The study set out to investigate how the experience of creating a map-based participatory system might help identify what is needed to support the production of relevant volunteered geographic information (VGI) about urban areas exposed to impacts of adverse weather events in Trondheim, Norway. This article details the systematic approach used to collect VGI, starting from the active engagement of end users during the design and development process of the CitizenSensing participatory system, through using the system in two VGI campaigns, up to the examination of the collected data. Although the VGI examination identified exposed areas in Trondheim, for instance, those that are likely to accumulate surface water from heavy rains or meltwater, the experience gained from the use of the CitizenSensing system helped to identify some critical points regarding the production of relevant VGI. Potential practical implications justify the need for VGI. For instance, in the case of Trondheim, relevant VGI may result in better planned municipal interventions regarding city infrastructure for pedestrians, cyclists and drivers, increased public awareness and access to local knowledge about areas exposed to inundation. The study also confirmed the need for adequate system components for VGI vetting and exploration in the post-collection stage to obtain a comprehensive insight into collected VGI.

Despite the ease of accessing information in the digital age, environmental science students need information literacy (IL) to competently tackle complex problems and sustainability challenges. Students' experiences and teachers' perceptions of student IL skills in an environmental science program were investigated through student questionnaires and teacher interviews to identify students IL competence and eventual learning gaps in the program. Students expressed confidence in IL, more strongly in basic skills such as information search and source criticism than advanced skills; critical thinking and analysing, interpreting, and creating information. They found formulating problems and locating and assessing information to be challenging, despite repeated training in tutorial groups. Teachers similarly perceived students to be most competent in accessing relevant information while using information is more challenging. This could be linked to the complexity and interdisciplinarity environmental science. Findings suggest that IL learning gaps could be bridged by greater focus on systematic IL training, intentional training on advanced skills, and iterative training of both basic and advanced skills by strengthening faculty and librarians collaborative teaching.

Appropriate methods to measure greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes are critical for our ability to detect fluxes, understand regulation, make adequate priorities for climate change mitigation efforts, and verify that these efforts are effective. Ideally, we need reliable, accessible, and affordable measurements at relevant scales. We surveyed present GHG flux measurement methods, identified from an analysis of >11000 scientific publications and a questionnaire to sector professionals and analysed method pros and cons versus needs for novel methodology. While existing methods are well-suited for addressing certain questions, this presentation presents fundamental limitations relative to GHG flux measurement needs for verifiable and transparent action to mitigate many types of emissions. Cost and non-academic accessibility are key aspects, along with fundamental measurement performance. These method limitations contribute to the difficulties in verifying GHG mitigation efforts for transparency and accountability under the Paris agreement. Resolving this mismatch between method capacity and societal needs is urgently needed for effective climate mitigation. This type of methodological mismatch is common but seems to get high priority in other knowledge domains. The obvious need to prioritize development of accurate diagnosis methods for effective treatments in healthcare is one example. This presentation provides guidance regarding the need to prioritize the development of novel GHG flux measurement methods.

This paper describes the progressive development of three approaches of successively increasing analytic functionality for visually exploring and analysing climate-related volunteered geographic information. The information is collected in the CitizenSensing project within which urban citizens voluntarily submit reports of site-specific extreme weather conditions, their impacts, and recommendations for best-practice adaptation measures. The work has pursued an iterative development process where the limitations of one approach have become the trigger for the subsequent ones. The proposed visual exploration approaches are: an initial map application providing a low-level data overview, a visual analysis prototype comprising three visual dashboards for more in-depth exploration, and a final custom-made visual analysis interface, the CitizenSensing Visual Analysis Interface (CS-VAI), which enables the flexible multifaceted exploration of the climate-related geographic information in focus. The approaches developed in this work are assessed with volunteered data collected in two of the CitizenSensing project’s campaigns held in the city of Norrköping, Sweden.

