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Argillander, J. (2025). Engineering Resilient Quantum Randomness. (Doctoral dissertation). Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Engineering Resilient Quantum Randomness
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Random numbers are a necessary resource in many fields of computer science and natural sciences. They are used in a wide range of applications, including simulations, statistical sampling, gaming, and cryptography. Traditional randomness in computing is often generated by pseudo-random number generators (PRNGs), which are software algorithms that produce sequences of numbers that appear random but are actually deterministic. If enough of the internal state of the PRNG is known, any future output can be predicted. This is particularly problematic in cryptographic applications, where the security of the system relies on the unpredictability on randomly generated passwords and keys. In cryptography, it is also important that the random numbers are private, meaning that they must not be known by a possible attacker. The concept of privacy is best illustrated by an attack scenario where an adversary has pre-programmed the random number generator to generate a (for the adversary) known sequence. The sequence can then appear to be random, even though it is not private, as information about the sequence exists both with the legitimate user and with the attacker.

Quantum mechanics provides a fundamentally different approach to randomness generation, as it allows us to generate truly random numbers based on the inherent uncertainty when measuring quantum states. Quantum random number generators (QRNGs) exploit the probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics to produce random numbers that are not predictable, regardless of how much knowledge one has about the generator. The theoretical frameworks within quantum mechanics also offer the possibility to implement modern protocols that can certify the generated numbers to be private, ensuring that the QRNGs are secure against potential adversaries.

In this thesis, we present contributions to the field of photonic quantum random number generation, focusing on alternative implementations of measurement-device-independent (MDI) protocols. These protocols aim to eliminate potential vulnerabilities associated with the measurement devices used in QRNGs. We show that fiber-optic interferometers are a suitable platform for preparing quantum states for MDI-QRNGs, and we demonstrate the use of Sagnac interferometers as state preparation devices. We also explore novel platforms such as perovskite light-emitting diodes for quantum information processing tasks.

By combining experimental innovation with modern theoretical frameworks, this thesis presents a series of advancements that push the boundaries of quantum random number generation. It demonstrates that high-quality, certifiable, and private randomness can be generated using accessible and scalable technologies, paving the way for secure crypto-graphic hardware that is resilient to both classical and quantum adversaries.

Abstract [sv]

Slumptal är en nödvändig resurs för många områden inom datavetenskapen och naturvetenskapen. De används för en mängd olika ändamål, såsom simuleringar, statistiska urval, spel och kryptografi. Traditionellt genereras slump i datorer ofta av pseudo-slumptalsgeneratorer (PRNG) vilka är mjukvarualgoritmer som producerar sekvenser av tal som verkar slump-mässiga men som i själva verket är deterministiska. Om tillräckligt mycket av det interna tillståndet i PRNG:n är känt kan framtida utdata förutsägas. Detta är särskilt problematiskt i kryptografiska tillämpningar, där systemets säkerhet är beroende av oförutsägbarheten hos slumpmässigt genererade lösenord och nycklar. Inom kryptografi är det också viktigt att de slumpmässiga talen är privata, vilket innebär att de inte får vara kända av en eventuell angripare. Konceptet privathet illustreras bäst av ett attackscenario där en angripare har förprogrammerat slumptalsgeneratorn att generera en (för angriparen) känd sekvens. Sekvensen kan då verka slumpmässig, även om den inte är privat, eftersom information om sekvensen finns både hos den legitima användaren och hos angriparen.

Kvantmekaniken möjliggör ett fundamentalt annorlunda tillvägagångssätt för generering av slumpmässiga tal, eftersom det baserat på den inneboende osäkerheten i kvantmekaniska mätningar går att generera äkta slumptal. Kvantslumptalsgeneratorer (QRNG) utnyttjar den probabilistiska naturen hos kvantmekanik för att producera slumpmässiga tal som inte är förutsägbara, oavsett hur mycket vetskap man har om generatorn. De teoretiska ramverken inom kvantmekaniken ger också möjligheten att implementera moderna protokoll som kan certifiera att de genererade talen är privata, vilket säkerställer att QRNG:n är säker mot potentiella angripare.

