liu.seSearch for publications in DiVA
Change search
Link to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Axelsson, Patrik
Publications (10 of 36) Show all publications
Axelsson, P. & Gustafsson, F. (2015). Discrete-time Solutions to the Continuous-time Differential Lyapunov Equation With Applications to Kalman Filtering. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 60(3), 632-643
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Discrete-time Solutions to the Continuous-time Differential Lyapunov Equation With Applications to Kalman Filtering
2015 (English)In: IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, ISSN 0018-9286, E-ISSN 1558-2523, Vol. 60, no 3, p. 632-643Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Prediction and filtering of continuous-time stochastic processes often require a solver of a continuous-time differential Lyapunov equation (CDLE), for example the time update in the Kalman filter. Even though this can be recast into an ordinary differential equation (ODE), where standard solvers can be applied, the dominating approach in Kalman filter applications is to discretize the system and then apply the discrete-time difference Lyapunov equation (DDLE). To avoid problems with stability and poor accuracy, oversampling is often used. This contribution analyzes over-sampling strategies, and proposes a novel low-complexity analytical solution that does not involve oversampling. The results are illustrated on Kalman filtering problems in both linear and nonlinear systems.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
IEEE Press, 2015
Keywords
Continuous time systems, Discrete time systems, Kalman filters, Sampling methods
National Category
Control Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-104790 (URN)10.1109/TAC.2014.2353112 (DOI)000350206000003 ()
Projects
Vinnova Excellence Center LINK-SIC
Funder
VINNOVA
Available from: 2014-02-26 Created: 2014-02-26 Last updated: 2017-12-05
Wahlström, N., Axelsson, P. & Gustafsson, F. (2014). Discretizing stochastic dynamical systems using Lyapunov equations. In: Edward Boje and Xiaohua Xia (Ed.), Proceedings of the 19th World Congress of the International Federation of Automatic Control: . Paper presented at 19th World Congress of the International Federation of Automatic Control (IFAC 2014), 24-29 August 2014, Cape Town, South Africa (pp. 3726-3731). International Federation of Automatic Control
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Discretizing stochastic dynamical systems using Lyapunov equations
2014 (English)In: Proceedings of the 19th World Congress of the International Federation of Automatic Control / [ed] Edward Boje and Xiaohua Xia, International Federation of Automatic Control , 2014, p. 3726-3731Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Stochastic dynamical systems are fundamental in state estimation, systemidentification and control. System models are often provided incontinuous time, while a major part of the applied theory is developedfor discrete-time systems. Discretization of continuous-time models ishence fundamental. We present a novel algorithm using a  combination of Lyapunov equations and analytical solutions, enabling  efficient implementation in software. The proposed method  circumvents numerical problems exhibited by standard algorithms in  the literature. Both theoretical and simulation results are  provided.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
International Federation of Automatic Control, 2014
Series
World Congress, ISSN 1474-6670 ; Volume 19, Part 1
Keywords
Optimal sampling, Lyapunov equations, matrix exponential, white noise
National Category
Signal Processing
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-111650 (URN)10.3182/20140824-6-ZA-1003.02157 (DOI)978-3-902823-62-5 (ISBN)
Conference
19th World Congress of the International Federation of Automatic Control (IFAC 2014), 24-29 August 2014, Cape Town, South Africa
Funder
Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research
Available from: 2014-10-27 Created: 2014-10-27 Last updated: 2015-11-03Bibliographically approved
Axelsson, P., Karlsson, R. & Norrlöf, M. (2014). Estimation-based Norm-optimal Iterative Learning Control. Systems & control letters (Print), 73, 76-80
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Estimation-based Norm-optimal Iterative Learning Control