This stakeholder interaction manual was prepared in the ERA4CS project: Citizen Sensing - Urban climate resilience through a Participatory Risk Management System(PRMS). The Participatory Risk Management System includes an app by which end-users upload reports (weather observations, eventual impacts, level of personal comfort accompanied by comments and/or images) and a spatial-temporal visualization platform (the CitizenSensing web-portal) that allows users to view, explore and analyze the reports (see Navarra et al. 2020). The aim of the manual is to guide stakeholder interactions within the project to assess and gain deeper insight into the perceptions, priorities and reflections of stakeholders2 that were involved in the co-design process and organize the end-user3 campaigns.

The “Getting Started” section contains general information about participants, workshops, aims, outcomes, preparations, equipment, opening and closing workshops and communication. The following sections contain participatory exercises that could be performed with stakeholders and/or end-users to inform and guide the co-design process of CitizenSensing researchers and municipal through the set-up, testing and assessment of the PRMS. The exercises are organized under a number of workshops4. These would be performed with several participants, but the same exercises could be performed at or smaller meetings with a few people or individuals.

• The workshop sections contain a number of interactive exercises that cover a number of themes: Climate-related issues and project pre-conditions (Workshop 1A)
• Risks, sensitive groups and locations and climate-related variables (Workshop 1B)
• Sensor networks, databases and municipal tasks (Workshop 2A)
• App requirements, critical levels and recommendations (Workshop 2B)
• Assessing possibilities for measurement/observation campaigns (Workshop 3)
• Designing the end-user campaigns (Workshop 4)
• Preparing the end-user campaigns (Workshop 5)
• Initiating the end-user campaigns (Workshop 6)
• Concluding the end-user campaigns (Workshop 7).
• Assessing stakeholder perspectives: Workshop (Workshop 8)
• Assessing stakeholder perspectives: Interviews

Appendices I and II contain pre-campaign and post-campaign surveys to be conducted at Workshops 4 and 5. Appendix III contains an interview guide that could be used in Workshops 8 or 9. Appendix IV contains a guide to exploring the web-portal that could be used in Workshops 8 or 9.

This paper describes two approaches for visually exploring climate-related data collected within the citizen science research project, CitizenSensing. The project addresses the need of European cities and their citizens for enhanced knowledge of sitespecific conditions regarding climatic risks and adaptation measures. The visual exploration approaches discussed are: (1) a web portal enabling users to gain a low-level overview of the collected data on a map, and (2) a visual analysis tool facilitating in-depth visual data exploration in search of spatio-temporal patterns. The aim of the study is to assess and discuss the potential of such visual exploration approaches in the context of Volunteered Geographic Information.

Studies have shown that societal change related to economic growth and development policies can affect the adaptive capacity of communities to a multitude of stressors including climate variability and change. Concerns have recently been raised about the consequences of climate mitigation and adaptation on vulnerable groups and the impacts of large-scale globalization processes on the adaptive capacities of local communities. This chapter addresses how side effects of technological and socioeconomic changes, which we refer to as spinoffs have potential to strengthen climate adaptation strategies. The spinoff examples fall under a two-dimensional framework according to whether they arise from orchestrated or opportunity-driven initiatives and technological or socio-economic changes. Three cases in developing countries undergoing rapid economic growth have been chosen as examples of different types of spinoffs and how they can positively influence climate adaptation and more particularly adaptive capacity. They are: information and communication technology (ICT) in South Africa, changing lifestyles in China and empowerment in India. The cases illustrate that new objects, inventions and trends constantly emerge which have potential to help people improve their livelihoods in ways that can be climate smart. People working as development workers and policy makers need to be observant and engage in open-minded dialogue with communities in order to recognize emergent technologies, lifestyles and trends to facilitate the use and development of on-going or potential spinoffs that positively affect adaptation to climate change.