I denna avhandling presenterar vi bidrag till området fotoniska kvantslumptalsgeneratorer, med fokus på alternativa implementeringar av measurement-device-independent-protokoll (MDI-protokoll). Dessa protokoll syftar till att eliminera potentiella sårbarheter som är förknippade med mätapparaten som används i QRNG:n. Vi visar att fiberoptiska interferometrar är en lämplig plattform för att bereda kvanttillstånd för MDI-QRNG:er, och vi demonstrerar användandet av Sagnac-interferometrar som tillståndsberedningsenheter. Vi utforskar också nya plattformar såsom perovskitlysdioder för att utföra behandling av kvantinformation.

Genom att kombinera experimentell innovation med moderna teoretiska metoder presenterar denna avhandling en serie framsteg som utmanar gränserna för kvantslumptalsgenerering. Avhandlingen visar att högkvalitativ, certifierbar och privat slump kan genereras med hjälp av tillgänglig och skalbar teknik, vilket banar väg för säker kryptografisk hårdvara som är motståndskraftig mot såväl klassiska angrepp som kvantangripare.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2025. p. 154
Series
Linköping Studies in Science and Technology. Dissertations, ISSN 0345-7524 ; 2468
National Category
Condensed Matter Physics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-216271 (URN)10.3384/9789181182057 (DOI)9789181182040 (ISBN)9789181182057 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-09-19, Ada Lovelace, B-building, Campus Valla, Linköping, 13:15 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2025-08-11 Created: 2025-08-11 Last updated: 2025-08-11Bibliographically approved
Argillander, J., Spegel-Lexne, D., Clason, M. & Xavier, G. B. (2025). Quantum Random Number Generator With Spatially Encoded Photonic Qutrits. In: CLEO 2025: . Paper presented at CLEO: Applications and Technology 2025, Long Beach, California United States, 4–9 May 2025. , Article ID JPS200_138.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Quantum Random Number Generator With Spatially Encoded Photonic Qutrits
2025 (English)In: CLEO 2025, 2025, article id JPS200_138Conference paper, Published paper (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

By employing the transverse spatial degree-of-freedom of a single photon we demonstrate a quantum random number generator based on high-dimensional qutrits on few-mode fibers towards future implementations of measurement device-independent protocols for improved security.

National Category
Other Physics Topics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-222702 (URN)10.1364/cleo_at.2025.jps200_138 (DOI)2-s2.0-105033555960 (Scopus ID)9781957171500 (ISBN)
Conference
CLEO: Applications and Technology 2025, Long Beach, California United States, 4–9 May 2025
Available from: 2026-04-09 Created: 2026-04-09 Last updated: 2026-06-12
Spegel-Lexne, D., Pereira, J. M., Alarcón, A., Argillander, J., Clason, M., Claesson, Å., . . . Xavier, G. B. (2025). Storage Buffer of Polarization Quantum States Based on a Poled-Fiber Phase Modulator. In: CLEO 2025: . Paper presented at CLEO: Fundamental Science 2025, Long Beach, California United States, 4–9 May 2025. Optica Publishing Group, Article ID FF115_4.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Storage Buffer of Polarization Quantum States Based on a Poled-Fiber Phase Modulator
Show others...
2025 (English)In: CLEO 2025, Optica Publishing Group, 2025, article id FF115_4Conference paper, Published paper (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Dynamic storage of qubits is crucial for quantum communication networks. Here we present an adjustable buffer capable of storing photonic polarization quantum states in a fiber loop controllable by a poled fiber modulator.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Optica Publishing Group, 2025
National Category
Atom and Molecular Physics and Optics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-222700 (URN)10.1364/cleo_fs.2025.ff115_4 (DOI)2-s2.0-105033537566 (Scopus ID)9781957171500 (ISBN)
Conference
CLEO: Fundamental Science 2025, Long Beach, California United States, 4–9 May 2025
Available from: 2026-04-09 Created: 2026-04-09 Last updated: 2026-06-12
Clason, M., Argillander, J., Spegel-Lexne, D. & Xavier, G. B. (2025). Visibility of a 220 km Long Deployed Optical Fiber Sagnac Interferometer. In: CLEO 2025: . Paper presented at CLEO: Fundamental Science 2025, Long Beach, California United States, 4–9 May 2025. Optica Publishing Group, Article ID FF114_6.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Visibility of a 220 km Long Deployed Optical Fiber Sagnac Interferometer
2025 (English)In: CLEO 2025, Optica Publishing Group, 2025, article id FF114_6Conference paper, Published paper (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

