Additive manufacturing (AM) is an innovative production approach that has gained significant attention due to its ability to overcome many limitations associated with traditional manufacturing techniques. As a consequence of efforts to optimize various AM processes, especially across different methods, a vast amount of data is either utilized (e.g., material properties, printer specifications, and process settings) or generated (e.g., monitoring data during printing, slicing strategies, and parameter configurations). Effectively managing, understanding, and retrieving information from this data remains a major challenge. The data often exhibits complex interrelationships and is distributed across heterogeneous sources, making it difficult for researchers and industry professionals to extract meaningful insights or make informed decisions. To address these challenges, we propose a knowledge-based approach designed to support the structured management of AM data. The core of this approach is a modular ontology (PBF-AMP-Onto), which serves as a semantic foundation for integrating diverse data sources, enabling semantic querying, and supporting decision-making systems. This ontology facilitates semantics-aware data management, enhances the interpretability of AM processes, and contributes to the optimization of manufacturing outcomes. In this paper, we focus on one of the most advanced AM techniques, powder bed fusion (PBF), with a particular emphasis on electron beam (EB-PBF). To validate the feasibility and practical utility of our approach, we constructed a knowledge graph using a workbench (PBF-AMP-KG Workbench) and based on our ontology using data from real-world EB-PBF use cases. We then demonstrate how domain-relevant queries, such as those concerning process parameters, material behavior, and machine settings, can be answered efficiently using this knowledge graph, showcasing its potential to support researchers in navigating and leveraging AM data more effectively.

This study presents a comparative analysis of the effects of Ce addition (1 wt%) on the rate-dependent deformation instability pattern of a Direct Chill (DC)-cast Al-5Mg, thoroughly linked to and explained by the corresponding phase and microstructural evolution. Microscopy results revealed the formation of a considerable volume of Ce-rich eutectic intermetallics (primarily of Al11Ce3 and Al13CeMg6 types) at higher temperatures, effectively suppressing the formation of the beta-Al3Mg2 eutectic phase towards the final stages of solidification, a pattern further confirmed via Scheil simulations. Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) analysis revealed a coarser and less uniform grain size evolution in the Ce-modified alloy, attributed to the potential Ce-Ti reaction and, therefore, the neutralization of Ti-rich grain refiners used in the melt. Furthermore, the Ce-added alloy exhibited a stronger texture development in the as-cast state, primarily stemming from the reduced effectiveness of grain refiners and the pinning and stabilizing effect of Ce-rich intermetallics emerging alongside the alpha-Al primary phase crystallizing during solidification. The analysis of tensile deformation at various strain rates (10- 4 to 10- 2 s- 1) revealed the development of distinct instability patterns, as characterized by the evolution of Portevin-Le Chatelier (PLC) bands. While similar types of bands were observed at each strain rate in both alloys, the Ce-modified alloy exhibited higher stress-drop magnitudes and lower frequencies of band formation, generally indicating a more localized strain development. Meanwhile, the Ce-added alloy exhibits a significantly higher critical strain, epsilon c (strain at the onset of flow instability, 8.15 % vs 2.62 %) at the lower strain rate of 10- 4 s- 1, thereby enabling extended uniform deformation and thus enhancing formability potential for sheet metal forming processes where flow stability and surface quality are critical (e.g., in stamping applications for automotive body panels).

Insufficient time-dependent properties at elevated temperatures, particularly creep resistance and ductility, are currently crucial factors impeding the use of additively manufactured Hastelloy X (HX). To address this limitation, a micro-nano olive-shaped carbide network was purposely introduced into HX via laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) and following optimized heat treatment. The inherent chemical heterogeneity combined with the sufficient stored energy of boundaries, induced by the ultrafast cooling rate of the L-PBF process, creates favorable conditions for the formation of micro-nano precipitate networks. Compared to its untreated counterpart, the optimized HX exhibited considerably improved creep resistance, with an 85 % increase in creep life and a 122 % improvement in fracture ductility. Furthermore, through multiscale characterization techniques and theoretical calculations, the preferential precipitation behavior of the micro-nano carbide networks was systematically investigated from both kinetic and thermodynamic perspectives. The superior creep resistance of the L-PBF HX, decorated with carbide networks, stems from the synergistic effects of the high cavity surface energy, effective pinning for grain boundary sliding, and reduced plasticity-assisted diffusion rate, which markedly inhibit the nucleation and growth of microvoids during high-temperature deformations. This work provides a comprehensive understanding of the strengthening mechanisms associated with non-equilibrium solidification-facilitated carbide networks, providing new insights into the targeted design and optimization of L-PBF alloys.

High melting point materials such as ceramics and metal carbides are in general difficult to manufacture due to their physical properties, which imposes the need for new manufacturing methods where electron beam powder bed fusion (EB-PBF) seems promising. Most materials that have been successfully printed with EB-PBF are metals and metal alloys with good electrical conductivity, whereas dielectric materials such as ceramics are generally difficult to print. Catastrophic problems such as smoking and spattering can occur during the EB-PBF processing owing to inappropriate physical properties such as lack of electrical, and thermal conductivity and high melting point, which are challenging to overcome by process optimization. Due to these difficulties, a limited level of understanding has been achieved regarding melting ceramics and refractory alloys. Herein, three different substrates of niobium carbide (NbC) are melted using EB-PBF. The established process parameter window shows a good correlation between EB-PBF process parameters, surface, and melt characteristics, which can be used as a baseline for a printing process. Melting NbC is proven feasible using EB-PBF; the work also points out challenges related to arc trips and spattering, as well as future investigations necessary to create a stable printing process. Additive manufacturing offer new ways of manufacturing ceramics and metal carbides otherwise hard to produce. This study presents one of the first attempts at melting niobium carbide using electron beam powder bed fusion by identifying process window and investigating how the different process parameters affect the melt characteristics, as well as identifying potential issues regarding printing metal carbides.image (c) 2024 WILEY-VCH GmbH