Olika studier har visat att samhällsförändringar kopplade till ekonomiskt tillväxt eller policy-utveckling kan påverka lokalbefolkningens förmåga att anpassa sig till klimatförändringar och -variation. Många risker och negativa konsekvenser har diskuterats. Detta kapitel lyfter fram hur sidoeffekter av teknologiska eller samhällsförändringar, så kallade spinoff-effekter, kan ha positiv påverkan på anpassningsförmågan i lokalsamhället. Tre exempel ges i kapitlet. Spinoff-effekterna analyseras mot bakgrund av om förändringarna är planerade eller spontana, och om de gäller teknologiska eller socioekonmiska förändringar. Det första exemplet, spontan teknologisk utveckling, handlar om hur IT i Sydafrika kan användas för att skapa nätverk som motverkar skogsbränder vid torka. Det andra, spontan socioekonomisk förändring, handlar om hur efterfrågan på lokal turism och ekologiska livsmedel på landsbygden i Kina har bidragit till differentiering av försörjningen och ökat lantbrukarnas inkomster. Det tredje, planerad socioeknomisk förändring, handlar om hur stärkta kvinnogrupper i Indien lättare hanterar vattenförsörjning och tar ökat ledarskap. Dessa exempel vill visa för utvecklingsarbetare och politiker att det är viktigt att vara uppmärksam på, och föra en öppen dialog med lokalsamhällen för att få syn på hur ny teknologi, livsstilsförändringar och trender kan samverka och nyttjas i arbetetet med klimatanpassning.

In Kota, the third largest city of Rajasthan, poverty levels are high in many areas and there is a great need to assess the vulnerability and adaptive capacity of different societal groups and sectors to the impacts of climatic variability and change, and to formulate sustainable planning strategies. The city is a large rapidly growing centre (but not a megacity), facing a varied and challenging water situation and anticipated harmful effects of climate change. The methodological approach involves participatory workshops with key stakeholders in urban administration to identify vulnerabilities, and discuss concrete strategies for increasing the adaptive capacity of the most vulnerable areas and sectors. The paper focuses on water resource planning (storm, potable, and wastewater), since it is already a challenging societal issue and one which will become even more critical in the future with climate change. We aim to contribute to improved urban water management for sustainable climate change adaptation in developing countries through an improved methodology of vulnerability assessments, capacity building and social learning, and a deeper empirical understanding of an urban context in Central India.

This paper aims to analyse what shapes farmers’ vulnerability and adaptation strategies in the context of rapid change. Xinjiang is semi-arid, with extremes of temperature, growing seasons and winds. Favourable socioeconomic conditions have boosted the wellbeing of farmers in the past decades. Interviews with forty-seven farmers led to the categorization of five groups according to the predominant type of farming activity: animal farmers, government farmers (leasing land from the Xinjiang Production and Construction Group), crop farmers, agri-tourism operators and entrepreneurs. High government support has aided farmers to deal with climate challenges, through advanced technology, subsidies and loans. Farmers, however, greatly contribute to their own high adaptive capacity through inventiveness, flexibility and a high knowledge base. Although the future climate will entail hotter temperatures, farmers can be seen as generally well equipped to deal with these challenges because of the high adaptive capacity they currently have and utilize. Those that are most vulnerable are those that have difficulty to access credit e.g. animal farmers and those that do not want to change their agricultural systems e.g. from pastoral lifestyles to include tourism-based operations.

The Water Poverty Index is a tool enabling a multisectoral description of the watersituation in an area or region. Many aspects of a society’s capacity to manage water,however, require qualitative and explorative approaches. Additionally, the perceptionsof ‘‘the water poor’’ themselves may differ substantially from expert valuationsbuilt into the Water Poverty Index. The aim of this article is to open up the WaterPoverty Index with a special focus on the capacity to manage water in a robust way.This is done through a process of participatory research and by transforming theWater Poverty Index into a Water Prosperity Index using a local community incentral India as example. By opening up the assessment process, issues empiricallyidentified by community members, researchers, and local nongovernmental organization(NGO) staff can be discussed and qualitatively assessed, resulting in animproved knowledge of the water situation and an approach for participatoryplanning.