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Sommar, Carl-Johan, PhDORCID iD iconorcid.org/0000-0002-4680-1124
Publications (10 of 17) Show all publications
Nordensvärd, J., Kaulio, M., Sommar, C.-J. & Ketola, M. (2026). Political Ghosts in the Swedish Welfare Machine: De-Politicisation, Neoliberal Technocracy and Quasi-Markets in Swedish University Property Management. Social Policy and Society
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Political Ghosts in the Swedish Welfare Machine: De-Politicisation, Neoliberal Technocracy and Quasi-Markets in Swedish University Property Management
2026 (English)In: Social Policy and Society, ISSN 1474-7464, E-ISSN 1475-3073Article in journal (Refereed) Epub ahead of print
Abstract [en]

This article examines how the discursive logic of quasi-markets in Swedish university real-estatemanagement enables depoliticisation while consolidating state control. Sweden is a distinctive case whereuniversities are public agencies, yet most campus property is owned by Akademiska Hus AB, a profit-seeking corporation wholly owned by the state. Using interpretive policy and frame analysis of legislation,government decisions, and public debate, we trace how market rents were introduced and justified. Weshow that depoliticising narratives portraying academics as fiscally unaccountable and university space aswasteful legitimise New Public Management reforms. Extending the ‘ghost in the machine’ metaphor, wedemonstrate how political logics permeate welfare governance but are rendered less visible. The quasi-market sustains centralised control and fuels distrust between universities and government, risking a cycleof expanding quasi-market instruments and reduced institutional autonomy. Diminished autonomy mayin turn have implications for academic freedom.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Cambridge University Press (CUP), 2026
Keywords
metaphors; framing; narrative analysis; quasi-markets; Swedish higher education
National Category
Political Science (Excluding Peace and Conflict Studies)
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-220670 (URN)10.1017/s1474746425101279 (DOI)001661902500001 ()2-s2.0-105028013931 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2026-01-21 Created: 2026-01-21 Last updated: 2026-03-10
Sommar, C.-J., Nordensvärd, J., Wihlborg, E. & Garcia, F. (2025). Autonomy and paternalism – framing Swedish COVID-19 restriction policy. Critical Policy Studies, 19(1), 19-38
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Autonomy and paternalism – framing Swedish COVID-19 restriction policy
2025 (English)In: Critical Policy Studies, ISSN 1946-0171, E-ISSN 1946-018X, Vol. 19, no 1, p. 19-38Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Sweden became an outlier among the Nordic countries in handling the COVID-19 pandemic. While the Nordic countries have historically shared a social democratic welfare state regime, with strong cooperation and harmonization of social policies, their responses to the pandemic showcased fundamental differences to that of Sweden. In particular, Sweden’s prioritization of individual civil liberties over social rights diverged from the more coercive approaches of Finland and Norway, which placed greater emphasis on public health and social welfare. This study examines the media framing surrounding the contrasting Swedish approach and highlights the dichotomy between statist individualism/autonomy and welfare paternalism/interdependence that has been an inherent part of the Swedish welfare state framing. Employing interpretive policy analysis, the study explores the media narratives used by policy actors to frame their pandemic response in terms of individual autonomy and governmental paternalism. We identified two contrasting perspectives on governance regarding the COVID-19 policy strategy. One framing perspective backed the strategy, emphasizing the importance of safeguarding individual autonomy and minimizing central control. The other viewpoint demanded a lockdown and criticized the Swedish response as too lenient. This deviated from usual Swedish political alignments and created a polarized and lively debate around the core values of individual autonomy, agency, and central governmental paternalism. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, 2025
Keywords
social rights, civil rights, COVID-19, framing, autonomy, paternalism, restrictions
National Category
Political Science (excluding Public Administration Studies and Globalisation Studies)
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-200456 (URN)10.1080/19460171.2024.2307420 (DOI)001147627700001 ()2-s2.0-85183047097 (Scopus ID)
Funder
The Research Council of Norway, 326136
Note

Funding: Norges Forskningsrad [326136]

