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Farah, H., Postigo, I., Reddy, N., Dong, Y., Rydergren, C., Raju, N. & Olstam, J. (2023). Modeling Automated Driving in Microscopic Traffic Simulations for Traffic Performance Evaluations: Aspects to Consider and State of the Practice. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 24(6), 6558-6574
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Modeling Automated Driving in Microscopic Traffic Simulations for Traffic Performance Evaluations: Aspects to Consider and State of the Practice
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2023 (English)In: IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, ISSN 1524-9050, E-ISSN 1558-0016, Vol. 24, no 6, p. 6558-6574Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The gradual deployment of automated vehicles on the existing road network will lead to a long transition period in which vehicles at different driving automation levels and capabilities will share the road with human driven vehicles, resulting into what is known as mixed traffic. Whether our road infrastructure is ready to safely and efficiently accommodate this mixed traffic remains a knowledge gap. Microscopic traffic simulation provides a proactive approach for assessing these implications. However, differences in assumptions regarding modeling automated driving in current simulation studies, and the use of different terminology make it difficult to compare the results of these studies. Therefore, the aim of this study is to specify the aspects to consider for modeling automated driving in microscopic traffic simulations using harmonized concepts, to investigate how both empirical studies and microscopic traffic simulation studies on automated driving have considered the proposed aspects, and to identify the state of the practice and the research needs to further improve the modeling of automated driving. Six important aspects were identified: the role of authorities, the role of users, the vehicle system, the perception of surroundings based on the vehicle’s sensors, the vehicle connectivity features, and the role of the infrastructure both physical and digital. The research gaps and research directions in relation to these aspects are identified and proposed, these might bring great benefits for the development of more accurate and realistic modeling of automated driving in microscopic traffic simulations.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
IEEE, 2023
National Category
Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-188017 (URN)10.1109/tits.2022.3200176 (DOI)000849228700001 ()
Note

Funding agencies: Applied and Technical Sciences (TTW), a subdomain of the Dutch Institute for Scientific Research (NWO) through the Project Safe and Efficient Operation of Automated and Human-Driven Vehicles in Mixed Traffic (SAMEN) (Grant Number: 17187)Swedish Transport Administration (Trafikverket) through the Project Simulation and Modeling of Automated Road Transport (SMART) (Grant Number: TRV 2019/27044)

Available from: 2022-09-01 Created: 2022-09-01 Last updated: 2025-08-28Bibliographically approved
Perez Castro, G., Johansson, F. & Olstam, J. (2022). How to Model the Effect of Gradient on Bicycle Traffic in Microscopic Traffic Simulation. Transportation Research Record, 2676(11), 609-620, Article ID 03611981221094300.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>How to Model the Effect of Gradient on Bicycle Traffic in Microscopic Traffic Simulation
2022 (English)In: Transportation Research Record, ISSN 0361-1981, E-ISSN 2169-4052, Vol. 2676, no 11, p. 609-620, article id 03611981221094300Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Microscopic traffic simulation is a useful tool for the planning of motorized traffic, yet bicycle traffic still lacks this type of modeling support. Nonetheless, certain microscopic traffic simulators, such as Vissim, model bicycle traffic by applying models originally designed for car traffic. The gradient of a bicycle path has a significant impact on the speed of cyclists; therefore, this impact should be captured in microscopic traffic simulation. We investigate two calibration approaches to reproduce the effect of gradient on the speed of cyclists using the default driver behavioral model in Vissim. The first approach is to modify the simulated gradient to represent different values of the gradient-acceleration parameter: a fixed value that represents a decrease in the maximum acceleration that cyclists can apply on an uphill. The second approach is to adjust the maximum-acceleration function. We evaluate both approaches by applying a Vissim model of a bidirectional bicycle path with a 3% gradient in Stockholm. The results show that the current default implementation in the Vissim model underestimates the effect of gradient on speed. Moreover, the gradient-acceleration parameter does not directly reduce the maximum acceleration of all cyclists, but only of those cyclists riding above a certain speed. We conclude that by using a higher gradient-acceleration value than the default, we accurately estimate the observed mean speed on the uphill. However, neither of the investigated calibration approaches provides accurate estimates of the speed distributions. We emphasize the need for developing more accurate behavioral models designed for cyclists.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Sage Publications Inc, 2022
Keywords
bicycle traffic and behavior; bicycle infrastructure design; gradient; speed; calibration; microscopic traffic simulation; Vissim
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-186509 (URN)10.1177/03611981221094300 (DOI)000810319600001 ()
Note