2014 (English)In: Systems & control letters (Print), ISSN 0167-6911, E-ISSN 1872-7956, Vol. 73, p. 76-80Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The norm-optimal iterative learning control (ilc) algorithm for linear systems is extended to an estimation-based norm-optimal ilc  algorithm where the controlled variables are not directly available as measurements. A separation lemma is presented, stating that if a stationary Kalman filter is used for linear time-invariant systems then the ilc  design is independent of the dynamics in the Kalman filter. Furthermore, the objective function in the optimisation problem is modified to incorporate the full probability density function of the error. Utilising the Kullback–Leibler divergence leads to an automatic and intuitive way of tuning the ilc  algorithm. Finally, the concept is extended to non-linear state space models using linearisation techniques, where it is assumed that the full state vector is estimated and used in the ilc  algorithm. Stability and convergence properties for the proposed scheme are also derived.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2014
Keywords
Iterative learning control; Estimation; Filtering; Non-linear systems
National Category
Control Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-104791 (URN)10.1016/j.sysconle.2014.08.007 (DOI)000345108000010 ()
Projects
Vinnova Excellence Center LINK-SICExcellence Center at Linköping-Lund in Information Technology, ELLIITSSF project Collaborative Localization
Funder
VINNOVAeLLIIT - The Linköping‐Lund Initiative on IT and Mobile Communications
Available from: 2014-02-26 Created: 2014-02-26 Last updated: 2021-12-06
Axelsson, P., Helmersson, A. & Norrlöf, M. (2014). H∞-Controller Design Methods Applied to One Joint of a Flexible Industrial Manipulator. In: Boje, Edward and Xia, Xiaohua (Ed.), Proceedings of the 19th IFAC World Congress, 2014: . Paper presented at 19th IFAC World Congress, August 24-29, Cape Town, South Africa (pp. 210-216). International Federation of Automatic Control
Open this publication in new window or tab >>H-Controller Design Methods Applied to One Joint of a Flexible Industrial Manipulator
2014 (English)In: Proceedings of the 19th IFAC World Congress, 2014 / [ed] Boje, Edward and Xia, Xiaohua, International Federation of Automatic Control , 2014, p. 210-216Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Control of a flexible joint of an industrial manipulator using H design methods is presented. The considered design methods are i) mixed-H design, and ii) H loop shaping design. Two different controller configurations are examined: one uses only the actuator position, while the other uses the actuator position and the acceleration of end-effector. The four resulting controllers are compared to a standard PID controller where only the actuator position is measured. The choices of the weighting functions are discussed in details. For the loop shaping design method, the acceleration measurement is required to improve the performance compared to the PID controller. For the mixed-H method it is enough to have only the actuator position to get an improved performance. Model order reduction of the controllers is briefly discussed, which is important for implementation of the controllers in the robot control system.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
International Federation of Automatic Control, 2014
Series
World Congress, ISSN 1474-6670 ; Volume# 19, Part# 1
Keywords
Robotics, Flexible, H-infinity control, Accelerometers
National Category
Control Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-104785 (URN)10.3182/20140824-6-ZA-1003.00143 (DOI)978-3-902823-62-5 (ISBN)
Conference
19th IFAC World Congress, August 24-29, Cape Town, South Africa
Projects
Vinnova Excellence Center LINK-SICExcellence Center at Linköping-Lund in Information Technology, ELLIIT
Funder
VinnovaeLLIIT - The Linköping‐Lund Initiative on IT and Mobile Communications
Available from: 2014-02-26 Created: 2014-02-26 Last updated: 2021-12-06Bibliographically approved
Axelsson, P., Pipeleers, G., Helmersson, A. & Norrlöf, M. (2014). H∞ Synthesis Method for Control of Non-linear Flexible Joint Models. In: Boje, Edward and Xia, Xiaohua (Ed.), Proceedings of the 19th IFAC World Congress, 2014: . Paper presented at 19th IFAC World Congress, August 24-29, Cape Town, South Africa (pp. 8372-8377). International Federation of Automatic Control
Open this publication in new window or tab >>H Synthesis Method for Control of Non-linear Flexible Joint Models
2014 (English)In: Proceedings of the 19th IFAC World Congress, 2014 / [ed] Boje, Edward and Xia, Xiaohua, International Federation of Automatic Control , 2014, p. 8372-8377Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

