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A Divided Old Age through Research on Digital Technologies
Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för kultur och samhälle, Avdelningen för åldrande och social förändring. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten.ORCID-id: 0000-0002-6554-1559
2021 (Engelska)Doktorsavhandling, sammanläggning (Övrigt vetenskapligt)Alternativ titel
En splittrad ålderdom genom forskning om digitala teknologier (Svenska)
Abstract [en]

This thesis aims at contributing to the understanding of digital inequalities among older people, by studying the involvement of older people in research on digital technologies. Some mechanisms driving old age digital inequalities are well known. For instance, people with lower social positions tend to have lower digital skills, to face technology accessibility and affordability issues, and, thus, to engage less with digital technologies compared to their counterparts. However, less attention has been paid to issues related to research and development of digital technologies, such as the involvement of older people in research evaluating new digital technologies. Previous studies indicate that participants and non-participants in research are different one another, with the former being younger, reporting higher educational levels, having better health status than the non-participants. This may bias research outcomes and lead to incorrect conclusions on the utility of digital technologies. The objective of this thesis is to investigate the link between the involvement of older people in digital technology evaluations and the research outcomes. Healthcare is used as exemplifying context in which digital technologies are used. In Study I, participation in digital health research is conceptualised, and a research tool for identifying and measuring selective participation is developed. In Study II and III, factors associated with participation in two digital health intervention studies are analysed. In Study IV, the impact of selective participation on the research outcomes of a digital health study is identified, measured, and corrected. Thesis findings show that participation of older people in digital health research is selective by age, gender, health status, job level, and digital skills, and can indicate a mechanism for digital inequalities. Selective participation biases research outcomes by overemphasising the intervention effects of the over-represented groups over those among the under-represented groups. It can cause an overestimation of the positive effects of digital health technologies due to the under-representation of those groups who do not benefit from the intervention. This promotes digital technologies which increase exclusion risks for some groups of older people and reinforce old age digital and social inequalities. Weighting procedures can be used for mitigating the impact of this mechanism on the research outcomes of intervention studies on digital technologies.

Abstract [sv]

Denna avhandling syftar till att bidra till förståelsen av digital ojämlikhet bland äldre genom att studera äldre människors deltagande i forskning om digital teknik. Vissa mekanismer som driver den digitala ojämlikheten bland äldre är välkända. Till exempel tenderar personer med lägre sociala positioner att ha lägre digitala färdigheter, stöta på problem med tekniktillgänglighet och kostnader, och därmed engagera sig mindre i digital teknik jämfört med personer med högre sociala positioner. Mindre uppmärksamhet har dock ägnats åt frågor som rör forskning och utveckling av digital teknik, t.ex. äldres deltagande i forskning som utvärderar ny digital teknik. Tidigare studier visar att deltagare och icke-deltagare i forskning är olika varandra: deltagarna är yngre, har högre utbildningsnivå och bättre hälsotillstånd än icke-deltagarna. Detta kan snedvrida forskningsresultaten och leda till felaktiga slutsatser om nyttan av digital teknik. Syftet med denna avhandling är att undersöka sambandet mellan äldre människors deltagande i digitala teknikutvärderingar och forskningsresultaten. Hälso-och sjukvård används som exemplifierande sammanhang. I Studie I konceptualiseras deltagandet i digital hälsoforskning och ett forskningsverktyg för att identifiera och mäta selektivt deltagande utvecklas. I Studie II och III analyseras faktorer som är förknippade med deltagande i två digitala hälsointerventionsstudier. I Studie IV identifieras, mäts och korrigeras effekterna av selektivt deltagande på forskningsresultaten från en digital hälsostudie. Avhandlingsresultatet visar att äldre människors deltagande i digital hälsoforskning är selektivt utifrån ålder, kön, hälsotillstånd, arbetsnivå och digitala färdigheter, och kan indikera en mekanism för digital ojämlikhet. Selektivt deltagande snedvrider forskningsresultaten genom att man överbetonar de överrepresenterade gruppernas interventionseffekter jämfört med de underrepresenterade. Det kan leda till en överskattning av de positiva effekterna av digital hälsoteknik på grund av underrepresentationen av de grupper som inte drar nytta av interventionen. Detta främjar därmed digital teknik som ökar risken för utestängning av vissa grupper av äldre och stärker den digitala och sociala ojämlikheten bland äldre. Viktningsförfaranden kan användas för att mildra effekterna av denna mekanism på forskningsresultaten av interventionsstudier på digital teknik.