Funding Agencies|Swedish Transport Administration (Trafikverket) via Centre for Traffic Research (CTR) [TRV 2019/84465]

Available from: 2022-06-29 Created: 2022-06-29 Last updated: 2026-02-11Bibliographically approved
Tsanakas, N., Ekström, J., Gundlegård, D., Olstam, J. & Rydergren, C. (2021). Data-driven network loading. Transportmetrica B: Transport Dynamics, 9(1), 237-265
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Data-driven network loading
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2021 (English)In: Transportmetrica B: Transport Dynamics, ISSN 2168-0566, Vol. 9, no 1, p. 237-265Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Dynamic Network Loading (DNL) models are typically formulated as a system of differential equations where travel times, densities or any other variable that indicates congestion is endogenous. However, such endogeneities increase the complexity of the Dynamic Traffic Assignment (DTA) problem due to the interdependence of DNL, route choice and demand. In this paper, attempting to exploit the growing accessibility of traffic-related data, we suggest that congestion can be instead captured by exogenous variables, such as travel time observations. We propagate the traffic flow based on an exogenous travel time function, which has a piece-wise linear form. Given piece-wise stationary route flows, the piece-wise linear form of the travel time function allows us to use an efficient event-based modelling structure. Our Data-Driven Network Loading (DDNL) approach is developed in accordance with the theoretical DNL framework ensuring vehicle conservation and FIFO. The first simulation experiment-based results are encouraging, indicating that the DDNL can contribute to improving the efficiency of applications where the monitoring of historical network-wide flows is required. Abbreviations: DDNL - Data Driven Network Loading; DNL - Dynamic Network Loading; DTA - Dynamic Traffic Assignment; ITS - Intelligent Transportation Systems; OD - Origin Destination; TTF - Travel Time Function; LTT - Linear Travel Time; DL - Demand level

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, 2021
Keywords
Data-driven assignment; network loading; network-wide flows
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-173416 (URN)10.1080/21680566.2020.1847213 (DOI)000613805600001 ()2-s2.0-85096166222 (Scopus ID)
Note

Funding Agencies|Swedish Energy AgencySwedish Energy Agency [46963-1]

Available from: 2021-02-20 Created: 2021-02-20 Last updated: 2025-08-26Bibliographically approved
Ekström, J., Ericsson, E., Olstam, J. & Persson, A. (2021). Metodik för beräkning av emissioner baserat på trafikdata från dynamiska trafikmodeller och trafikmätningar. Norrköping: Trafikverket
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Metodik för beräkning av emissioner baserat på trafikdata från dynamiska trafikmodeller och trafikmätningar
2021 (Swedish)Report (Other academic)
Abstract [sv]