An H synthesis method for control of a flexible joint, with non-linear spring characteristic, is proposed. The first step of the synthesis method is to extend the joint model with an uncertainty description of the stiffness parameter. In the second step, a non-linear optimisation problem, based on nominal performance and robust stability requirements, has to be solved. Using the Lyapunov shaping paradigm and a change of variables, the non-linear optimisation problem can be rewritten as a convex, yet conservative, LMI problem. The method is motivated by the assumption that the joint operates in a specific stiffness region of the non-linear spring most of the time, hence the performance requirements are only valid in that region. However, the controller must stabilise the system in all stiffness regions. The method is validated in simulations on a non-linear flexible joint model originating from an industrial robot.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
International Federation of Automatic Control, 2014
Series
World Congress, ISSN 1474-6670 ; Volume# 19, Part# 1
Keywords
Mechanical systems, Flexible, Robust, H-infinity Control
National Category
Control Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-104789 (URN)10.3182/20140824-6-ZA-1003.00142 (DOI)978-3-902823-62-5 (ISBN)
Conference
19th IFAC World Congress, August 24-29, Cape Town, South Africa
Projects
Vinnova Excellence Center LINK-SICExcellence Center at Linköping-Lund in Information Technology, ELLIIT
Funder
VinnovaeLLIIT - The Linköping‐Lund Initiative on IT and Mobile Communications
Available from: 2014-02-26 Created: 2014-02-26 Last updated: 2021-12-06Bibliographically approved
Axelsson, P., Axehill, D., Glad, T. & Norrlöf, M. (2014). Iterative Learning Control - From a Controllability Point of View. In: Proceedings of Reglermöte 2014: . Paper presented at Reglermöte 2014, Linköping, Sweden, 3-4 June, 2014.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Iterative Learning Control - From a Controllability Point of View
2014 (English)In: Proceedings of Reglermöte 2014, 2014Conference paper, Published paper (Other academic)
National Category
Control Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-107146 (URN)
Conference
Reglermöte 2014, Linköping, Sweden, 3-4 June, 2014
Projects
Vinnova Excellence Center LINK-SIC at Linköping University
Funder
Vinnova
Available from: 2014-06-05 Created: 2014-06-05 Last updated: 2021-12-06
Carvalho Bittencourt, A. & Axelsson, P. (2014). Modeling and Experiment Design for Identification of Wear in a Robot Joint Under Load and Temperature Uncertainties Based on Friction Data. IEEE/ASME transactions on mechatronics, 19(5), 1694-1706
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Modeling and Experiment Design for Identification of Wear in a Robot Joint Under Load and Temperature Uncertainties Based on Friction Data
2014 (English)In: IEEE/ASME transactions on mechatronics, ISSN 1083-4435, E-ISSN 1941-014X, Vol. 19, no 5, p. 1694-1706Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The effects of wear to friction are studied based on constant-speed friction data collected from dedicated experiments during accelerated wear tests. It is shown how the effects of temperature and load uncertainties produce larger changes to friction than those caused by wear, motivating the consideration of these effects. Based on empirical observations, an extended friction model is proposed to describe the effects of speed, load, temperature, and wear. Assuming the availability of such a model and constant-speed friction data, a maximum likelihood wear estimator is proposed. The performance of the wear estimator under load and temperature uncertainties is found by means of simulations and verified under three case studies based on real data. Practical issues related to experiment length are considered based on an optimal selection of speed points to collect friction data, improving the achievable performance bound for any unbiased wear estimator. As it is shown, reliable wear estimates can be achieved even under load and temperature uncertainties, making condition-based maintenance of industrial robots possible.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2014
Keywords
Condition monitoring; friction; identification; industrial robotics; wear
National Category
Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-109164 (URN)10.1109/TMECH.2013.2293001 (DOI)000338107600021 ()
Available from: 2014-08-13 Created: 2014-08-11 Last updated: 2017-12-05Bibliographically approved
Axelsson, P. (2014). Sensor Fusion and Control Applied to Industrial Manipulators. (Doctoral dissertation). Linköping University Electronic Press
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Sensor Fusion and Control Applied to Industrial Manipulators
2014 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