Abstract [it]

Questa tesi ha l’obiettivo di contribuire alla comprensione delle disuguaglianze digitali tra gli anziani attraverso lo studio del coinvolgimento degli stessi nella ricerca sulle tecnologie. Alcuni dei meccanismi che generano disuguaglianze digitali in età anziana sono ben noti. Ad esempio, persone con più basse posizioni sociali tendono a mostrare minori capacità digitali, ad riscontrare problemi di accessibilità pratica ed economica e pertanto ad utilizzare meno le tecnologie digitali rispetto alla loro controparte sociale più avvantaggiata. Tuttavia, meno attenzione è stata rivolta a questioni legate alla ricerca e allo sviluppo delle tecnologie digitali e al loro ruolo di queste fasi nel determinare disuguaglianze digitali. Una delle questioni sottoinvestigate è ad esempio il coinvolgimento delle persone anziane nella ricerca che si occupa di valutare nuove tecnologie digitali. Precedenti studi indicano che coloro che partecipano e coloro che non partecipano alla ricerca differiscono tra di loro. I primi sono tipicamente più giovani, riportano livelli più alti di istruzione, mostrano migliori livelli di stato di salute, rispetto ai secondi. Queste discrepanze tra partecipanti e non partecipanti potrebbero generare una distorsione dei risultati della ricerca (bias) e condurre a conclusioni scientifiche errate che si applicherebbero solo a specifici gruppi di anziani. L’obiettivo di questa tesi è di investigare il legame che esiste tra il coinvolgimento delle persone anziane nelle valutazioni di nuove tecnologie digitali e i risultati che si ottengono da quest’ultime. L’ambito sanitario è utilizzato in questa ricerca come contesto esemplificativo in cui vengono impiegate tecnologie digitali. Nello Studio I, viene concetttualizzata la partecipazione alla ricerca sulla salute digitale e viene sviluppato uno strumento di ricerca per l’identificazione e la misurazione della partecipazione selettiva. Nello Studio II e III, vengono analizzati i fattori associati alla partecipazione in due interventi che valutano tecnologie digitali per la salute. Nello Studio IV, viene identificato, misurato e corretto l’impatto della partecipazione selettiva sui risultati di uno studio sulle tecnologie digitali per la salute. I risultati di questa tesi indicano che la partecipazione delle persone anziane alla ricerca sulla salute digitale è selettiva per età, genere, stato di salute, livello lavorativo e competenze digitali, e che può essere un meccanismo che alimenta disuguaglianze digitali. La partecipazione selettiva distorce i risultati delle valutazioni emfatiizzando gli effetti degli interventi tra i gruppi che sono sovrarappresentati e sminuendo gli effetti tra i gruppi sottorappresentati. Questo può causare una sovrastima degli effetti positive delle tecnoloogie digitali per la salute dovuta alla sottorappresentazione di quei gruppi che non traggono benefici dall’intervento. Questo promuove tecnologie digitali che aumentano i rischi di esclusione e le disuguaglianze digitali e sociali. Procedure dette di ‘weighting’ possono essere usate per mitigare l’impatto di questo meccanismo sui risultati delle ricerche sulla salute digitale. 