Dynamiska trafikmodeller förväntas i större utsträckning komplettera och på sikt helt eller delvis ersätta statiska trafikmodeller. Samtidigt blir trafikmätningar mer och mer tillgängliga, och utifrån dessa kan tidsvarierade estimeringar av flöden och hastighet över större områden tas fram. I Sverige används idag HBEFA för estimering av emissioner. HBEFA är en EU-gemensam modell som används i flera europeiska länder för beräkning av luftföroreningar och bränsleförbrukning. Detta projekt syftar till att ta fram en metod för tillämpning av HBEFA på trafikdata från mätningar och dynamiska trafikmodeller på ett sätt som är konsistent med den tillämpning av HBEFA som idag sker med statisk trafikdata. Projektet fokuserar främst på tillämpningar där lokala emissioner från vägtrafik är av intresse. Exempel på sådana tillämpningar är uppföljning, estimering och prediktering av luftkvalitet. Men även analys av förändring av utsläpp från vägtrafiken över tid, samt före/efter studier vid förändringar av trafikinfrastrukturen. Detta kräver att den tillämpade beräkningsmetodiken för utsläpp anpassas för att kunna dra nytta av den rikare information som dynamisk trafikdata innehåller.I HBEFA är skattning av trafiktillstånd centralt för estimering av emissioner. I denna studie har vi studerat och jämfört tre olika sätt att definiera trafiktillståndet i HBEFAstrafiksituationer nämligen baserat på: flöde (det som används i nuläget), hastighet och densitet. Flödesbaserade definitioner har en inbyggd begränsning i att de inte entydigt kan beskriva trafiksituationen, då lågt flöde kan innebära både låg trängsel och hög trängsel, beroende på hastighet. Detta är inget problem i nuvarande tillämpning av HBEFA med statisk trafikdata, då en förenklad beskrivning av det överbelastade fallet görs, som tillåter flöden över kapaciteten, men som då representerar en efterfrågan snarare än flöde. Undersökningarna i denna studieindikerar att en hastighetsbaserad definition av trafiktillstånd inte är att föredra då hastigheten kan variera relativt mycket mellan olika fordon och över en sträcka vid liknande flödes- och densitetsförhållanden. Hastighetsbaserade gränser mellan trafiktillstånd blir främst problematiskt vid tillämpning på mätdata. Vid hastighetsbaserade gränser blir varje fordonspassage med låg hastighet automatiskt klassade i ett trafiktillstånd som innebär trängsel. Densitet är ett mer stabilt mått vid liknande trafikförhållanden och kan sägas bättre definiera graden av trängsel i trafikteoretisk mening. En densitetsbaserad definition kan entydigt bestämma samtliga trafiktillstånd, till skillnad från en flödesbaserad definition som endast kan bestämma icke överbelastade trafiktillstånd entydigt. För de icke överbelastade trafiktillstånden (dvs. 1 och 2) har vi också kunnat visa att en densitetsbaserad definition ger ungefär samma fördelning av trafikarbete mellan trafiktillstånden.För totala emissioner är skillnaden mellan skattade emissioner med nuvarande flödesbaserade definitioner av trafiktillstånd och utvärderad densitetsbaserade definitioner av trafiktillstånd oftast liten. Dock är den densitetsbaserade versionen bättre på att fånga hur emissionerna varierar i tid och rum.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Norrköping: Trafikverket, 2021. p. 47
Keywords
Dynamiska trafikmodeller; Emissioner
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-190722 (URN)
Funder
Swedish Transport Administration
Available from: 2022-12-22 Created: 2022-12-22 Last updated: 2023-04-28Bibliographically approved
Tsanakas, N., Ekström, J. & Olstam, J. (2019). Traffic emission estimation based on quasi-dynamic network loading. In: : . Paper presented at hEART 2019: 8th Symposium of the European Association for Research in Transportation, Budapest, September 4-6, 2019.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Traffic emission estimation based on quasi-dynamic network loading
2019 (English)Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-175739 (URN)
Conference
hEART 2019: 8th Symposium of the European Association for Research in Transportation, Budapest, September 4-6, 2019
Available from: 2021-05-17 Created: 2021-05-17 Last updated: 2021-05-17Bibliographically approved
Gyergyay, B., Gomari, S., Olstam, J., Johansson, F., Friedrich, M., Sonnleitner, J., . . . Backhaus, W. (2018). Automation-ready framework for urban transport planning. In: Proceedings of 7th Transport Research Arena TRA 2018, April 16-19, 2018, Vienna, Austria, 2018: . Paper presented at TRA 2018. A Digital era for transport : solutions for society, economy and environment,April 16-19, 2018, Vienna, Austria.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Automation-ready framework for urban transport planning
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2018 (English)In: Proceedings of 7th Transport Research Arena TRA 2018, April 16-19, 2018, Vienna, Austria, 2018, 2018Conference paper, Published paper (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The mission of the H2020 CoEXist project is to enable mobility stakeholders to get “Automation-ready” – which CoEXist currently defines as conducting transport and infrastructure planning for connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) in the same comprehensive manner as for existing modes such as conventional vehicles, public transport, pedestrians, and cyclists, while ensuring continued support for existing modes on the same network. This definition will be fine-tuned through stakeholder engagement processes. The H2020 CoEXist project started in May 2017 and will run until April 2020. This paper introduces this project and covers its progress until January 2018, with a focus on the methodology of the “Automation-ready framework” that provides a planning framework for urban road authorities to prepare for the introduction of CAVs on the road network. The framework includes elements about strategic urban mobility planning for CAVs and a clear guide for urban transport planners with a list of concrete actions that cities can do now to plan for CAVs on their road network

