This concluding chapter offers perspective on the complex challenges posed by an energy transition by revisiting the three perspectives on systemic transport change that were articulated in our Introduction. These include: the challenge of path dependencies within large technological systems; the challenge of constructing new discourse that can transform socio-technical imaginaries; and the challenge of adapting institutional structures to facilitate change. These three challenges are reconsidered in light of the findings that have been offered in the intervening chapters. By integrating perspectives on path dependencies, socio-technical imaginaries and evolutionary dynamics of institutions, the chapter draws upon the preceding research contributions to illuminate the need for comprehensive change across governance structures and social practices, recognizing both the barriers to and potentials for systemic transformation. Ultimately, the research posits that while the energy transition is fraught with challenges, it also presents opportunities for radical shifts in mobility paradigms that can be initiated and reinforced both from above and below, and through forces that originate either within or beyond the state’s structure.