We demonstrate interference of weak coherent states with a visibility of up to 91.8% in a Sagnac interferometer over 219.4 km of deployed fiber, pointing to practical deployment of multi-user twin-field quantum key distribution.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Optica Publishing Group, 2025
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-222701 (URN)10.1364/cleo_fs.2025.ff114_6 (DOI)2-s2.0-105033582489 (Scopus ID)9781957171500 (ISBN)
Conference
CLEO: Fundamental Science 2025, Long Beach, California United States, 4–9 May 2025
Available from: 2026-04-09 Created: 2026-04-09 Last updated: 2026-04-09
Argillander, J., Alarcon, A. & Xavier, G. B. (2022). A tunable quantum random number generator based on a fiber-optical Sagnac interferometer. Journal of Optics, 24(6), Article ID 064010.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A tunable quantum random number generator based on a fiber-optical Sagnac interferometer
2022 (English)In: Journal of Optics, ISSN 2040-8978, E-ISSN 2040-8986, Vol. 24, no 6, article id 064010Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Quantum random number generators (QRNGs) are based on naturally random measurementresults performed on individual quantum systems. Here, we demonstrate a branching-pathphotonic QRNG implemented using a Sagnac interferometer with a tunable splitting ratio. Thefine-tuning of the splitting ratio allows us to maximize the entropy of the generated sequence ofrandom numbers and effectively compensate for tolerances in the components. By producingsingle-photons from attenuated telecom laser pulses, and employing commercially-availablecomponents we are able to generate a sequence of more than 2 gigabytes of random numberswith an average entropy of 7.99 bits/byte directly from the raw measured data. Furthermore, oursequence passes randomness tests from both the NIST and Dieharder statistical test suites, thuscertifying its randomness. Our scheme shows an alternative design of QRNGs based on thedynamic adjustment of the uniformity of the produced random sequence, which is relevant forthe construction of modern generators that rely on independent real-time testing of itsperformance.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Bristol, United Kingdom: Institute of Physics Publishing (IOPP), 2022
Keywords
quantum random number generation, tunable beamsplitter, fiber-optic Sagnac interferometer
National Category
Atom and Molecular Physics and Optics Probability Theory and Statistics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-184813 (URN)10.1088/2040-8986/ac68f4 (DOI)000791571600001 ()
Note

Funding: CENIIT Linkoping University; Swedish Research Council [VR 2017-04470]; QuantERA grant SECRET [VR 2019-00392]; Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation through the Wallenberg Center for Quantum Technology (WACQT)

Available from: 2022-05-06 Created: 2022-05-06 Last updated: 2025-08-11Bibliographically approved
Argillander, J., Alarcon, A. & Xavier, G. B. (2022). All-fiber Dynamically Tunable Beamsplitter for Quantum Random Number Generators. In: Optica Publishing Group (Ed.), Latin America Optics and Photonics Conference: . Paper presented at Latin America Optics and Photonics Conference, Recife, Brazil, 7–11 August 2022. Optica Publishing Group
Open this publication in new window or tab >>All-fiber Dynamically Tunable Beamsplitter for Quantum Random Number Generators
2022 (English)In: Latin America Optics and Photonics Conference / [ed] Optica Publishing Group, Optica Publishing Group , 2022Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