Keywords
Transition to Automation, Transport Modelling & Simulation, Use Cases, Education / Training / Skills for Future Transport Technologies, Transport Systems and Logistics, Transportteknik och logistik
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-148199 (URN)
Conference
TRA 2018. A Digital era for transport : solutions for society, economy and environment,April 16-19, 2018, Vienna, Austria
Note

2018-06-01T16:04:39.378+02:00

Available from: 2018-06-01 Created: 2018-06-01 Last updated: 2018-10-24Bibliographically approved
Jonkers, E., Nellthorp, J., Wilmink, I. & Olstam, J. (2018). Evaluation of eco-driving systems: A European analysis with scenarios and micro simulation. Case Studies on Transport Policy, 6(4), 629-637
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Evaluation of eco-driving systems: A European analysis with scenarios and micro simulation
2018 (English)In: Case Studies on Transport Policy, ISSN 2213-624X, E-ISSN 2213-6258, Vol. 6, no 4, p. 629-637Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

In recent years, various field operational tests (FOTs) have been carried out in the EU to measure the real-world impacts of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS). A challenge arising from these FOTs is to scale up from the very localised effects measured in the tests to a much wider set of socio-economic impacts, for the purposes of policy evaluation. This can involve: projecting future take-up of the systems; scaling up to a wider geographical area – in some cases the whole EU; and estimating a range of economic, social and environmental impacts into the future. This article describes the evaluation conducted in the European project ‘ecoDriver’, which developed and tested a range of driver support systems for cars and commercial vehicles. The systems aimed to reduce CO2 emissions and energy consumption by encouraging the adoption of green driving behaviour. A novel approach to evaluation was adopted, which used scenario-building and micro-simulation to help scale up the results from field tests to the EU-28 level over a 20 year period, leading to a cost-benefit analysis (CBA) from both a societal and a stakeholder perspective. This article describes the method developed and used for the evaluation, and the main results for eco-driving systems, focusing on novel aspects, lessons learned and implications for policy and research. © 2018 World Conference on Transport Research Society

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier Ltd, 2018
Keywords
Cost-benefit analysis, Eco-driving, Methodology, Scaling up, Scenarios
National Category
Energy Systems
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-150793 (URN)10.1016/j.cstp.2018.08.001 (DOI)2-s2.0-85051383948 (Scopus ID)
Note

Funding details: 288611, FP7, Seventh Framework Programme; Funding details: FP7-ICT-2011-7, FP7, Seventh Framework Programme; Funding details: EC, European Commission; Funding text: This research was part of the ecoDriver project which was supported by funding of the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7-ICT-2011-7) under grant agreement no. 288611 . The authors gratefully acknowledge the European Commission for their funding. 

Available from: 2018-08-31 Created: 2018-08-31 Last updated: 2024-08-22
Bernhardsson, V. & Olstam, J. (2017). Effektiva omkörningsfält på 2+1-vägar: trafiksimuleringar av olika utformningsalternativ ur ett framkomlighetsperspektiv. Linköping: Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Effektiva omkörningsfält på 2+1-vägar: trafiksimuleringar av olika utformningsalternativ ur ett framkomlighetsperspektiv
2017 (Swedish)Report (Other academic)
Alternative title[en]
Effective overtaking lanes on 2+1 roads : a traffic simulation study of different configurations of 2+1 roads from a traffic performance perspective
Abstract [sv]