One of the main tasks for an industrial robot is to move the end-effector in a predefined path with a specified velocity and acceleration. Different applications have different requirements of the performance. For some applications it is essential that the tracking error is extremely small, whereas other applications require a time optimal tracking. Independent of the application, the controller is a crucial part of the robot system. The most common controller configuration uses only measurements of the motor angular positions and velocities, instead of the position and velocity of the end-effector. The development of new cost optimised robots has introduced unwanted flexibilities in the joints and the links. The consequence is that it is no longer possible to get the desired performance and robustness by only measuring the motor angular positions. 

This thesis investigates if it is possible to estimate the end-effector position using Bayesian estimation methods for state estimation, here represented by the extended Kalman filter and the particle filter. The arm-side information is provided by an accelerometer mounted at the end-effector. The measurements consist of the motor angular positions and the acceleration of the end-effector. In a simulation study on a realistic flexible industrial robot, the angular position performance is shown to be close to the fundamental Cramér-Rao lower bound. The methods are also verified in experiments on an ABB IRB4600 robot, where the dynamic performance of the position for the end-effector is significantly improved. There is no significant difference in performance between the different methods. Instead, execution time, model complexities and implementation issues have to be considered when choosing the method. The estimation performance depends strongly on the tuning of the filters and the accuracy of the models that are used. Therefore, a method for estimating the process noise covariance matrix is proposed. Moreover, sampling methods are analysed and a low-complexity analytical solution for the continuous-time update in the Kalman filter, that does not involve oversampling, is proposed. 

The thesis also investigates two types of control problems. First, the norm-optimal iterative learning control (ILC) algorithm for linear systems is extended to an estimation-based norm-optimal ILC algorithm where the controlled variables are not directly available as measurements. The algorithm can also be applied to non-linear systems. The objective function in the optimisation problem is modified to incorporate not only the mean value of the estimated variable, but also information about the uncertainty of the estimate. Second, H controllers are designed and analysed on a linear four-mass flexible joint model. It is shown that the control performance can be increased, without adding new measurements, compared to previous controllers. Measuring the end-effector acceleration increases the control performance even more. A non-linear model has to be used to describe the behaviour of a real flexible joint. An H-synthesis method for control of a flexible joint, with non-linear spring characteristic, is therefore proposed.

Abstract [sv]

En av de viktigaste uppgifterna för en industrirobot är att förflytta verktyget i en fördefinierad bana med en specificerad hastighet och acceleration. Exempel på användningsområden för en industrirobot är bland annat bågsvetsning eller limning. För dessa typer av applikationer är det viktigt att banföljningsfelet är extremt litet, men även hastighetsprofilen måste följas så att det till exempel inte appliceras för mycket eller för lite lim. Andra användningsområden kan vara punktsvetsning av bilkarosser och paketering av olika varor. För dess applikationer är banföljningen inte det viktiga, istället kan till exempel en tidsoptimal banföljning krävas eller att svängningarna vid en inbromsning minimeras. Oberoende av applikationen är regulatorn en avgörande del av robotsystemet. Den vanligaste regulatorkonfigurationen använder bara mätningar av motorernas vinkelpositioner och -hastigheter, istället för positionen och hastigheten för verktyget, som är det man egentligen vill styra. 

