. In the redesigned proto-

type four transistor candidates with contrasting Q_G and R_DS(on) were evaluated:

two Si-MOSFETs and two SiC-MOSFETs. The experiment showed that the SiC

devices, with an increased breakdown voltage to 650 V, reduced the total losses

by approximately 50 % at 10 kHz switching frequency compared to the original

design. The SiC device had a (Q_G , R_DS(on)) trade-off that balanced the switch-

ing losses and conduction losses. The gate resistance combination R_G(on) = 15 Ω,

R_G(off) = 5 Ω was identified as optimal combination for the redesign, maintain-

ing a 1 V margin below the minimum gate threshold voltage to prevent parasitic

turn-on while minimizing switching losses.

This thesis explores running machine learning models directly on resource-constrained edge devices for applications where connectivity, compliance, privacy and energy costs make cloud-based solutions impractical. The main challenge is to achieve high model accuracy and recall while keeping the models small enough to deploy on small edge devices. This thesis evaluates five different machine learning models: Support Vector Machines (SVM), Decision Trees (CART), k-Nearest Neighbor (k-NN), ProtoNN and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), for binary person detection in image data. To enable image classification, two different feature extraction methods are compared: Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG) and CNN. All models are trained on the Wake Vision dataset both on image resolutions of 128 x 128 and 64 x 64, using both int8 and float32 representations. All models are deployed onto an STM32 Nucleo-144 board with an STM32H563ZI microcontroller. Each configuration is tested in terms of accuracy, recall and precision, as well as inference time, flash and RAM usage. The results show that CNN-based feature extraction outperforms HOG for all models, while CART provides the fastest inference speed but shows lower predictive performance. Overall, the results indicate that a CNN-based feature extractor combined with a compressed, quantized SVM classifier provides the most practical balance for real-world embedded applications, achieving high accuracy while operating within the strict constraints of the target hardware.

This study examines how municipal information functions for labour migrants who live and work in Finspång. The background is that labour migration has become a clear part of the Swedish labour market, while municipalities are responsible for providing clear and accessible information for people who need to orient themselves in a new social and institutional context. The study is based on the assumption that municipal information should not only be understood as a question of whether information exists, but also to what extent it can be found, understood and used in practice.

The theoretical framework addresses labour migrants’ information needs and barriers, municipal communication as a condition for access to public services, and the functionality of municipal information in terms of accessibility, comprehensibility and practical usability. Based on this framework, three research questions are formulated concerning the target group’s information needs and barriers, how municipal information functions in practice, and what development areas emerge from the analysis.

The study was conducted as a qualitative case study of Finspång Municipality. The empirical material consisted of eight semi-structured interviews with labour migrants who use English or translation as support when encountering municipal information. The interviews were complemented by a practical task in which respondents searched for information in the municipality’s digital material. The material was analysed through thematic analysis, supported by the study’s analytical model.

The results show that the respondents’ information needs mainly concern preschool, school, after-school care, SFI, administrative matters, leisure activities, local information and orientation after moving. The study also shows that the barriers are not only linguistic. The difficulties are also related to unclear division of responsibility, difficult navigation, differences between Swedish and English information, difficulties in finding and using forms, and dependence on informal sources of information.

The analysis shows that municipal information for labour migrants needs to function as both orienting and action-supporting information. Information becomes functional only when the user can find it, understand its meaning in their own situation and use it to move on to action. The study therefore concludes that the development of municipal information should not only focus on more translation, but also on clearer entry points, more complete English pages, clearer process descriptions, better support in forms and more visible next steps.

Autonomous underwater vehicles cannot rely on global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) for positioning and must use onboard sensors to mitigate the drift accumulated by their inertial navigation systems. Terrain-aided navigation addresses this by matching seabed observations against a bathymetry chart, but the quality of the resulting position fix depends strongly on the local terrain. When an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) follows a path through featureless terrain, localization degrades regardless of sensor quality, making path selection a critical factor in navigation performance. This thesis investigates whether information-theoretic path planning can improve terrain-aided navigation (TAN) localization by guiding the vehicle through terrain that is more informative for position estimation. A Fisher information matrix based cost is derived from the Doppler velocity log (DVL) sensor model and combined with travel distance in an A* path planner. The method is evaluated in a simulated environment using a particle filter with a strapdown inertial navigation system (INS) with DVL aiding for localization, and bathymetry data from Lake Vänern, with problem scenarios based on Saab’s AUV62. Results show that the particle filter-based TAN reduces position error relative to unaided INS. Information-theoretic path planning reduces this error further, often with negligible additional path length. Accounting for terrain informativeness during mission planning is therefore a practical and low-cost strategy for improving navigation performance in rudder-steered AUVs equipped with a DVL.

