Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore and discuss to what extent and why womens entrepreneurship contributes to rural economic viability and gender equality in an advanced welfare state. Design/methodology/approach The authors use detailed register data to explore mens and womens rural businesses in the most common industries for rural women entrepreneurs in the Swedish welfare state. Based on a literature review, the authors develop hypotheses and analyse how family, business and industry factors influence earnings. Findings Womens rural entrepreneurship is important for rural viability, as womens businesses provide a wide range of services necessary for life in rural areas. Although womens rural businesses are not significantly smaller than those of men, womens income is lower and more sensitive to business and industry variables. Marriage has positive effects for the earnings of men but negative effects for the earnings of women. The authors argue that the results are contingent on the gendering of entrepreneurship and industries, as well as on the local rural gender contracts. For these reasons, the importance of women entrepreneurs for rural viability is not reflected in their own incomes. Hence, womens rural entrepreneurship does not result in (economic) gender equality. Originality/value Entrepreneurship scholars rarely explore womens rural entrepreneurship, and particularly not in the Global North or Western welfare states. Therefore, this empirical study from Sweden provides novel information on how the gender order on the business, industry and family levels influences the income of men and women entrepreneurs differently.