PurposeThe article studies the utilization of ICT within healthcare at home in Sweden overlooking a perspective of 20 + years. Starting point are articles by the authors from 2002 and 2003. These outlined an already feasible ICT supported healthcare at home as a tool to address healthcare's identified challenges-a growing elderly population and general demand for more healthcare in combination with issues on financing and lack of human resources. Despite early signals the care transition has been unexpectedly slow. Why?MethodsWith the articles as take-off the journey for ICT based healthcare at home up to today is discussed. In the articles five areas considered as critical for a successful transition were pinpointed and are now used to support the authors considerations, reasoning, and conclusions.ResultsResults indicate that technology has never been a limiting factor. Nor has selected medical issues or expected benefits normally been a limitation. Instead limitations and hindrances are found in other areas and activities.ConclusionsTechnology is not the main challenge when it comes to implementation, instead a focus on business models, deployment, and scaling issues is now advocated. Initiatives also must make more use of gained knowledge and experience. Not doing so delays utilization and deployment. The impact on healthcare effects and expected savings may be over-optimistic. A thorough analysis of all associated costs, consequences, investments, and benefits is recommended. Non-digital alternatives must continue to be offered to these who cannot go digital. In communication improved medical outcome and patient satisfaction must be emphasised.

In order to counteract the digital divide and to enable the society to reach all its citizens with various kinds of e-services, there is a need to develop access methods and terminal technologies suited also for groups with weak access to the Internet, not the least elderly and people needing care in their homes. In this chapter, the authors will describe technologies for using digital pen and paper as data input media for e-services and computing applications, refer a number of applications together with studies and evaluations of their usability, and finally comment upon future prospects for integrating digital pen and paper as an effortless technique for data capture, especially in order to counteract and diminish the digital divide. The use of digital pen and paper technologies is exemplified with applications demonstrating its appropriateness in home care for elderly, for free-form recording of data on paper such as maps, and as a remote control for a TV set or other electronic appliances with rich functionality in the home.

Although there is an ever increasing demand for new technology and innovations in the economy and society in general, we currently know little about the conditions for stimulating creativity in relation to research and innovative activity. This book fills a significant gap in the literature by examining the environmental factors that encourage creative working processes for research and innovation. Uniquely, the book investigates creative environments rather than creative individuals which has been the traditional focus of most previous research. The authors first explain what a creative knowledge environment (CKE) is and then examine the phenomenon in a number of case-studies at the micro, meso and macro-levels. By analysing the conditions and mechanisms conducive to creativity in both private and public institutions, they are able to identify which work environments appear to best stimulate the creation of knowledge. They combine and integrate the previously rather disparate literature on creativity and innovation, and summarise what we know about creativity on the basis of current research in a range of disciplines. They also link their findings to contemporary debates about the knowledge society, the knowledge economy and knowledge management, and address relevant issues in science and technology policy relating to knowledge production and exploitation. The concluding chapter summarises what we now know about CKEs and how best to stimulate them, including a discussion of the policy implications and an agenda for future research. Academics and researchers in the fields of science and technology policy, innovation management and business will welcome this original and insightful book. It will also be a useful reference for policymakers involved in knowledge management, and practitioners in R&D departments, universities and knowledge-intensive business sectors.

This thesis consists of five research reports dealing with different aspects of the design of interactive application oriented software. A generalized framework for dialogue design is presented and the implementation of customized programming environments, supporting computer utilization for specific applications is discussed. Highlights of our presentation are:

• Uniform treatment of different kinds of end-user dialogues, especially with respect to irregular or unexpected terminal inputs

• Emphasis on programming environments instead of language design, promoting (he view of programming as a specification process performed with a data editor.

• Introduction of an intermediate system level, where a general-purpose programming system is specialized for a given class of applications, through the support of specialized conceptual frameworks and default mechanisms.

• Promotion of control independence in the sense that the specification of program execution particulars, such as end-user interactions etc., is postponed as long as possible and liable to subsequent change without reprogramming.