liu.seSearch for publications in DiVA
Change search
Link to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Publications (10 of 35) Show all publications
Tsanakas, N., Ekström, J., Gundlegård, D., Olstam, J. & Rydergren, C. (2021). Data-driven network loading. Transportmetrica B: Transport Dynamics, 9(1), 237-265
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Data-driven network loading
Show others...
2021 (English)In: Transportmetrica B: Transport Dynamics, ISSN 2168-0566, Vol. 9, no 1, p. 237-265Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Dynamic Network Loading (DNL) models are typically formulated as a system of differential equations where travel times, densities or any other variable that indicates congestion is endogenous. However, such endogeneities increase the complexity of the Dynamic Traffic Assignment (DTA) problem due to the interdependence of DNL, route choice and demand. In this paper, attempting to exploit the growing accessibility of traffic-related data, we suggest that congestion can be instead captured by exogenous variables, such as travel time observations. We propagate the traffic flow based on an exogenous travel time function, which has a piece-wise linear form. Given piece-wise stationary route flows, the piece-wise linear form of the travel time function allows us to use an efficient event-based modelling structure. Our Data-Driven Network Loading (DDNL) approach is developed in accordance with the theoretical DNL framework ensuring vehicle conservation and FIFO. The first simulation experiment-based results are encouraging, indicating that the DDNL can contribute to improving the efficiency of applications where the monitoring of historical network-wide flows is required. Abbreviations: DDNL - Data Driven Network Loading; DNL - Dynamic Network Loading; DTA - Dynamic Traffic Assignment; ITS - Intelligent Transportation Systems; OD - Origin Destination; TTF - Travel Time Function; LTT - Linear Travel Time; DL - Demand level

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, 2021
Keywords
Data-driven assignment; network loading; network-wide flows
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-173416 (URN)10.1080/21680566.2020.1847213 (DOI)000613805600001 ()2-s2.0-85096166222 (Scopus ID)
Note

Funding Agencies|Swedish Energy AgencySwedish Energy Agency [46963-1]

Available from: 2021-02-20 Created: 2021-02-20 Last updated: 2025-08-26Bibliographically approved
Ekström, J., Ericsson, E., Olstam, J. & Persson, A. (2021). Metodik för beräkning av emissioner baserat på trafikdata från dynamiska trafikmodeller och trafikmätningar. Norrköping: Trafikverket
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Metodik för beräkning av emissioner baserat på trafikdata från dynamiska trafikmodeller och trafikmätningar
2021 (Swedish)Report (Other academic)
Abstract [sv]

