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Atomic-scale diffusion rates during growth of thin metal films on weakly-interacting substrates
Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Nanoscale engineering. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. Univ Poitiers, France.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2765-2271
Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Theoretical Physics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. Ruhr Univ Bochum, Germany.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1379-6656
Univ Poitiers, France.
Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Nanoscale engineering. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2864-9509
2019 (English)In: Scientific Reports, E-ISSN 2045-2322, Vol. 9, article id 6640Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

We use a combined experimental and theoretical approach to study the rates of surface diffusion processes that govern early stages of thin Ag and Cu film morphological evolution on weakly-interacting amorphous carbon substrates. Films are deposited by magnetron sputtering, at temperatures T-S between 298 and 413 K, and vapor arrival rates F in the range 0.08 to 5.38 monolayers/s. By employing in situ and real-time sheet-resistance and wafer-curvature measurements, we determine the nominal film thickness Theta at percolation (Theta(perc)) and continuous film formation (Theta(cont)) transition. Subsequently, we use the scaling behavior of Theta(perc) and Theta(cont) as a function of F and T-s, to estimate, experimentally, the temperature-dependent diffusivity on the substrate surface, from which we calculate Ag and Cu surface migration energy barriers E-D(exp) and attempt frequencies nu(exp)(0). By critically comparing E-D(exp) and nu(exp)(0) with literature data, as well as with results from our ab initio molecular dynamics simulations for single Ag and Cu adatom diffusion on graphite surfaces, we suggest that: (i) E-D(exp) and nu(exp)(0) correspond to diffusion of multiatomic clusters, rather than to diffusion of monomers; and (ii) the mean size of mobile clusters during Ag growth is larger compared to that of Cu. The overall results of this work pave the way for studying growth dynamics in a wide range of technologically-relevant weakly-interacting film/substrate systems-including metals on 2D materials and oxides-which are building blocks in next-generation nanoelectronic, optoelectronic, and catalytic devices.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Nature Publishing Group, 2019. Vol. 9, article id 6640
National Category
Condensed Matter Physics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-158369DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43107-8ISI: 000466127100065PubMedID: 31036908Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85065068804OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-158369DiVA, id: diva2:1333826
Note

Funding Agencies|French Government program "Investissements dAvenir" (LABEX INTERACTIFS) [ANR-11-LABX-0017-01]; Linkoping University ("LiU Career Contract") [Dnr-LiU-2015-01510]; Swedish research council [VR-2015-04630]; Olle Engkvist foundation [SOEB 190-312]; Olle Engkvist Foundation

Available from: 2019-07-02 Created: 2019-07-02 Last updated: 2022-09-15Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Thin metal films on weakly-interacting substrates: Nanoscale growth dynamics, stress generation, and morphology manipulation
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Thin metal films on weakly-interacting substrates: Nanoscale growth dynamics, stress generation, and morphology manipulation
2020 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Alternative title[fr]
Couches minces métalliques sur substrats à faible interaction : Dynamics nanométriques de croissance, contraintes résiduelles, et manipulation de morphologie
Abstract [en]

Vapor-based growth of thin metal films with controlled morphology on weakly-interacting substrates (WIS), including oxides and van der Waals materials, is essential for the fabrication of multifunctional metal contacts in a wide array of optoelectronic devices. Achieving this entails a great challenge, since weak film/substrate interactions yield a pronounced and uncontrolled 3D morphology. Moreover, the far-from-equilibrium nature of vapor-based film growth often leads to generation of mechanical stress, which may further compromise device reliability and functionality. The objectives of this thesis are related to metal film growth on WIS and seek to: (i) contribute to the understanding of atomic-scale processes that control film morphological evolution; (ii) elucidate the dynamic competition between nanoscale processes that govern film stress generation and evolution; and (iii) develop methodologies for manipulating and controlling nanoscale film morphology between 2D and 3D. Investigations focus on magnetron sputter-deposited Ag and Cu films on SiO2 and amorphous carbon (a-C) substrates. Research is conducted by strategically combining of in situ and real-time film growth monitoring, ex situ chemical and (micro)-structural analysis, optical modelling, and deterministic growth simulations.

In the first part, the scaling behavior of characteristic morphological transition thicknesses (i.e., percolation and continuous film formation thickness) during growth of Ag and Cu films on a-C are established as function of deposition rate and temperature. These data are interpreted using a theoretical framework based on the droplet growth theory and the kinetic freezing model for island coalescence, from which the diffusion rates of film forming species during Ag and Cu growth are estimated. By combining experimental data with ab initio molecular dynamics simulations, diffusion of multiatomic clusters, rather than monomers, is identified as the rate-limiting structure-forming process.

In the second part, the effect of minority metallic or gaseous species (Cu, N2, O2) on Ag film morphological evolution on SiO2 is studied. By employing in situ spectroscopic ellipsometry, it is found that addition of minority species at the film growth front promotes 2D morphology, but also yields an increased continuous-layer resistivity. Ex situ analyses show that 2D morphology is favored because minority species hinder the rate of coalescence completion. Hence, a novel growth manipulation strategy is compiled in which minority species are deployed with high temporal precision to selectively target specific film growth stages and achieve 2D morphology, while retaining opto-electronic properties of pure Ag films.