Ort, förlag, år, upplaga, sidor
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2021. , s. 90
Serie
Linköping Studies in Arts and Sciences, ISSN 0282-9800 ; 814
Nyckelord [en]
Digital inequalities, Involvement in research, Biased outcomes, Old age exclusion, Old age social inequalities
Nyckelord [it]
Disuguaglianze digitali, Coinvolgimento nella ricerca, Risultati distorti (bias), Esclusione in età anziana, Disuguaglianze sociali in età anziana
Nyckelord [sv]
Digital ojämlikhet, Forskningsdeltagande, Snedvridna resultat, Exkludering av äldre, Social ojämlikhet bland äldre
Nationell ämneskategori
Övrig annan samhällsvetenskap
Identifikatorer
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-178298DOI: 10.3384/9789179290467ISBN: 9789179290320 (tryckt)ISBN: 9789179290467 (digital)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-178298DiVA, id: diva2:1589053
Disputation
2021-10-18, Online through Zoom (contact marjaana.kinnunen@liu.se) and K1, Kåkenhus, Campus Norrköping, Norrköping, 13:00 (Engelska)
Opponent
Handledare
Forskningsfinansiär
Forte, Forskningsrådet för hälsa, arbetsliv och välfärdVetenskapsrådetTillgänglig från: 2021-09-23 Skapad: 2021-08-30 Senast uppdaterad: 2021-11-12Bibliografiskt granskad
Delarbeten
1. A research tool for measuring non-participation of older people in research on digital health
Öppna denna publikation i ny flik eller fönster >>A research tool for measuring non-participation of older people in research on digital health
2019 (Engelska)Ingår i: BMC Public Health, E-ISSN 1471-2458, BMC PUBLIC HEALTH, Vol. 19, nr 1, artikel-id 1487Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat) Published
Abstract [en]

Background

Healthcare services are being increasingly digitalised in European countries. However, in studies evaluating digital health technology, some people are less likely to participate than others, e.g. those who are older, those with a lower level of education and those with poorer digital skills. Such non-participation in research – deriving from the processes of non-recruitment of targeted individuals and self-selection – can be a driver of old-age exclusion from new digital health technologies. We aim to introduce, discuss and test an instrument to measure non-participation in digital health studies, in particular, the process of self-selection.

Methods

Based on a review of the relevant literature, we designed an instrument – the NPART survey questionnaire – for the analysis of self-selection, covering five thematic areas: socioeconomic factors, self-rated health and subjective overall quality of life, social participation, time resources, and digital skills and use of technology. The instrument was piloted on 70 older study persons in Sweden, approached during the recruitment process for a trial study.

Results

Results indicated that participants, as compared to decliners, were on average slightly younger and more educated, and reported better memory, higher social participation, and higher familiarity with and greater use of digital technologies. Overall, the survey questionnaire was able to discriminate between participants and decliners on the key aspects investigated, along the lines of the relevant literature.

Conclusions

The NPART survey questionnaire can be applied to characterise non-participation in digital health research, in particular, the process of self-selection. It helps to identify underrepresented groups and their needs. Data generated from such an investigation, combined with hospital registry data on non-recruitment, allows for the implementation of improved sampling strategies, e.g. focused recruitment of underrepresented groups, and for the post hoc adjustment of results generated from biased samples, e.g. weighting procedures.

Ort, förlag, år, upplaga, sidor
BioMed Central, 2019
Nyckelord
Digital health; Old age inequality; Social exclusion; Digitalisation; Recruitment; Self-selection; Non-participation
Nationell ämneskategori
Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa och socialmedicin
Identifikatorer
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-162530 (URN)10.1186/s12889-019-7830-x (DOI)000496430300001 ()31703655 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85074723556 (Scopus ID)
Anmärkning

Funding Agencies|Swedish National Science Council; Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare (VR-FORTE) [2014-4100]

Tillgänglig från: 2019-12-09 Skapad: 2019-12-09 Senast uppdaterad: 2025-02-20Bibliografiskt granskad
2. Prediction of (Non)Participation of Older People in Digital Health Research: Exergame Intervention Study
Öppna denna publikation i ny flik eller fönster >>Prediction of (Non)Participation of Older People in Digital Health Research: Exergame Intervention Study
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2020 (Engelska)Ingår i: Journal of Medical Internet Research, E-ISSN 1438-8871, Vol. 22, nr 6, artikel-id e17884Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat) Published
Abstract [en]