Framkomligheten på mötesseparerade vägar med växelvis omkörningsfält (så kallade 2+1-vägar) beror på hur stor del av vägens sträckning som har omkörningsfält, vilket brukar benämnas som andelen omkörbar längd. För att utnyttja vägen på ett effektivt sätt bör utformningen och lokaliseringen av omkörningsfälten upprättas för att i största möjliga mån undvika onödig köbildning och fördröjning. Olika utformningsalternativ för omkörningsfälten har olika fördelar. Kortare omkörningsfält innebär begränsade tidsfönster för köavveckling, men medför samtidigt snabba upprepningar av omkörningstillfällen. Längre omkörningssträckor innebär bättre möjlighet till omkörning av flera fordon vid ett och samma tillfälle, men medför samtidigt ökade enfältslängder vilket ökar risken för upphinnanden.

Denna rapport presenterar en trafiksimuleringsstudie av hur olika längder för omkörningsfälten påverkar framkomligheten. Resultaten från simuleringsstudien indikerar att omkörningsfält med längder mellan 1 050 och 1 400 meter innebär kortast restid. Skillnaderna är dock små (~0,4 sekunder per kilometer) och dessutom inte statistiskt signifikanta. Nyttan med att utforma 2+1-vägar med optimala längder för omkörningsfälten för att maximera framkomlighet kan således ifrågasättas. Baserat på resultaten är det dock rimligt att ifrågasätta konceptet med att bygga mycket långa omkörningsfält (som den nuvarande rekommendationen i Trafikverkets riktlinjer för vägars- och gators utformning (VGU) till viss del antyder). Det är tydligt att risken för upphinnanden på enfältssträckorna är mycket stora, vilket påverkar den totala restiden.

.

Abstract [en]

The traffic performance at oncoming lane separated highways with alternating dedicated overtaking lanes (so called 2+1 roads), is dependent on the share of two lane segments (also known as the share of overtaking length). In order to maximize utilization and traffic performance, the configuration of the overtaking lanes should be designed to avoid congestion and delays. Short overtaking lanes implies limited time of queue discharge, but gives frequently recurring possibilities to overtake. Increased lengths of overtaking lanes imply the possibility to overtake several vehicles per overtaking lane, but increases the risk of catching up slower vehicles since the configuration also results in increased lengths of one lane segments.

This report presents a traffic simulation study of how different configurations affects the throughput at 2+1 roads. The results indicate that overtaking lanes between 1 050 and 1 400 meters result in shortest travel time. However, the differences are small (~0.4 seconds/km) and not statistically significant. Thus, the benefit of optimizing the configuration in terms of throughput could be questioned. Based on the results, it becomes reasonable to question the concept of designing 2+1 roads with long overtaking lengths (which corresponds to the recommendations from the Swedish Transport Administration (Trafikverket)). The major risk of catching up a slower vehicle at the one lane segments obviously affects the travel time.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, 2017. p. 49
Series
VTI rapport, ISSN 0347-6030 ; 941
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-148194 (URN)
Note

941; 2017-09-14T16:35:13.909+02:00

Available from: 2018-06-01 Created: 2018-06-01 Last updated: 2018-06-04Bibliographically approved
Tsanakas, N., Ekström, J. & Olstam, J. (2017). Emission estimation based on cross-sectional traffic data. In: Prceedings of TAP 2017 22nd International Transportation and Air Pollution Conference: . Paper presented at 22nd International Transportation and Air Pollution Conference, Zürich, Switzerland, 15-16 November 2017 (pp. 1-15). EMPA
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Emission estimation based on cross-sectional traffic data
2017 (English)In: Prceedings of TAP 2017 22nd International Transportation and Air Pollution Conference, EMPA , 2017, p. 1-15Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

The continuous traffic growth has led to highly congested cities, with negative environmental effects, both related to air quality and climate change. According to the European Environment Agency, transportation remains a significant contributor to the total emissions of the main air pollutants, (EEA, 2016). Specifically, Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), Carbon Oxide (CO) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) make up 32%, 23% and 8% of the total emissions, respectively. This vigorous impact of vehicular emissions to the urban environmental air quality, raises concerns over the impact of traffic on human health. Therefore, the effective implementation of emission reducing policies, such as traffic control measures or congestion pricing, becomes crucial for many European cities in order to meet the air quality standards and mitigate the human exposure to pollution. To quantify the environmental effects of these measures and demonstrate their effectiveness, a reliable estimation of pollutants concentrations through emission and dispersion modelling is needed....