The aim of this study was to investigate how color and contrast in call-to-action (CTA) buttons influence user interaction and perception on landing pages, as well as to explore how UX/UI designers work with color in practice. The study sought to examine whether color alone affects user behavior or whether contextual factors, such as contrast and visual hierarchy, play a more significant role. A mixed-method approach was applied, combining both quantitative and qualitative methods. A survey was conducted with UX/UI professionals to examine how color is used in practice, followed by semi-structured interviews to gain deeper insights into designers’ reasoning regarding color decisions. In addition, an A/B test was carried out using two versions of a fictional landing page, where only the CTA button color differed, in order to measure users’ responses and click intention. The findings indicate that color alone had limited influence on users’ interaction and perception, as the A/B test showed only minor differences between the two versions. Instead, contrast and context appeared to have greater significance in attracting attention and guiding interaction. The interviews further revealed that UX/UI designers rarely rely consciously on color psychology, but instead prioritize accessibility, contrast requirements, design systems, and visual hierarchy in their decision-making. The study concludes that no universal CTA color can be considered most effective. Rather, the effectiveness of color depends on how it interacts with surrounding elements within a specific visual context.

Evaluation and modeling of the Voltage Regulator Module (VRM) in FPGA Power Delivery Networks (PDNs) is a challenging task. With large and rapidly changing load currents in the FPGA, the PDN must ensure that the supply voltage of the FPGA is within its tolerance range. To meet this requirement, a multiphase buck converter used as the VRM in FPGA PDNs is investigated. The output voltage ripple and efficiency are evaluated for different numbers of phases and load currents to mark tradeoffs between them. Furthermore, three lumped equivalent circuit models are investigated and fitted to the measured output impedance of the converter to study their applicability for impedance modeling in PDN design. Finally, non-invasive methods such as load steps and impedance measurements are compared to invasive voltage injection, or Bode measurements, in terms of stability evaluation. The results show that increasing the number of phases improves ripple performance, but reduces efficiency at low loads. Lumped models can represent general impedance behavior, but different models introduce tradeoffs between conservative PDN design and overall curve fitting. Finally, load step testing offers a useful approximation of stability metrics, while the impedance-based stability method is limited to qualitative stability assessment for this converter topology.

This thesis investigates how different material models affect the predicted low-cycle fatigue life of a turbine exhaust component made from heat-resistant austenitic stainless steel. Three material models were evaluated:  perfect plastic (PP), linear kinematic hardening (LKH) and non-linear kinematic hardening (NLKH). The models were calibrated using experimental isothermal low-cycle fatigue data fitted to Ramberg-Osgood curves. The calibration of each material model was performed as a sensitivity study to evaluate how changes in calibration parameters influence the predicted fatigue life. The fatigue life predictions from the different constitutive material models were also compared to evaluate the extent to which the material model formulation affects the results. Fatigue life was predicted using a strain-based method. To ensure reliable results, the fatigue life should be based on a stabilized cyclic response. Therefore, a simulation with multiple cycles was performed to determine how many cycles were required for the response to stabilize.  In addition, the influence of creep was investigated by comparing the fatigue life from simulations performed with and without creep. An additional study was also performed using a Neuber-based method to evaluate how the choice of fatigue assessment method influences the predicted fatigue life.The investigation of cyclic stability showed that a sufficiently stabilized response was reached after two cycles. Therefore, two cycles were used in all subsequent simulations, as this was considered a reasonable balance between reliability and computational efficiency. The sensitivity study showed that the predicted fatigue life is influenced not only by the selected material model, but also by the calibration procedure. Although the different material models identified similar critical regions in the component, the fatigue life differed between the models.Creep had a limited influence on the average fatigue life of the component. This may be because some nodes reached a strain-controlled condition. Since the strain-based method is used, it does not fully capture the effect of stress relaxation during hold time. Therefore, a fatigue assessment method that accounts for stress relaxation effects is recommended for further evaluation. However, evaluating the critical fatigue life, creep had a more pronounced local influence, especially in the bolt-hole regions. The Neuber-based method predicted shorter fatigue life and is inherently more conservative than the strain-based method.Overall, the study shows that the choice and calibration of constitutive material model have a significant influence on fatigue life prediction. To better understand the causes of the observed differences, it is recommended that the calibrated material models be applied to a simpler and more controlled geometry. This would make it possible to better isolate the influence of the material model and evaluate how the results transfer to more complex conditions, such as those present in gas turbine components.