Background: The use of digital technologies is increasing in health care. However, studies evaluating digital health technologies can be characterized by selective nonparticipation of older people, although older people represent one of the main user groups of health care. Objective: We examined whether and how participation in an exergame intervention study was associated with age, gender, and heart failure (HF) symptom severity. Methods: A subset of data from the HF-Wii study was used. The data came from patients with HF in institutional settings in Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and Sweden. Selective nonparticipation was examined as resulting from two processes: (non)recruitment and self-selection. Baseline information on age, gender, and New York Heart Association Functional Classification of 1632 patients with HF were the predictor variables. These patients were screened for HF-Wii study participation. Reasons for nonparticipation were evaluated. Results: Of the 1632 screened patients, 71% did not participate. The nonrecmitment rate was 21%, and based on the eligible sample, the refusal rate was 61%. Higher age was associated with lower probability of participation; it increased both the probabilities of not being recruited and declining to participate. More severe symptoms increased the likelihood of nonrecruitment. Gender had no effect. The most common reasons for nonrecruitment and self-selection were related to physical limitations and lack of time, respectively. Conclusions: Results indicate that selective nonparticipation takes place in digital health research and that it is associated with age and symptom severity. Gender effects cannot be proven. Such systematic selection can lead to biased research results that inappropriately inform research, policy, and practice.

Ort, förlag, år, upplaga, sidor
JMIR PUBLICATIONS, INC, 2020
Nyckelord
technology; exclusion; recruitment; self-selection; nonparticipation
Nationell ämneskategori
Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa och socialmedicin
Identifikatorer
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-166843 (URN)10.2196/17884 (DOI)000538334300001 ()32501275 (PubMedID)
Anmärkning

Funding Agencies|Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare (FORTE) [2014-4100]; Swedish National Science Council [K2013-69X-22302-01-3]; Swedish Heart and Lung AssociationSwedish Heart-Lung Foundation [E085/12]; Swedish Heart-Lung FoundationSwedish Heart-Lung Foundation [20130340]; Vardal Foundation [2014-0018]; Medical Research Council of Southeast Sweden [FORSS 474681]

Tillgänglig från: 2020-06-22 Skapad: 2020-06-22 Senast uppdaterad: 2025-02-20
3. Old-age diversity is underrepresented in digital health research: findings from the evaluation of a mobile phone system for post-operative progress monitoring in Sweden
Öppna denna publikation i ny flik eller fönster >>Old-age diversity is underrepresented in digital health research: findings from the evaluation of a mobile phone system for post-operative progress monitoring in Sweden
2023 (Engelska)Ingår i: Ageing & Society, ISSN 0144-686X, E-ISSN 1469-1779, Vol. 43, nr 10, s. 2264-2286Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat) Published
Abstract [en]

Much research is conducted to evaluate digital-based solutions for health-care services, but little is known about how such evaluations acknowledge diversity in later life. This study helps fill this gap and analyses participation in the evaluation of a web-based mobile phone system for monitoring the post-operative progress of patients after day surgery. Participation is conceptualised as resulting from three processes: pre-screening, recruitment and self-selection. Based on field information and survey data, this study models (a) the (non-)participation in a sample of 498 individuals aged 60 and older that includes non-screened, non-recruited, decliners and participants in the evaluation, and (b) the individual decision to participate in a sample of 210 individuals aged 60 and older who were invited to take part in the evaluation. Increasing age enhances the likelihood of not being screened, not being recruited or declining the invitation. Those not recruited were most often ineligible because of technology-related barriers. Decliners and participants differed by age, gender, job, health status, digital skills, but not by social participation. Results suggest that highly specific groups of older people are more likely to be involved than others. Old-age diversity is not properly represented in digital health research, with implications for the inclusivity of new digital health technologies. This has implications for increased risks of old-age exclusion and exacerbation of social and digital inequalities in ageing societies.

Ort, förlag, år, upplaga, sidor
Cambridge University Press, 2023
Nyckelord
exclusion, inequalities, digital technologies, participation in research, health, digital communication
Nationell ämneskategori
Gerontologi, medicinsk/hälsovetenskaplig inriktning
Identifikatorer
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-180990 (URN)10.1017/S0144686X21001641 (DOI)000742523300001 ()
Anmärkning

Funding agencies: Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare (FORTE) [2014-4100]

Tillgänglig från: 2021-11-12 Skapad: 2021-11-12 Senast uppdaterad: 2023-11-07Bibliografiskt granskad

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