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
EMPA, 2017
National Category
Civil Engineering Transport Systems and Logistics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-147873 (URN)
Conference
22nd International Transportation and Air Pollution Conference, Zürich, Switzerland, 15-16 November 2017
Projects
Förbättrad prognos av energianvändning och emissioner vid styrmedelsanalys i vägtrafiken
Funder
Swedish Energy Agency, 38921-1
Available from: 2018-05-17 Created: 2018-05-17 Last updated: 2019-05-10Bibliographically approved
Olstam, J. & Bernhardsson, V. (2017). Hastighetsflödessamband för svenska typvägar: Förslag till reviderade samband baserat på trafikmätningar från 2012–2015. Linköping: Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Hastighetsflödessamband för svenska typvägar: Förslag till reviderade samband baserat på trafikmätningar från 2012–2015
2017 (Swedish)Report (Other academic)
Abstract [sv]

Hastighetsflödessamband är en viktig del i Trafikverkets modell för bedömning av Effekter vid väganalyser (EVA). I denna rapport presenteras förslag till nya hastighetsflödessamband för motorvägar, fyrfältsvägar, mötesfria motortrafikleder, mötesfria landsvägar samt tvåfältiga landsvägar. Förslagen baseras på data från mätningar med Trafikverkets trafikmätningssystem (TMS) samt kompletterande modellberäkningar. För varje vägkategori har TMS-datamaterialet kvalitetssäkrats, bearbetats och analyserats. Datamaterialet presenteras i form av hastighetsflödesdiagram för personbilar, bussar och lastbilar utan släp samt lastbilar med släp. För varje typsektion har sedan en jämförelse av nuvarande samband och mätdata genomförts. Vid behov har förslag till revidering av nuvarande samband tagits fram. De mest signifikanta förändringarna jämfört med föregående revidering från 2013 är: medelfrihastigheten för lastbilar utan släp har generellt sett ökat på samtliga vägtyper utom tvåfältsvägar där hastigheten minskat; medelfrihastigheten för lastbilar med släp har generellt sett minskat; hastigheten på tvåfältsvägar har generellt sett minskat.

Abstract [en]

Speed-flow relationships are an important part of the Swedish Transport Administration (Trafikverket) model for evaluation of effects of road facilities (the EVA model). This report present suggestions for new speed-flow relationships for motorways (MV), low standard motorways (4F), oncoming lane separated highways with grade separated intersections (MML), oncoming separated highways with at grade intersections (MLV), and two-lane highways. The suggestions are based on data from measurements using the Swedish Transport Administration’s traffic measurement system TMS in combination with model calculations. The TMS data have, for each road category, been quality checked, processed and analysed. The data material is presented as speed-flow diagrams for passenger cars, buses and trucks without trailer, and trucks with trailers. A comparison of the current speed-flow relationships and the TMS-measurements was then conducted for each road category, and if needed a suggestion for a revision was presented. The most significant changes from last revision from 2013 are: average free flow speed for trucks without trailer have in general increased for all road types except two lane highways for which the speed has decreased; average free flow speed for trucks with trailers have in general decreased; and the average speed on two lane highways have in general decreased

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut, 2017. p. 162
Series
VTI rapport, ISSN 0347-6030 ; 938
Keywords
Infrastructure Engineering, Infrastrukturteknik
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-148195 (URN)
Note

938; 2017-07-03T15:03:59.556+02:00

Available from: 2018-06-01 Created: 2018-06-01 Last updated: 2018-06-04Bibliographically approved
Organisations
Identifiers
ORCID iD: ORCID iD iconorcid.org/0000-0002-0336-6943

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