Available from: 2024-01-26 Created: 2024-01-26 Last updated: 2025-04-24
Sommar, C.-J. & Nordensvärd, J. (2025). Disconnecting the dots: framing analysis of social, economic and environmental sustainability in the Swedish healthcare system. In: Stephan Köppe, Andrea Parma, and Bożena Sojka (Ed.), Social Policy Review 37: (pp. 161-180). Bristol: Bristol University Press
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Disconnecting the dots: framing analysis of social, economic and environmental sustainability in the Swedish healthcare system
2025 (English)In: Social Policy Review 37 / [ed] Stephan Köppe, Andrea Parma, and Bożena Sojka, Bristol: Bristol University Press, 2025, p. 161-180Chapter in book (Refereed)
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Bristol: Bristol University Press, 2025
Keywords
sustainability, framing analysis, health care, Sweden
National Category
Political Science (Excluding Peace and Conflict Studies)
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-216264 (URN)10.51952/9781447377245.ch009 (DOI)9781447377245 (ISBN)
Available from: 2025-08-11 Created: 2025-08-11 Last updated: 2025-09-04Bibliographically approved
Algotson, A., Sommar, C.-J. & Wihlborg, E. (2025). Matsäkerhet i krisberedskapens tidevarv: Om matens plats i kommunal policy, planering och förvaltning. Nordisk Administrativt Tidsskrift, 1-19
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Matsäkerhet i krisberedskapens tidevarv: Om matens plats i kommunal policy, planering och förvaltning
2025 (Swedish)In: Nordisk Administrativt Tidsskrift, ISSN 0029-1285, p. 1-19Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [sv]

Matsäkerhet har blivit en alltmer brännande fråga för många utvecklade välfärdsstater och sårbarheten i komplext sammanvävda internationella matsystem gör att forskare framhävt betydelsen av lokala matsystem där kommuner spelar en avgörande roll. Mot den bakgrunden undersöks i den här studien hur frågor om matsäkerhet ger avtryck i kommunal policy, planering och administration i Sverige. Därutöver undersöks hur matsäkerhet förstås och ramas i på ett mer övergripande plan i relation till en lokal kontext. Studien, som bland annat bygger på en omfattande dokumentkartläggning, visar tydligt att frågor som rör matsäkerhet inte behandlas på något systematiskt sätt i kommunala planer eller policyer. Genom deltagande observationer visas även att frågor om matsäkerhet aktualiseras i relation till en krisberedskapsdiskussion, men att frågan inte kan diskuteras systematiskt då matsäkerhet och krisberedskap saknar förankring i formell policy, planering och administration. Studien visar på ett trängande behov av, men också institutionella svårigheter i att hantera matsäkerhet på ett mer strukturerat sätt.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Nordiska administrativa förbundet, 2025
Keywords
Matsäkerhet, Matsystem, Kommunal förvaltning, Inramning, Policy
National Category
Public Administration Studies
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-215923 (URN)10.7577/nat.6145 (DOI)
Available from: 2025-07-03 Created: 2025-07-03 Last updated: 2025-09-23
Sommar, C.-J., Iacobaeus, H., Wihlborg, E. & Vegard Haug, A. (2025). Navigating Crisis and Digital Transformation: Swedish School Leadership During the COVID-19 Pandemic. In: Ida Lindgren, Manuel Pedro Rodríguez Bolívar, Marijn Janssen, Euripidis Loukis, Francesco Mureddu, Panos Panagiotopoulos, Gabriela Viale Pereira, Efthimios Tambouris (Ed.), Electronic Government: 24th IFIP WG 8.5 International Conference, EGOV 2025, Krems, Austria, August 31 – September 4, 2025, Proceedings (pp. 3-18). Chams: Springer Nature
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Navigating Crisis and Digital Transformation: Swedish School Leadership During the COVID-19 Pandemic
2025 (English)In: Electronic Government: 24th IFIP WG 8.5 International Conference, EGOV 2025, Krems, Austria, August 31 – September 4, 2025, Proceedings / [ed] Ida Lindgren, Manuel Pedro Rodríguez Bolívar, Marijn Janssen, Euripidis Loukis, Francesco Mureddu, Panos Panagiotopoulos, Gabriela Viale Pereira, Efthimios Tambouris, Chams: Springer Nature, 2025, p. 3-18Chapter in book (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

During the COVID-19 pandemic, Sweden’s approach to school governance diverged from other nations by keeping schools open while integrating digital education. This strategy positioned school leaders as key intermediaries, translating national guidelines into operational practices. The study explores, based on two complementary surveys, how institutional frameworks influenced crisis management and digital transformation in Swedish schools.