Dynamiska trafikmodeller förväntas i större utsträckning komplettera och på sikt helt eller delvis ersätta statiska trafikmodeller. Samtidigt blir trafikmätningar mer och mer tillgängliga, och utifrån dessa kan tidsvarierade estimeringar av flöden och hastighet över större områden tas fram. I Sverige används idag HBEFA för estimering av emissioner. HBEFA är en EU-gemensam modell som används i flera europeiska länder för beräkning av luftföroreningar och bränsleförbrukning. Detta projekt syftar till att ta fram en metod för tillämpning av HBEFA på trafikdata från mätningar och dynamiska trafikmodeller på ett sätt som är konsistent med den tillämpning av HBEFA som idag sker med statisk trafikdata. Projektet fokuserar främst på tillämpningar där lokala emissioner från vägtrafik är av intresse. Exempel på sådana tillämpningar är uppföljning, estimering och prediktering av luftkvalitet. Men även analys av förändring av utsläpp från vägtrafiken över tid, samt före/efter studier vid förändringar av trafikinfrastrukturen. Detta kräver att den tillämpade beräkningsmetodiken för utsläpp anpassas för att kunna dra nytta av den rikare information som dynamisk trafikdata innehåller.I HBEFA är skattning av trafiktillstånd centralt för estimering av emissioner. I denna studie har vi studerat och jämfört tre olika sätt att definiera trafiktillståndet i HBEFAstrafiksituationer nämligen baserat på: flöde (det som används i nuläget), hastighet och densitet. Flödesbaserade definitioner har en inbyggd begränsning i att de inte entydigt kan beskriva trafiksituationen, då lågt flöde kan innebära både låg trängsel och hög trängsel, beroende på hastighet. Detta är inget problem i nuvarande tillämpning av HBEFA med statisk trafikdata, då en förenklad beskrivning av det överbelastade fallet görs, som tillåter flöden över kapaciteten, men som då representerar en efterfrågan snarare än flöde. Undersökningarna i denna studieindikerar att en hastighetsbaserad definition av trafiktillstånd inte är att föredra då hastigheten kan variera relativt mycket mellan olika fordon och över en sträcka vid liknande flödes- och densitetsförhållanden. Hastighetsbaserade gränser mellan trafiktillstånd blir främst problematiskt vid tillämpning på mätdata. Vid hastighetsbaserade gränser blir varje fordonspassage med låg hastighet automatiskt klassade i ett trafiktillstånd som innebär trängsel. Densitet är ett mer stabilt mått vid liknande trafikförhållanden och kan sägas bättre definiera graden av trängsel i trafikteoretisk mening. En densitetsbaserad definition kan entydigt bestämma samtliga trafiktillstånd, till skillnad från en flödesbaserad definition som endast kan bestämma icke överbelastade trafiktillstånd entydigt. För de icke överbelastade trafiktillstånden (dvs. 1 och 2) har vi också kunnat visa att en densitetsbaserad definition ger ungefär samma fördelning av trafikarbete mellan trafiktillstånden.För totala emissioner är skillnaden mellan skattade emissioner med nuvarande flödesbaserade definitioner av trafiktillstånd och utvärderad densitetsbaserade definitioner av trafiktillstånd oftast liten. Dock är den densitetsbaserade versionen bättre på att fånga hur emissionerna varierar i tid och rum.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Norrköping: Trafikverket, 2021. p. 47
Keywords
Dynamiska trafikmodeller; Emissioner
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-190722 (URN)
Funder
Swedish Transport Administration
Available from: 2022-12-22 Created: 2022-12-22 Last updated: 2023-04-28Bibliographically approved
Häll, C. H., Ceder, A. (., Ekström, J. & Quttineh, N.-H. (2019). Adjustments of public transit operations planning process for the use of electric buses. Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems / Taylor & Francis, 23(3), 216-230
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Adjustments of public transit operations planning process for the use of electric buses
2019 (English)In: Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems / Taylor & Francis, ISSN 1547-2450, E-ISSN 1547-2442, Vol. 23, no 3, p. 216-230Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This work investigates and discusses how the introduction of electric buses (EB), both battery and plug-in hybrid EB, will and should change the operations planning of a public transit system. It is shown that some changes are required in the design of a transit route network, and in the timetabling and vehicle scheduling processes. Other changes are not required, but are advisable, using this opportunity upon the introduction of EB. The work covers the main characteristics of different types of EB with a short description, including the most popular charging technologies, and it presents the generally accepted transit operations planning process. Likewise, it describes and analytically formulates new challenges that arise when introducing EB. The outcome of the analyses shows that multiple new considerations must take place. It is also shown that the different charging techniques will influence the operations planning process in different ways and to a varying extent. With overnight, quick and continuous charging, the main challenges are in the network route design step, given the possibility of altering the existing network of routes, with efficient and optimal changes of the timetabling and vehicle scheduling components. An illustrative example, based on four bus lines in Norrköping, Sweden, is formulized and introduced using three problem instances of 48, 82, and 116 bus trips. The main results exhibit the minimum number of vehicles required using different scenarios of charging stations.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Taylor & Francis, 2019
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-152547 (URN)10.1080/15472450.2018.1488131 (DOI)000463113800002 ()
Note

Funding agencies: Swedish Energy Agency [40377-1]

Available from: 2018-11-06 Created: 2018-11-06 Last updated: 2023-12-01
Hadera, H., Ekström, J., Sand, G., Mäntysaari, J., Harjunkoski, I. & Engell, S. (2019). Integration of production scheduling and energy-cost optimization using Mean Value Cross Decomposition. Computers and Chemical Engineering, 129, Article ID UNSP 106436.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Integration of production scheduling and energy-cost optimization using Mean Value Cross Decomposition
Show others...
2019 (English)In: Computers and Chemical Engineering, ISSN 0098-1354, E-ISSN 1873-4375, Vol. 129, article id UNSP 106436Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The integration of the optimization of the cost of the procurement of electric energy with production planning and scheduling is increasingly considered in various industries. The traditional approach to integrate production scheduling and energy procurement in industry is production driven, i.e. the production is scheduled first, after which the energy supply optimization is performed to find the best available energy portfolio. This will usually not lead to the optimum of the overall problem. The combined scheduling and energy procurement optimization can be formulated as an integrated monolithic optimization model, but the resulting problems are very hard to solve. Moreover, solutions to the two isolated problems may be available. In this paper, we propose to use Mean Value Cross Decomposition for solving the combined problem by iterating between energy-aware production scheduling and energy-cost optimization, possibly building on existing solutions. We apply the approach to two industrial use cases: a pulping process and a steel production process. MILP-based models are employed for the two scheduling problems and for the energy cost optimization a minimum-cost flow network model is used. Good quality solutions can be obtained within reasonable computation times for the two use cases.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2019
Keywords
Scheduling, Energy optimization, Demand-side management, Mean value cross decomposition
National Category
Energy Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-157146 (URN)10.1016/j.compchemeng.2019.05.002 (DOI)000482588500010 ()
Note