Background: Communication is central to anesthesia care, especially in perioperative situations where information exchange occurs near clinical assessments. In multicultural settings, anesthesia personnel meet patients with limited proficiency in the language of care, which may affect communication. Aim: To explore communication involving language barriers with adult patients in a perioperative context, focusing on anesthesia personnel’s experiences. Method: A systematic literature review was conducted. Searches were performed in PubMed, CINAHL, and Scopus using the SPIDER framework. Eleven studies were included and appraised using SBU assessment tools. Qualitative findings were analyzed through thematic synthesis, while quantitative findings were narratively integrated. Results: Three themes were identified: communication challenges in the perioperative encounter, anesthesia personnel’s strategies for managing language barriers, and organizational conditions in perioperative care. Language barriers affected information exchange and anesthesia personnel’s experiences of patients’ participation. Adaptation of verbal and non-verbal communication, visual aids, and interpreter support were described as recurring ways to facilitate understanding. These strategies were influenced by time constraints, resources, and routines. Access to interpreter support and follow-up of patients’ understanding varied between planned and time-pressured situations. Conclusion: Communication involving language barriers is integral to anesthesia personnel’s work. Adapted communication conditions are important for safe and equitable perioperative care. 

The one-percent-rule serves as a guideline to ensure artistic design in construction projects. At the same time, its application raises questions about how the rule functions in practice.

This study therefore examines how the one-percent-rule for public art is applied and motivated in practice within municipal, regional and state-level organisations. The aim is to gain a better understanding of how the rule is implemented in planning processes, as well as what opportunities and challenges may arise in working with public art. The study has a qualitative approach, using both document analysis and interviews. Three projects in Linköping were studied: Vallastaden, Campus Valla and Linköping Universitetssjukhus.

The results show that the one-percent-rule is an important tool for ensuring that art is included in public environments, although it is applied differently depending on the organization and project. The study also shows that public art is often justified based on its contribution to place identity, people's well-being, and a democratic society. At the same time, challenges related to resources, collaboration and priorities are highlighted.

Through a feminist methodology, guided by conceptual approaches from Critical Disability Studies, Critical Studies in Ableism, and Intersectionality, this thesis asks, “how is disability represented in the current Romanian legislative and policy context?” My aim is to examine representations of disability, gender, and ethnicity in selected paragraphs related to definitions, classification, rehabilitation and employment from the current Law No. 448/2006 on the protection and promotion of the rights of persons with disabilities and the National Strategy for the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: ‘An Equitable Romania’, 2022–2027. With this thesis, I wish to contribute to Romanian scholarship in critical disability studies addressing policies from an intersectional perspective. 

The research is based on empirical materials analysed through a policy as discourse method and the “What’s the ‘problem’ represented to be?” approach with the scope to reflect on how legislation and national strategies produce certain subjects and impact people’s lives through problematisations. The analysis reveals that in relation to disability and work, the latter is presented as a solution to improve individual functional capacity and lower the state's costs for benefits, by mandatory cooperation with authorities for rehabilitation. The intersectional framework reveals that gender equality is an abstract objective in the Strategy, failing to address intersectional experiences and oppressive power structures. Moreover, the analysis shows how the law and the Strategy create discursive, subjectification, and lived effects for people with dis/abilities through various measures such as a “disability certificate,” dividing practices in the proposed quota system, and rehabilitation aimed at solving the “risk of poverty” for the scope of integration on a labour market.

Towbarless aircraft tugs dock by lifting the aircraft by placing the airplanes nose gear in acradle and lifting it up, handing over the control to the tug. This docking procedure requiresa skilled driver, and driver assistance functions are desired to improve the efficiency. Thisthesis investigates the development of a semi-autonomous driver assistance system for thedocking procedure.The proposed perception and navigation pipeline utilizes a ZED X stereo camera withina ROS2 framework. A custom-trained YOLO model is employed to detect and localize thenose gear, while an Iterative Closest Point (ICP) algorithm, combined with bounding boxdata, estimates the yaw angle from the 3D point cloud. For autonomous vehicle control, apath-following navigation system based on Dubins paths and a Pure Pursuit algorithm wasimplemented. The system relies on the camera’s built-in VSLAM for odometry and transmitscontrol signals via a CAN bus interface.Experimental evaluations demonstrate that while the YOLO model successfully localizesthe nose gear, its robustness is highly sensitive to environmental lighting and weather conditions.Furthermore, yaw angle estimation is only accurate at short ranges and narrow approachangles. Consequently, the limited effective range of the stereo camera prevents timelytrajectory corrections, given the tug’s large turning radius. Additionally, the VSLAM systemexhibits significant drift, causing the Pure Pursuit controller to overshoot the target pose.In conclusion, while the developed software architecture and algorithms demonstrateclear potential for autonomous docking, the current hardware limits system reliability. Achievingthe required operational precision necessitates upgrading the sensor suite to support accuratelong-range spatial estimation.