In this work we demonstrate an all-fiber dynamically tunable beamsplitter based on a Sagnac interferometer capable of realizing measurement-device independent protocols for certifying the privacy of the generated sequence.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Optica Publishing Group, 2022
National Category
Atom and Molecular Physics and Optics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-190866 (URN)10.1364/LAOP.2022.Th1A.2 (DOI)9781957171135 (ISBN)
Conference
Latin America Optics and Photonics Conference, Recife, Brazil, 7–11 August 2022
Funder
Swedish Research Council, 2017-04470Knut and Alice Wallenberg FoundationSwedish Research Council, 2019-00392
Note

J. Argillander, A. Alarcón, and G. B. Xavier, "All-fiber Dynamically Tunable Beamsplitter for Quantum Random Number Generators," in Latin America Optics and Photonics (LAOP) Conference 2022, Technical Digest Series (Optica Publishing Group, 2022), paper Th1A.2.

Available from: 2023-01-03 Created: 2023-01-03 Last updated: 2025-08-11Bibliographically approved
Alarcon, A., Argillander, J., Spegel-Lexne, D. & Xavier, G. B. (2022). Quantum Random Number Generation Based on Spatial Modal Superposition over Few-Mode-Fibers. In: Frontiers in Optics + Laser Science 2022 (FIO, LS): . Paper presented at Frontiers in Optics + Laser Science 2022 (FIO, LS), Technical Digest Series, Rochester, New York. Optica Publishing Group
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Quantum Random Number Generation Based on Spatial Modal Superposition over Few-Mode-Fibers
2022 (English)In: Frontiers in Optics + Laser Science 2022 (FIO, LS), Optica Publishing Group , 2022Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

A quantum random number generator based on few-mode fiber technology is presented. The randomness originates from measurements of spatial modal quantum superpositions of the LP11a and LP11b modes. The generated sequences have passed NIST tests.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Optica Publishing Group, 2022
Series
Frontiers in Optics + Laser Science 2022 (FIO, LS)
Keywords
Few mode fibers, Optical fibers, Random number generation, Single mode fibers, Single photon detectors, Variable optical attenuators
National Category
Atom and Molecular Physics and Optics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-197797 (URN)10.1364/FIO.2022.JTu5A.28 (DOI)978-1-957171-17-3 (ISBN)
Conference
Frontiers in Optics + Laser Science 2022 (FIO, LS), Technical Digest Series, Rochester, New York
Available from: 2023-09-14 Created: 2023-09-14 Last updated: 2024-01-10Bibliographically approved
Alarcon, A., Argillander, J. & Xavier, G. B. (2021). Creating Spatial States of Light for Quantum Information with Photonic Lanterns. In: G. Miller, A. Smith, I. Capraro, and J. Majors (Ed.), Applied Industrial Optics 2021: . Paper presented at Applied Industrial Optics: Spectroscopy, Imaging and Metrology 2021, Washington, DC, United States, 26–28 July 2021. Optical Society of America, Article ID W2A.2.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Creating Spatial States of Light for Quantum Information with Photonic Lanterns
2021 (English)In: Applied Industrial Optics 2021 / [ed] G. Miller, A. Smith, I. Capraro, and J. Majors, Optical Society of America, 2021, article id W2A.2Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

We demonstrate an all-fiber platform for the generation and detection of spatial photonic states where combinations of LP01, LP11a and LP11b modes are used. This scheme can be employed for quantum communication applications.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Optical Society of America, 2021
Series
OSA Technical Digest, E-ISSN 2162-2701
Keywords
Few mode fibers, Quantum communications, Quantum cryptography, Quantum information, Space division multiplexing, Spatial light modulators
National Category
Atom and Molecular Physics and Optics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-184462 (URN)10.1364/AIO.2021.W2A.2 (DOI)9781943580934 (ISBN)
Conference
Applied Industrial Optics: Spectroscopy, Imaging and Metrology 2021, Washington, DC, United States, 26–28 July 2021
Available from: 2022-04-22 Created: 2022-04-22 Last updated: 2025-10-23Bibliographically approved
Organisations
Identifiers
ORCID iD: ORCID iD iconorcid.org/0000-0002-8734-2833

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