When the article was available onlie the title of the article was wrongly stated as "nIntegration of production scheduling and energy-cost optimization using Mean Value Cross Decomposition". A correction has been sent to the journal by the authors.

Funding agencies: Marie Curie FP7-ITN project "Energy savings from smart operation of electrical, process and mechanical equipment-ENERGY-SMARTOPS [PITN-GA-2010-264940]

Available from: 2019-05-29 Created: 2019-05-29 Last updated: 2019-09-23
Tsanakas, N., Ekström, J. & Olstam, J. (2019). Traffic emission estimation based on quasi-dynamic network loading. In: : . Paper presented at hEART 2019: 8th Symposium of the European Association for Research in Transportation, Budapest, September 4-6, 2019.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Traffic emission estimation based on quasi-dynamic network loading
2019 (English)Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-175739 (URN)
Conference
hEART 2019: 8th Symposium of the European Association for Research in Transportation, Budapest, September 4-6, 2019
Available from: 2021-05-17 Created: 2021-05-17 Last updated: 2021-05-17Bibliographically approved
Grumert, E., Ekström, J., Ringdahl, R., Gundlegård, D. & Bernhardsson, V. (2019). Traffic state estimation as a complement tostationary detectors in variable speed limit systems. In: TRB 98ndAnnual Meeting Compendium of Papers: . Paper presented at Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Traffic state estimation as a complement tostationary detectors in variable speed limit systems
Show others...
2019 (English)In: TRB 98ndAnnual Meeting Compendium of Papers, 2019Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-161097 (URN)
Conference
Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting
Funder
Swedish Transport Administration
Available from: 2019-10-22 Created: 2019-10-22 Last updated: 2021-08-24
Grumert, E., Bernhardsson, V., Ekström, J., Gundlegård, D., Ringdahl, R. & Tapani, A. (2019). Variabla hastighetsgränser för Stockholms motorvägsnät: Effekter av alternativa algoritmer och möjligheter till styrning genom skattade trafiktillstånd. Linköping: Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI)
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Variabla hastighetsgränser för Stockholms motorvägsnät: Effekter av alternativa algoritmer och möjligheter till styrning genom skattade trafiktillstånd
Show others...
2019 (Swedish)Report (Other academic)
Alternative title[en]
Variable speed limits for Stockholm’s urban motorways : Effects of differentalgorithms and the possibility to control by the use of estimated traffic states
Abstract [sv]

Variabla hastighetsgränser är väl utbrett på Stockholms stadsnära motorvägar och en del av Stockholms Motorway Control System (MCS). Målet med dagens system är att minska risken för olyckor och följdolyckor vid låga hastigheter, trafikstockningar m.m. Detta görs genom att mäta medelhastigheten med hjälp av fasta detektorer och uppdatera hastigheten som visas på variabla meddelandeskyltar utifrån rådande trafiktillstånd. I och med att efterfrågan på resor i Stockholm under rusningstid överstiger den tillgängliga kapaciteten i vägnätet är behovet av ett effektivt trafiksystem stort. Variabla hastighetsgränser kan bidra till ökad framkomlighet, men då dagens system har som målsättning att öka säkerheten är effekter som leder till ökad framkomlighet begränsade. Dessutom finns det i dagens system ett stort beroende av fungerande detektorer som mäter trafiktillståndet så korrekt som möjligt för att valet av hastighet ska kunna bestämmas på ett effektivt sätt.