Swedish school leaders navigated the crisis under strong municipal autonomy, facing limited formal authority but demonstrating high perceived implementation capacity. The pandemic functioned as a stress test for school governance, highlighting the balance between bureaucratic constraints and adaptive leadership in street-level bureaucracy. Our results indicate that school leaders in municipal schools experienced more intensive oversight and accountability compared to independent schools, who however increased their coordination with the local governing bodies.

In comparison to other Nordic countries, the Swedish school leaders experienced that they had more sufficient digital tools to manage the pandemic constraints and higher digital transformation readiness. Digital transformation played a critical role in crisis adaptation, with schools leveraging technology to maintain educational services and inter-municipal collaboration. By exploring the school leaders’ views on their capabilities, conditions and constraints during the digital transformation linked to the pandemic, the article contributes to research on local digital transformation in times of crisis. There is a need for further research on digital transformation and how governance structures shape crisis management on local level in a digital era.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Chams: Springer Nature, 2025
Series
Lecture Notes in Computer Science, ISSN 0302-9743, E-ISSN 1611-3349 ; 15944
Keywords
COVID-19, School governance, pandemic, Sweden, Noridc, school leaders, digital education, resilient organizations, pandemic responses
National Category
Information Systems
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-217418 (URN)10.1007/978-3-032-01589-1_1 (DOI)001579330000001 ()2-s2.0-105017375402 (Scopus ID)3032015898 (ISBN)
Note

Funding Agencies|Research Council of Norway [326136/H40]

Available from: 2025-09-04 Created: 2025-09-04 Last updated: 2025-12-11Bibliographically approved
Garcia, F., Järnland, E., Nordensvärd, J., Sommar, C.-J. & Wihlborg, E. (2024). Sweden: relaxed crisis management. In: Are Vegard Haug (Ed.), Crisis Management, Governance and COVID-19: Pandemic Policy and Local Government in the Nordic Countries (pp. 68-76). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Sweden: relaxed crisis management
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2024 (English)In: Crisis Management, Governance and COVID-19: Pandemic Policy and Local Government in the Nordic Countries / [ed] Are Vegard Haug, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2024, p. 68-76Chapter in book (Refereed)
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2024
Keywords
Covid-19
National Category
Political Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-209154 (URN)9781035336524 (ISBN)9781035336531 (ISBN)
Available from: 2024-11-06 Created: 2024-11-06 Last updated: 2025-01-09Bibliographically approved
Nordensvärd, J., Sommar, C.-J. & Wihlborg, E. (2024). The communicative climate: municipal leaders’ experiences. In: Are Vegard Haug (Ed.), Crisis Management, Governance and COVID-19: Pandemic Policy and Local Government in the Nordic Countries (pp. 132-141). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The communicative climate: municipal leaders’ experiences
2024 (English)In: Crisis Management, Governance and COVID-19: Pandemic Policy and Local Government in the Nordic Countries / [ed] Are Vegard Haug, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2024, p. 132-141Chapter in book (Refereed)
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2024
National Category
Political Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-209155 (URN)9781035336524 (ISBN)9781035336531 (ISBN)
Available from: 2024-11-06 Created: 2024-11-06 Last updated: 2025-01-09Bibliographically approved
Sommar, C.-J. (2023). Inramningar av lömska problem: Fallstudier av lokala förvaltningars möte med hållbarhet i sjukvård och under pandemin. (Doctoral dissertation). Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Inramningar av lömska problem: Fallstudier av lokala förvaltningars möte med hållbarhet i sjukvård och under pandemin
2023 (Swedish)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Alternative title[en]
Framing Wicked Problems : Case studies on sustainability in healthcare and during the pandemic
Abstract [en]

Everything should come together, and everything should permeate everything. Trends in governance and policy areas have come to encompass increasingly broader and more diverse issues. For example, sustainable development should guide all parts of government, but there is often little guidance on what this means in practice and how organizations should tackle the diverse issues and challenges of sustainability. Overall, much indicates that the challenges and problems faced by decision-makers in public administration have become increasingly difficult to manage. Some of these problems are particularly challenging and cannot be solved with a short term solution, by a single actor, or by an established method. These problems can only be managed and are referred to as "wicked problems" in the literature.