Additive manufacturing is an innovative production approach aimed at creating products that traditionaltechniques cannot produce with the desired quality and requirements. Throughout the additive manufacturing process, data is either used (such as materials properties, printer characteristics and settings)or generated (such as monitoring data during printing, slicing strategies setting parameters). However, managing such data with complex relationships remains a significant challenge in both research andindustry in the additive manufacturing field. To address this issue, we developed a modular ontology that can be used as the basis for a framework that supports decision-making systems, facilitate semantics-aware data management, and enhance the understanding and optimization of additive manufacturingprocesses. In this paper we focus on one of the state-of-the-art additive manufacturing approaches, i.e., powder bed fusion. To show the use and the feasibility of our approach, we created a knowledge graph for an actual additive manufacturing experiment based on our ontology, and show how queries relevant to domain experts can be answered using this knowledge graph.

Deformation behaviour in the Nickel-base superalloy 625 has been studied by tensile testing at four temperatures: 295, 223, 173 and 77 K. The microstructure has been investigated using TEM, FIB-SEM, EBSD and ECCI techniques. Deformation in the alloy turns out to be a competitive course of events between at least two deformation mechanisms, namely dislocation slip and deformation twinning. Slip is the predominant deformation mechanism at higher temperatures. While at 77 K, deformation induced twinning gives an extra degree of freedom as one of the main deformation mechanisms, i.e., the material shows a twin induced plasticity, TWIP, behaviour. Ab initio calculations indicate that the influence of cryogenic/sub-zero temperatures on the stacking fault energy of this alloy can be limited and that the formation of deformation twins cannot be determined solely by the stacking fault energy. The results implies that it is the critical strain and strain hardening rate that influences the deformation twinning onset and twinning rate.

High layer thicknesses for laser powder bed fusion are promising for productivity increase. However, these are associated with increased process instability, spatter generation and powder degradation, crucial for alloys sensitive to oxygen. The effect of increasing layer thickness from 30 to 60 mu m is studied focusing on Ti-6Al-4V spatter formation during LPBF and its characterisation, with scanning and transmission electron microscopy, combustion analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Results indicate that spatters are covered with a uniform Ti-Al-based oxide layer and Al-rich oxide particulates, the thickness of which is about twice that present on virgin powder. The oxygen content was about 60% higher in spatters compared to the virgin powder. The study highlights that increasing the layer thickness to 60 mu m permits to reduce the total generation of spatters by similar to 40%, while maintaining similar spatter characteristics and static tensile properties. Hence, this allows to increase build rate without compromising process robustness.

Dislocation plays a crucial role in controlling the strength and plasticity of bulk materials. However, determining the densities of geometrically necessary dislocations (GNDs) and statistically stored dislocations (SSDs) is one of the classical problems in material research for several decades. Here, we proposed a new approach based on indentation size effect (ISE) and strengthening theories. This approach was performed on a laser powder bed fused (L-PBF) Hastelloy X (HX), and the results were verified by the Hough-based EBSD and modified Williamson–Hall (m-WH) methods. Furthermore, to better understand the new approach and essential mechanisms, an in-depth investigation of the microstructure was conducted. The distribution of dislocations shows a clear grain orientation-dependent: low density in large <101> preferentially orientated grains while high density in fine <001> orientated grains. The increment of strengthening in L-PBF HX is attributed to a huge amount of edge-GNDs. Planar slip is the main operative deformation mechanism during indentation tests, and the slip step patterns depend mostly on grain orientations and stacking fault energy. This study provides quantitative results of GND and SSD density for L-PBF HX, which constructs a firm basis for future quantitative work on other metals with different crystal structures.

To improve the understanding of high temperature mechanical behaviours of LPBF Ni-based superalloys, this work investigates the influence of an elongated grain structure and characteristic crystallographic texture on the anisotropic tensile behaviours in LPBF Hastelloy X (HX) at 700 °C. Two types of loading conditions have been examined to analyse the anisotropy related to the building direction (BD), including the vertical loading (loading direction//BD) and the horizontal loading (loading direction ⊥ BD). To probe the short-term creep behaviours, slow strain rate tensile testing (SSRT) has been applied to address the strain rate dependent inelastic strain accumulation. In-situ time-of-flight neutron diffraction upon loading was performed to track the anisotropic lattice strain evolution in the elastic region and the texture evolution in the plastic region. Combined with the post microstructure and fracture analysis, the anisotropic mechanical behaviours are well correlated with the different microstructural responses between vertical and horizontal loading and the different strain rates. A better creep performance is expected in the vertical direction with the consideration of the better ductility and the higher level of texture evolution.

Critical aerospace parts require damage tolerance analysis to determine the inspection intervals in-service. Such analyses, based on linear fracture mechanics, require that the fatigue crack growth (FCG) rate relation to the stress intensity factor range is applicable independent of geometry and stress. FCG rates for laser powder bed fusion Ti6Al4V material for conventional compact tension (CT) specimens have therefore been compared to FCG rates for specimens with a crack configuration more technically relevant from an industrial and engineering perspective. The FCG rates corresponded very well and data obtained with CT-specimens can therefore be considered relevant for general damage tolerance predictions.