En del av utvecklingsarbetet för nya generationers robotar är att reducera kostnaden men samtidigt förbättra prestandan. Ett sätt att minska kostnaden kan till exempel vara att minska dimensionerna på länkarna eller köpa in billigare växellådor. Den här utvecklingen av kostnadsoptimerade robotar har infört oönskade flexibiliteter i leder och länkar. Det är därför inte längre möjligt att få den önskade prestandan och robustheten genom att bara mäta motorernas vinkelpositioner och -hastigheter. Istället krävs det omfattande matematiska modeller som beskriver dessa oönskade flexibiliteter. Dessa modeller kräver mycket arbete att dels ta fram men även för att identifiera parametrarna. Det finns automatiska metoder för att beräkna modellparametrarna men oftast krävs det en manuell justering för att få bra prestanda. 

Den här avhandlingen undersöker möjligheterna att beräkna verktygspositionen med hjälp av bayesianska metoder för tillståndsskattning. De bayesianska skattningsmetoderna beräknar tillstånden för ett system iterativt. Med hjälp av en matematisk modell över systemet predikteras vad tillståndet ska vara vid nästa tidpunkt. Efter att mätningar av systemet vid den nya tidpunkten har genomförts justeras skattningen med hjälp av dessa mätningar. De metoder som har använts i avhandlingen är det så kallade extended Kalman filtret samt partikelfiltret. 

Informationen på armsidan av växellådan ges av en accelerometer som är monterad på verktyget. Med hjälp av accelerationen för verktyget och motorernas vinkelpositioner kan en skattning av verktygspositionen beräknas. I en simuleringsstudie för en realistisk vek robot har det visats att skattningsprestandan ligger nära den teoretiska undre gränsen, känd som Raooch mätstörningar som påverkar roboten. För att underlätta trimningen så har en metod för att skatta processbrusets kovariansmatris föreslagits. En annan viktig del som påverkar prestandan är modellerna som används i filtren. Modellerna för en industrirobot är vanligtvis framtagna i kontinuerlig tid medan filtren använder modeller i diskret tid. För att minska felen som uppkommer då de tidskontinuerliga modellerna överförs till diskret tid har olika samplingsmetoder studerats. Vanligtvis används enkla metoder för att diskretisera vilket innebär problem med prestanda och stabilitet. För att hantera dessa problem införs översampling vilket innebär att tidsuppdateringen sker med en mycket kortare sampeltid än vad mätuppdateringen gör. För att undvika översampling kan det motsvarande tidskontinuerliga filtret användas för att prediktera tillstånden vid nästa diskreta tidpunkt. En analytisk lösning med låg beräkningskomplexitet till detta problem har föreslagits. 

Vidare innehåller avhandlingen två typer av reglerproblem relaterade till industrirobotar. För det första har den så kallade norm-optimala iterative learning control styrlagen utökats till att hantera fallet då en skattning av den önskade reglerstorheten används istället för en mätning. Med hjälp av skattningen av systemets tillståndsvektor kan metoden nu även användas till olinjära system vilket inte är fallet med standardformuleringen. Den föreslagna metoden utökar målfunktionen i optimeringsproblemet till att innehålla inte bara väntevärdet av den skattade reglerstorheten utan även skattningsfelets kovariansmatris. Det innebär att om skattningsfelet är stort vid en viss tidpunkt ska den skattade reglerstorheten vid den tidpunkten inte påverka resultatet mycket eftersom det finns en stor osäkerhet i var den sanna reglerstorheten befinner sig. 

