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The Cone Evasion Walk test: Reliability and validity in acute stroke
Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Physiotherapy. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Rehabilitation Centre, Region Jönköping County, Jönköping, Sweden.
Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Drug Research. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Center for Diagnostics, Department of Clinical Pharmacology. Futurum, Region Jönköping County, Jönköping, Sweden.
Department of Health Sciences, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden.
Futurum, Region Jönköping County, Jönköping, Sweden.
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2019 (English)In: Physiotherapy Research International, ISSN 1358-2267, E-ISSN 1471-2865, Vol. 24, no 1, article id e1744Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Objective

To estimate the reliability and validity of the Cone Evasion Walk test (CEW), a new test assessing the ability to evade obstacles, in people with acute stroke.

Methods

To estimate the reliability of the CEW, video recordings of 20 people with acute stroke performing the test were assessed by 10 physiotherapists on two occasions, resulting in a total of 400 ratings. Patients performed the CEW (n = 221), functional ambulation classification (FAC; n = 204), Timed Up and Go (TUG; n = 173), TUG cognitive (TUG‐cog; n = 139), Serial 7s attention task from the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA‐S7; n = 127), and the Star Cancellation Test (SCT; n = 151). These tests and side of lesion (n = 143) were used to examine construct validity. The predictive validity was evaluated in relation to falls during the following 6 months (n = 203).

Results

The intraclass correlation coefficients for intrarater and interrater reliability were 0.88–0.98. For validity, there were significant correlations between the CEW and FAC (rs = −0.67), TUG (rs = 0.45), MoCA‐S7 (rs = −0.36), and SCT total score (rs = −0.36). There was a significant correlation between the number of cones touched on the left side and the proportion of cancelled stars on the left (rs = −0.23) and right (rs = 0.23) side in the SCT. Among right hemisphere stroke participants (n = 79), significantly more persons hit cones on the left side (n = 25) than the right side (n = 8), whereas among those with a left hemisphere stroke (n = 64) significantly more persons hit cones on the right side (n = 11) than the left (n = 3). Cox regression showed that participants who touched four to eight cones had an increased risk of falls over time (hazard ratio 2.11, 95% CI [1.07, 4.17]) compared with those who touched none.

Conclusion

The new CEW test was reliable and valid in assessing the ability to evade obstacles while walking and to predict falls in patients with acute stroke.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
John Wiley & Sons, 2019. Vol. 24, no 1, article id e1744
Keywords [en]
accidental falls; attention; stroke; walking
National Category
Physiotherapy
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-156015DOI: 10.1002/pri.1744ISI: 000459566500004PubMedID: 30209845Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85053302585OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-156015DiVA, id: diva2:1301610
Available from: 2019-04-02 Created: 2019-04-02 Last updated: 2025-02-11Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Assessments and Risk Factors for Falls in Persons with Acute Stroke
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Assessments and Risk Factors for Falls in Persons with Acute Stroke
2021 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Background: Early identification of risk factors is crucial for reducing the high fall risk associated with stroke, and sex differences in relation to falls need to be further investigated. There is a lack of uniform, standardized, and reliable testing procedures for postural reactions, and existing tests assessing negotiating obstacles while walking cannot be performed when walking aids are used.

Aim: To investigate the predictive validity of fall risk in persons with acute stroke for easily administered data and assessments, as well as to investigate the psychometric properties of two new tests.

Methods: The Postural Rections Test (PRT) and the Cone Evasion Walk Test (CEW) were developed based on literature, and on input from an expert panel. To estimate the reliability of the PRT and CEW, video-recordings of 20 persons with acute stroke performing each item in the PRT and CEW were assessed by 10 physiotherapists on two occasions, at least two weeks apart. The construct validity of the CEW (n = 221), was examined in relation to selected corresponding tests, and predictive validity by correlating the CEW to falls within six months. In 124 women and 160 men the results from the PRT and CEW, along with other easily administered data and assessments on participant characteristics, functions, and activities were analyzed in relation to the number of days to the first fall by Cox regression, while fall incidence was analyzed by negative binomial regression, both for the total cohort, and for women and men separately. Sex differences in monthly fall incidence were analyzed with Poisson regression.

Results: For the intra-rater reliability of the PRT, the overall proportion of agreement was 87 − 92% for the different postural reactions, and in median 9–10 out of 10 physiotherapists scored the same value for inter-rater reliability. In the CEW the intra-class correlation coefficients for intra-rater and inter-rater reliability were 0.88–0.98. The results showed expected poor to moderate correlations to the selected tests for construct validity, and to falls within six months. Participants touched significantly more cones on the side that was opposite to the side of their lesion. The Cox regression analysis showed that intake of more than eight medications, paresis in the arms, paresis in the legs, impaired protective reactions in sitting, and limitations in self-care activities were decisive risk factors for the time to the first fall, and according to the negative binomial regression, limitations in mobility activities was a decisive risk factor for high fall incidence in the total cohort (p<0.0005). The assessor’s judgment of a person’s six-month fall risk, was particularly well suited for identification of individuals with a high risk for multiple falls; however only in women when analyzed for each sex separately (p<0.0005). Compared to men, a higher number of fall risk factors were identified in women, including impaired mental functions, paresis in the arms, and limitations in several activities of self-care and mobility (p<0.0005). In men, the most decisive fall risk factors were intake of a high number of medications, intake of antidepressants, and mobility limitations (p=0.001). Fall incidence during the first month from discharge was significantly higher in men compared to women.