The dissertation focuses on two wicked problems: sustainability and a pandemic. The analysis address how these wicked problems are handled by local public authorities in Sweden. Both problems have an unclear scope, a vague definition, and no definitive solution within reach. The overshadowing argument is that wicked problems need to be framed to be managed through policy mechanisms and implementation processes. The thesis argues that a frame determines and delimits the issue at hand, thus configuring what becomes manageable or not in practice.

The dissertation is based on a selection of empirical case studies aimed at observing how governments translate the problems they face by handling both the need to become more sustainable and balancing the needs during a pandemic through changes and modifying the discourse. The study employs an interpretive and constructivist analysis of document studies and interviews with key stakeholders.

The overarching conclusions indicate that framing is a central process necessary to move wicked problems forward on the political agenda and make them manageable. In this way, framing helps to delimit the problems; the framing becomes crucial for what becomes manageable and what is left out. Frames have different characteristics, which then influence how the problem is addressed. The conclusions suggest a continued need to make the wickedness of policy problems visible, to consider the larger and more complex aspects of certain political issues, and to strive to identify different mechanisms for managing them. We can see that framing is not just about coping with wicked issues but also about redefining the understanding of wicked problems to align more closely with an organization's limitations and possibilities. Framing offers the possibility to bridge, merge, or even transform our understanding of the wicked problem through the social reality of the organization.

Abstract [sv]

Allt ska gå ihop, och allt måste genomsyra allt. Styrtrender och politikområden har kommit att omfatta allt mer och allt bredare frågeställningar. Sammantaget pekar mycket på att de problem som beslutsfattare och verksamheter ställs inför har blivit svårare att hantera. Några av dessa problem är särskilt svåra för offentligheten, och de kan inte lösas på traditionella sätt. Dessa problem kan endast hanteras och kallas i litteraturen för lömska problem. Avhandlingen tar sig an hållbarhet som ett sådant lömskt problem, med fokus på hälso- och sjukvård samt COVID-19-pandemin. Båda fallen har en oklar omfattning, en vag innebörd och det finns heller inget definitivt slut som är nåbart inom en snar framtid. Det övergripande argumentet är att lömska problemen behöver ramas in för att kunna hanteras av organisationer. Ramen avgör och avgränsar sakfrågan, och vad som blir hanterbart eller inte.

Analyserna utgår från och bygger på ett urval av empiriska studier om hållbar hälsa samt COVID-19-pandemin. Forskningsdesignen för att studera hanteringen av dessa två lömska problem bygger på en tolkande och konstruktivistisk analys av dokument och intervjuer med nyckelaktörer.

De övergripande slutsatserna pekar på att inramning är en central process som gör lömska problem hanterbara. Genom inramning avgränsas problemen; inramningen blir avgörande för vad som blir hanterbart och vad som lämnas utanför. Resultaten visar att organisationer använder olika strategier för att rama in lömska problem. Strategierna bygger på befintliga institutioner och organisatoriska handlingsmönster, med följd att det ursprungliga lömska problemet antingen förbinds, förenas och/eller förändras. Slutsatserna understryker behovet av att fortsätta synliggöra lömska problem inom olika policyområden, att uppmärksamma de större och mer komplexa aspekterna av vissa politiska frågeställningar, samt att fortsätta identifiera olika hanteringsmekanismer.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2023. p. 89
Series
Linköping Studies in Arts and Sciences, ISSN 0282-9800 ; 866
Keywords
Wicked Problems, Framing, Governance, Local Government, Sweden, Lömska problem, Kommunal styrning, Styrning, Inramning
National Category
Public Administration Studies
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-199197 (URN)10.3384/9789180754279 (DOI)9789180754262 (ISBN)9789180754279 (ISBN)
Public defence
2023-12-15, ACAS, A-huset, Campus Valla, Linköping, 13:15 (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2023-11-17 Created: 2023-11-17 Last updated: 2025-02-21Bibliographically approved
Andersson, A., Hedström, K., Moll, J., Mårtensson, M., Siegert, S. & Sommar, C.-J. (2023). Ledarskap för ett hållbart arbetsliv: Teknikstrategier och arbetslivets gränser. Stockholm
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Ledarskap för ett hållbart arbetsliv: Teknikstrategier och arbetslivets gränser
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2023 (Swedish)Report (Other academic)
Abstract [sv]