För det andra har design och analys av H-regulatorer för en linjär modell av en vek robotled, som beskrivs med fyra massor, genomförts. Det visar sig att reglerprestandan kan förbättras, utan att lägga till fler mätningar än motorns vinkelposition, jämfört med tidigare utvärderade regulatorer. Genom att mäta verktygets acceleration kan prestandan förbättras ännu mer. Modellen över leden är i själva verket olinjär. För att hantera detta har en H-syntesmetod föreslagits som kan hantera olinjäriteten i modellen.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping University Electronic Press, 2014. p. 69
Series
Linköping Studies in Science and Technology. Dissertations, ISSN 0345-7524 ; 1585
Keywords
Industrial Robots, Sensor Fusion, Iterative Learning Control, H-infinity Controller, Controllability, Extended Kalman Filter, Particle Filter, Expectation Maximisation, Continuous-time Filtering, Norm-optimal ILC
National Category
Control Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-105343 (URN)10.3384/diss.diva-105343 (DOI)978-91-7519-368-7 (ISBN)
Public defence
2014-05-09, Visionen, B-huset, Campus Valla, Linköpings universitet, Linköping, 10:15 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Projects
Vinnova Excellence Center LINK-SIC
Funder
Vinnova
Available from: 2014-04-11 Created: 2014-03-18 Last updated: 2021-12-06Bibliographically approved
Axelsson, P., Karlsson, R. & Norrlöf, M. (2013). Estimation-based ILC using Particle Filter with Application to Industrial Manipulators. In: Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS): . Paper presented at 2013 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), Tokyo, Japan, November 3-7, 2013 (pp. 1740-1745).
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Estimation-based ILC using Particle Filter with Application to Industrial Manipulators
2013 (English)In: Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), 2013, p. 1740-1745Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

An estimation-based iterative learning control (ILC) algorithm is applied to a realistic industrial manipulator model. By measuring the acceleration of the end-effector, the arm angular position accuracy is improved when the measurements are fused with motor angle observations. The estimation problem is formulated in a Bayesian estimation framework where three solutions are proposed: one using the extended Kalman filter (EKF), one using the unscented  Kalman filter (UKF), and one using the particle filter (PF).  The estimates are used in an ILC method to improve the accuracy for following a given reference trajectory.  Since the ILC algorithm is repetitive no computational restrictions on the methods apply explicitly. In an extensive Monte Carlo simulation study it is shown that the PF method outperforms the other methods and that the ILC control law is substantially improved using the PF estimate.

National Category
Control Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-100880 (URN)10.1109/IROS.2013.6696584 (DOI)000331367401125 ()
Conference
2013 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), Tokyo, Japan, November 3-7, 2013
Projects
Vinnova Excellence Center LINK-SIC
Funder
Vinnova
Available from: 2014-01-13 Created: 2013-11-14 Last updated: 2021-12-06
Axelsson, P., Karlsson, R. & Norrlöf, M. (2013). Estimation-based Norm-optimal Iterative Learning Control. Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Estimation-based Norm-optimal Iterative Learning Control
2013 (English)Report (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The iterative learning control (ILC) method improvesperformance of systems that repeat the same task several times. In this paper the standard norm-optimal ILC control law for linear systems is extended to an estimation-based ILC algorithm where the controlled variables are not directly available as measurements. The proposed ILC algorithm is proven to be stable and gives monotonic convergence of the error. The estimation-based part of the algorithm uses Bayesian estimation techniques such as the Kalman filter. The objective function in the optimisation problem is modified to incorporate not only the mean value of the estimated variable, but also information about the uncertainty of the estimate. It is further shown that for linear time-invariant systems the ILC design is independent of the estimation method. Finally, the concept is extended to non-linear state space models using linearisation techniques, where it is assumed that the full state vector is estimated and used in the ILC algorithm. It is also discussed how the Kullback-Leibler divergence can be used if linearisation cannot be performed. Finally, the proposed solution for non-linear systems is applied and verified in a simulation study with a simplified model of an industrial manipulator system.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2013. p. 12
Series
LiTH-ISY-R, ISSN 1400-3902 ; 3066
Keywords
Iterative, Learning Control, Estimation, Filtering, Nonlinear systems, Optimal
National Category
Control Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-100899 (URN)LiTH-ISY-R-3066 (ISRN)
Projects
Vinnova Excellence Center LINK-SIC
Funder
Vinnova
Available from: 2013-11-14 Created: 2013-11-14 Last updated: 2021-12-06Bibliographically approved
Organisations

Search in DiVA

Show all publications