Syftet med den här rapporten är att undersöka alternativa styralgoritmer för att bestämma variabla hastighetsgränser på Stockholms motorvägsnät. Målet är att öka framkomligheten jämfört med dagens system. Två olika sträckor med olika komplexitet, trafiksituation och problematik studeras. Valet av studerade styralgoritmer för de olika sträckorna väljs för att på bästa sätt motverka den problematiken som uppstår på de specifika sträckorna. Därmed kan val av algoritmer komma att skilja sig åt beroende på sträcka. I projektet utvärderas också om estimering av trafiktillståndet kan användas för att förbättra informationsflödet till algoritmerna då detektorer inte fungerar som de ska eller helt saknas, vilket i sin tur kan leda till förbättrad anpassning av de variabla hastighetsgränserna. Detta görs av för en av de studerade sträckorna. Styralgoritmerna utvärderas med mikroskopisk trafiksimulering och metoden utvecklad i projektet Mobile Millenium Stockholm (MMS), som bygger på en makroskopisk trafikflödesmodell och Kalman filtrering, används för estimering av trafiktillståndet.

Resultatet visar att det finns styralgoritmer med potential att öka framkomligheten. Valet av styralgoritm är dock beroende av typ av trafiksituation, vägdesignens komplexitet och trafikförhållanden på vägen. Det betyder att olika styralgoritmer kan prestera olika bra beroende på vilken vägsträcka man studerar. Vidare är estimering av trafiktillståndet användbart vid förlorad information på grund av icke-fungerande detektorer eller som komplement till detektorer för att minska mängden stationär utrustning.

Abstract [en]

Variable speed limits are commonly used on Stockholm’s urban motorways, and it is part of the Stockholm Motorway Control System (MCS). The goal of today’s system is to reduce the risk of accidents during congested conditions, traffic jams etc. This is done by updating the speed limits shown on variable message signs based on a measured average speed at fixed detectors. As the demand for travel in Stockholm during peak-hours exceeds the available capacity in the road network, the need for an efficient traffic system is high. Variable speed limit systems have the possibility to contribute to increased efficiency, but since today’s system aims to increase safety, effects that lead to increased efficiency are limited. Further, in todays’ variable speed limit systems there are a large dependency of precise and available measurements from stationary detectors to be able to display speed limits that reflects the current traffic conditions. The purpose of this report is to investigate alternative control algorithms to decide on the variable speed limits to be displayed at variable message signs on the urban motorway of Stockholm.

The goal is to increase efficiency compared to today's system. Two different road stretches with different complexity and different traffic conditions, resulting in two different types of congestion, are studied. Thereby, the studied control algorithms on the two road stretches are chosen based on the possibility of solving a specific problematic traffic situation in the best way. Hence, the studied control algorithms might differ for the two road stretches. Furthermore, for one of the roads stretches it is investigated if estimation of the traffic state can be used as input to the control algorithm as a complement to missing and erogenous measurements from stationary detectors in order to improve the calculations of the variable speed limits. The control algorithms are evaluated with microscopic traffic simulation and the method developed in the project Mobile Millenium Stockholm (MMS), using a macroscopic traffic flow model together with a Kalman filter, is used for estimation of the traffic state.

The result shows that there are control algorithms with the potential to increase efficiency. However, the choice of suitable control algorithm for improving traffic efficiency is dependent on the traffic situation, the complexity of the road design and the traffic conditions. Furthermore, estimation of the traffic state is useful when information is lost due to malfunctioning detectors or as a complement to reduce the amount of stationary detectors.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI), 2019. p. 52
Series
VTI Rapport, ISSN 0347-6030, E-ISSN 0347-6030 ; 1006
Keywords
Traffic control, variable speed limits, predictive control, microscopic traffic simulation, macroscopic traffic simulation, Trafikstyrning, variabla hastighetsgränser, prediktiv styrning, mikroskopisk trafiksimulering, makroskopisk trafiksimulering
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-158028 (URN)
Available from: 2019-06-24 Created: 2019-06-24 Last updated: 2019-06-24Bibliographically approved
Ekström, J. (2018). Comparison of usage-based congestion pricing schemes. In: Proceedings Transportation Research Board 97th Annual Meeting: . Paper presented at Transportation Research Board 97th Annual Meeting, January 7-11, 2018 in Washington, D.C, USA. Washington D.C.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Comparison of usage-based congestion pricing schemes
2018 (English)In: Proceedings Transportation Research Board 97th Annual Meeting, Washington D.C., 2018Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