Användning av allt mindre mobiler och mer lättflyttade datorer gör att gränsen mellan vårt hem och vårt arbete gradvis suddas ut. Användandet av digital teknik möjliggör för skolor att finnas på flera platser, en utveckling som tydliggjorts under pandemin. Sociala medier har för många skolanställda blivit en naturlig del både i det pedagogiska arbetet och i den dagliga kontakten med varandra, elever och vårdnadshavare. Hur skolan formeras i en digital verklighet är därför en nyckelfråga för framtiden.

För att bidra till en bättre förståelse för digitaliseringens påverkan på arbetslivet och arbetsmiljön har vi genomfört ett forskningsprojekt med titel ”Ledarskap för ett hållbart digitalt arbetsliv: Teknikstrategier och arbetslivets gränser”. Projektet har finansierats av AFA Försäkring inom deras FoU-program “Digitaliseringens effekter på arbetsmiljön”.

Projektets syfte har varit att analysera hur styrning och ledarskap kan utformas i skolan för att tillvarata nyttan hos sociala medier och samtidigt skapa en hållbar digital arbetsmiljö för medarbetare och chefer.

Våra resultat bygger på ett omfattande empiriskt intervjumaterial, och ett mindre antal enkäter. Vi kan i våra resultat se att samtliga aktörer som är engagerade i skolan behöver diskutera hur man vill och bör använda sociala medier. I vissa fall kan det behövas en tydligare styrning, i andra fall kan det vara tillräckligt med en mjukare styrning med tydligt uttryckta förväntningar och levande diskussioner om hur man som lärare och skolledare ska förhålla sig till sociala medier. Sammantaget tecknas en bild där användandet av sociala medier inte bara suddar ut gränslinjerna mellan det privata och det offentliga, utan också utvidgar gränserna för den egna yrkesrollen. Berättelserna vi har fångat från olika aktörer visar på komplexiteten och svårigheten att styra sociala medier som befinner sig mellan privatlivet och arbetslivet. Vi måste därför förändra hur vi förstår skolan och skolans roll i en digital verklighet. Resultaten har spridits genom vetenskapliga artiklar, populärvetenskapliga artiklar i media och tidskrifter, samt genom möten med intressenter.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: , 2023
Series
Akademin för ekonomistyrning i staten ; 2003(2)
Keywords
Digitalisering, Arbetsliv, Sociala medier, Skola, Styrning, Arbetsmiljö
National Category
Work Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-199511 (URN)9789198460766 (ISBN)
Funder
Afa Trygghetsförsäkringsaktiebolag
Available from: 2023-12-07 Created: 2023-12-07 Last updated: 2023-12-21Bibliographically approved
Nordensvärd, J., Sommar, C.-J., Turcu, C., Rotolo, M., Li, B., Li, Y., . . . Byun, Y.-h. (2023). Policy Brief December 2022: Food for Urban Lives and Locality (FULL). Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Policy Brief December 2022: Food for Urban Lives and Locality (FULL)
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2023 (English)Report (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

What can we learn from civil society responses to COVID-19 food supply?

The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in food shortages, lockdowns, and restrictions onmovement, which have completely reshaped the food system and the interaction betweenpeople and their food environment. The pandemic has highlighted that while states arestruggling to handle all the impacts of the pandemic, civil society organizations have taken onan important role in filling the gaps and mitigating the shocks from the pandemic. Actionstaken by civil society and the market have shown that the existing welfare structures createdby states are unable to handle the impact of a pandemic when it comes to critical tasks suchas food supply for vulnerable groups.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2023. p. 7
Series
Linköping studies in Social Policy, E-ISSN 2004-6588 ; 2023:1
National Category
Peace and Conflict Studies Other Social Sciences not elsewhere specified
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-192242 (URN)10.3384/9789180751513 (DOI)9789180751513 (ISBN)
Funder
Swedish Research Council Formas
Available from: 2023-03-08 Created: 2023-03-08 Last updated: 2025-02-20Bibliographically approved
Organisations
Identifiers
ORCID iD: ORCID iD iconorcid.org/0000-0002-4680-1124

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