Conclusions: The PRT and CEW can be reliably used in persons with acute stroke, and are valid for assessment of fall risk. A high quantity and wide range of rapid and easily collected data can be used for identification of persons at high risk for falls. The risk factors differed in part when analyzing the time to the first fall, and six-month fall incidence, and different fall risk factors were the most decisive when analyzed separately in women and men. Monthly fall incidence was higher in men during the first month.

Abstract [sv]

Bakgrund: Tidig identifiering av riskfaktorer för fall är av väsentlig betydelse för att minska den höga fallrisken hos personer med stroke, och kunskap om eventuella könsskillnader vad gäller riskfaktorer för fall behövs för att kunna individanpassa fallriskbedömningar och fallpreventiva insatser. Det har tidigare saknats ett enhetligt och standardiserat bedömningsförfarande för posturala reaktioner; dvs jämvikts-, upprätnings- och fallskyddsreaktioner. Det har även saknats ett bedömningsinstrument för förmågan att undvika föremål i samband med gång, som kan utföras av personer som går med gånghjälpmedel.

Syfte: Att hos personer med akut stroke undersöka prediktiv validitet av fallrisk för lättadministrerade patientdata och bedömningsinstrument, liksom att undersöka psykometriska egenskaper för två nyutvecklade tester.

Metod: Reliabilitetstestningen av Postural Reactions Test (PRT) och Cone Evasion Walk Test (CEW) utfördes genom att personer med akut stroke filmades då de utförde testerna. När alla delmoment i PRT samt CEW utförts av 20 personer vardera bedömdes testutförandena på filmerna av 10 sjukgymnaster vid två olika tillfällen, med minst två veckors mellanrum. Begreppsvaliditeten av CEW undersöktes genom att analysera samstämmigheten mellan CEW och ett antal utvalda, relaterade bedömningsinstrument. Deltagarna i studien noterade huruvida de fallit eller ej i falldagböcker och sedan samlades denna information in via månatliga telefonsamtal under sex månaders tid. Snabbt och enkelt insamlad patientdata och testresultat från lättadministrerade funktions- och aktivitetstester analyserades i förhållande till fall både för samtliga deltagare i studien (284 stycken), men även för kvinnor och män separat. Könsskillnader i månatlig fallincidens analyserades också.

Resultat: Undersökningen av intrabedömarreliabilitet visade att samstämmigheten för de enskilda fysioterapeuterna i bedömningen av testutförandena mellan de två testtillfällena var 87-92% för PRT och 70-90% för CEW. Undersökningen av interbedömarreliabiliteten visade att i median 9–10 av 10 fysioterapeuter gjorde samma bedömning av testutförandena av PRT, liksom av CEW. Resultaten av validitetstestingen visade ett signifikant men svagt samband mellan CEW och Timed Up and Go, Functional Ambulation Classification, Star Cancellation Test och uppmärksamhetsuppgiften “upprepa subtraktion av sju från 100” i Montreal Cognitive Assessment. I utförandet av CEW, gick deltagarna på signifikant fler koner på den sida som var motsatt deras hjärnskada. Ett signifikant svagt samband identifierades mellan CEW och antalet fall. I den totala kohorten var användande av fler än åtta läkemedel, armpares, benpares, nedsatta fallskyddsreaktioner i sittande, och nedsatt förmåga att utföra aktiviteter i det dagliga livet avgörande riskfaktorer för tidiga fall. En begränsad förflyttningsförmåga var en avgörande riskfaktorer för hög fallincidens. Testledarens bedömning av risken att falla de kommande 6 månaderna var särskilt väl lämpad för identifiering av personer med en hög risk för hög fallincidens, dock endast för kvinnorna när analysen utfördes för kvinnor och män separat. Fler riskfaktorer identifierades hos kvinnorna, däribland nedsatta psykiska funktioner, armpares och nedsättningar i flera olika aktiviteter rörande personlig vård och förflyttningar. Hos männen var de mest avgörande riskfaktorerna ett stort antal intagna läkemedel, användande av antidepressiva läkemedel samt en begränsad förflyttningsförmåga. Den månatliga fallincidensen var signifikant högre hos männen än hos kvinnorna den första månaden efter utskrivningen från någon av strokeavdelningarna.

Konklusion: PRT och CEW kompletterar befintliga bedömningsinstrument och är reliabla och valida för bedömning vid akut stroke. Både CEW och PRT-bedömningen av fallskyddsreaktioner i sittande kan användas för identifiering av personer med en förhöjd risk att falla. Ytterligare ett stort antal lättadministrerade bedömningsinstrument som kan användas för bedömning av fallrisk identifierades. Riskfaktorerna skiljde sig åt avseende risken att falla snart och risken att falla mycket och det var olika fallriskfaktorer som var de mest avgörande för kvinnorna jämfört med männen. Den första månaden efter utskrivning från strokeavdelning var den månatliga fallincidensen högre bland männen än bland kvinnorna.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2021. p. 91
Series
Linköping University Medical Dissertations, ISSN 0345-0082 ; 1770
National Category
Physiotherapy
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-173531 (URN)10.3384/diss.diva-173531 (DOI)9789179297060 (ISBN)
Public defence
2021-03-26, Online through YouTube (contact asa.fahlstedt@liu.se) and Belladonna, Building 511, Campus US, 09:00 (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Futurum - Academy for Health and Care, Jönköping County Council, SwedenMedical Research Council of Southeast Sweden (FORSS)The Swedish Stroke Association
Available from: 2021-02-22 Created: 2021-02-22 Last updated: 2025-02-11Bibliographically approved

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Hägg, StaffanKammerlind, Ann-Sofi

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