This paper investigates how usage-based pricing can be applied in order to improve the efficiency of the transportation system. Distance-based, travel time-based and delayed-based pricing schemes are investigated, both from a one-link and network perspective. A static modeling framework is adopted, based on user-equilibrium, and a simplified emission model based on the HBEFA emission model is used. Optimal usage-based fees are calculated using a surrogate-based optimization framework, and determination of zone layout is done using k-means clustering. The results for a Stockholm region network show that already with network wide pricing a large proportion of the maximum improvement of social surplus achievable with first-best pricing, can be reached. Delay-based pricing, in which the users are charged based on the excess travel time in comparison to free flow travel times, achieves 99% of the maximum improvement, already with one single fee across the whole network. With clustering of links based on their first-best optimal fees, the benefits of both distance and travel time-based fees can significantly be improved.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Washington D.C.: , 2018
Series
TRB Annual Meeting Online
National Category
Engineering and Technology Transport Systems and Logistics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-147982 (URN)
Conference
Transportation Research Board 97th Annual Meeting, January 7-11, 2018 in Washington, D.C, USA
Funder
Swedish Energy Agency, 38921-1
Available from: 2018-05-21 Created: 2018-05-21 Last updated: 2018-06-13
Quttineh, N.-H., Häll, C. H., Ekström, J. & Ceder, A. (2017). Combined Timetabling and Vehicle Scheduling for Electric Buses. In: Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference of Hong Kong Society for Transportation Studies (HKSTS), December 9-11, 2017, Hong Kong, China: . Paper presented at The 22nd International Conference of Hong Kong Society for Transportation Studies (HKSTS), December 9-11, Hong Kong, China. Hong Kong: HKSTS
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Combined Timetabling and Vehicle Scheduling for Electric Buses
2017 (English)In: Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference of Hong Kong Society for Transportation Studies (HKSTS), December 9-11, 2017, Hong Kong, China, Hong Kong: HKSTS , 2017, , p. 8Conference paper, Oral presentation only (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

In this paper we present a novel mathematical model, integrating the timetabling and vehicle schedulingproblems for electric buses. The objective is to minimize the number of buses while satisfying constraintsconcerning routing and charging, including design choices of where to install charging equipment. Weillustrate the different effects of tackling the timetabling and vehicle scheduling of electric buses as separateproblems or as a joint problem, both for fixed and variable headways. To do so, tests are performed with: (i) given timetable, i.e. solving only the vehicle scheduling problem, (ii) fixed headways for each line, (iii) variable headways. For these tests, a small case based on four bidirectional bus lines is used.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Hong Kong: HKSTS, 2017. p. 8
Keywords
Electric Buses, Transit Operations Planning, Timetabling, Vehicle Scheduling, MIP modeling
National Category
Computational Mathematics Transport Systems and Logistics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-148490 (URN)
Conference
The 22nd International Conference of Hong Kong Society for Transportation Studies (HKSTS), December 9-11, Hong Kong, China
Funder
Swedish Energy Agency, 40377-1
Available from: 2018-06-12 Created: 2018-06-12 Last updated: 2023-12-01Bibliographically approved
Tsanakas, N., Ekström, J. & Olstam, J. (2017). Emission estimation based on cross-sectional traffic data. In: Prceedings of TAP 2017 22nd International Transportation and Air Pollution Conference: . Paper presented at 22nd International Transportation and Air Pollution Conference, Zürich, Switzerland, 15-16 November 2017 (pp. 1-15). EMPA
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Emission estimation based on cross-sectional traffic data
2017 (English)In: Prceedings of TAP 2017 22nd International Transportation and Air Pollution Conference, EMPA , 2017, p. 1-15Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

The continuous traffic growth has led to highly congested cities, with negative environmental effects, both related to air quality and climate change. According to the European Environment Agency, transportation remains a significant contributor to the total emissions of the main air pollutants, (EEA, 2016). Specifically, Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), Carbon Oxide (CO) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) make up 32%, 23% and 8% of the total emissions, respectively. This vigorous impact of vehicular emissions to the urban environmental air quality, raises concerns over the impact of traffic on human health. Therefore, the effective implementation of emission reducing policies, such as traffic control measures or congestion pricing, becomes crucial for many European cities in order to meet the air quality standards and mitigate the human exposure to pollution. To quantify the environmental effects of these measures and demonstrate their effectiveness, a reliable estimation of pollutants concentrations through emission and dispersion modelling is needed....

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
EMPA, 2017
National Category
Civil Engineering Transport Systems and Logistics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-147873 (URN)
Conference
22nd International Transportation and Air Pollution Conference, Zürich, Switzerland, 15-16 November 2017
Projects
Förbättrad prognos av energianvändning och emissioner vid styrmedelsanalys i vägtrafiken
Funder
Swedish Energy Agency, 38921-1
Available from: 2018-05-17 Created: 2018-05-17 Last updated: 2019-05-10Bibliographically approved
Organisations
Identifiers
ORCID iD: ORCID iD iconorcid.org/0000-0002-1367-6793

Search in DiVA

Show all publications