In the third part, the evolution of stress during Ag and Cu film growth on a-C and its dependence on growth kinetics (as determined by deposition rate, substrate temperature) is systematically investigated. A general trend toward smaller compressive stress magnitudes with increasing temperature/deposition rate is found, related to increasing grain size/decreasing adatom diffusion length. Exception to this trend is found for Cu films, in which oxygen incorporation from the residual growth atmosphere at low deposition rates inhibits adatom diffusivity and decreases the magnitude of compressive stress. The effect of N2 on stress type and magnitude in Ag films is also studied. While Ag grown in N2-free atmosphere exhibits a typical compressive-tensile-compressive stress evolution as function of thickness, addition of a few percent of N2 yields to a stress turnaround from compressive to tensile stress after film continuity which is attributed to giant grain growth and film roughening.

The overall results of the thesis provide the foundation to: (i) determine diffusion rates over a wide range of WIS film/substrates systems; (ii) design non-invasive strategies for multifunctional contacts in optoelectronic devices; (iii) complete important missing pieces in the fundamental understanding of stress, which can be used to expand theoretical descriptions for predicting and tuning stress magnitude.

Abstract [fr]

La morphologie de films minces métalliques polycristallins élaborés par condensation d’une phase vapeur sur des substrats à faible interaction (SFI) possède un caractère 3D intrinsèque. De plus, la nature hors équilibre de la croissance du film depuis une phase vapeur conduit souvent à la génération de contraintes mécaniques, ce qui peut compromettre davantage la fiabilité et la fonctionnalité des dispositifs optoélectroniques. Les objectifs de cette thèse sont liés à la croissance de films métalliques sur SFI et visent à: (i) contribuer à une meilleure compréhension des processus à l'échelle atomique qui contrôlent l'évolution morphologique des films; (ii) élucider les processus dynamiques qui régissent la génération et l'évolution des contraintes en cours de croissance; et (iii) développer des méthodologies pour manipuler et contrôler la morphologie des films à l'échelle nanométrique. L’originalité de l’approche mise en œuvre consiste à suivre la croissance des films in situ et en temps réel par couplage de plusieurs diagnostics, complété par des analyses microstructurales ex situ. Les grandeurs mesurées sont confrontées à des modèles optiques et des simulations atomistiques.

La première partie est consacrée à une étude de comportement d’échelonnement des épaisseurs de transition morphologiques caractéristiques, à savoir la percolation et la continuité du film, lors de la croissance de films polycristallins d'Ag et de Cu sur carbone amorphe (a-C). Ces grandeurs sont examinées de façon systématique en fonction de la vitesse de dépôt et de la température du substrat, et interprétées dans le cadre de la théorie de la croissance de gouttelettes suivant un modèle cinétique décrivant la coalescence d’îlots, à partir duquel les coefficients de diffusion des espèces métalliques sont estimés. En confrontant les données expérimentales à des simulations par dynamique moléculaire ab initio, la diffusion de clusters multiatomiques est identifiée comme l’étape limitante le processus de croissance.

Dans la seconde partie, l’incorporation, et l’impact sur la morphologie, d’espèces métalliques ou gazeuses minoritaires (Cu, N2, O2) lors de la croissance de film Ag sur SiO2 est étudié. A partir de mesures ellipsométriques in situ, on constate que l'addition d'espèces minoritaires favorise une morphologie 2D, entravant le taux d'achèvement de la coalescence, mais donne également une résistivité accrue de la couche continue. Par conséquent, une stratégie de manipulation de la croissance est proposée dans laquelle des espèces minoritaires sont déployées avec une grande précision temporelle pour cibler sélectivement des stades de croissance de film spécifiques et obtenir une morphologie 2D, tout en conservant les propriétés optoélectroniques des films d’Ag pur.

Dans la troisième partie, l'évolution des contraintes résiduelles lors de la croissance des films d'Ag et de Cu sur a-C et leur dépendance à la cinétique de croissance est systématiquement étudiée. On observe une tendance générale vers des amplitudes de contrainte de compression plus faibles avec une augmentation de la température/vitesse de dépôt, liée à l'augmentation de la taille des grains/à la diminution de la longueur de diffusion des adatomes. Également, l’ajout dans le plasma de N2 sur le type et l'amplitude des contraintes dans les films d'Ag est étudié. L'ajout de quelques pourcents de N2 en phase gaz donne lieu à un renversement de la contrainte de compression et une évolution en tension au-delà de la continuité du film. Cet effet est attribué à une croissance anormale des grains géants et le développement de rugosité de surface.

L’ensemble des résultats obtenus dans cette thèse fournissent les bases pour: (i) déterminer les coefficients de diffusion sur une large gamme de systèmes films/SFI; (ii) concevoir des stratégies non invasives pour les contacts multifonctionnels dans les dispositifs optoélectroniques; (iii) apporter des éléments de compréhension à l’origine du développement de contrainte, qui permettent de prédire et contrôler le niveau de contrainte intrinsèque à la croissance de films minces polycristallins.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2020. p. 108
Series
Linköping Studies in Science and Technology. Dissertations, ISSN 0345-7524 ; 2084
Keywords
Thin films, magnetron sputter-deposition, in situ and real-time characterization, early film growth stages, residual stress, manipulation of morphology, Couches minces, pulvérisation magnétron, caractérisation in situ en temps réel, premiers stades de croissance, contraintes résiduelles, manipulation de morphologie
National Category
Condensed Matter Physics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-168458 (URN)10.3384/diss.diva-168458 (DOI)9789179298203 (ISBN)
Public defence
2020-11-05, Planck (J206), IFM, Department of Phyiscs, Chemistry, and Biology, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Linköping, 15:00 (English)
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Supervisors
Note

Forskningsfinansiärer: French Government program “Investissements d’Avenir” (LABEX INTERACTIFS, reference ANR-11-LABX-0017-01) and the ÅForsk foundation (contract ÅF 19-137). I acknowledge travelsupport by the ÖMSE program of the French Institute of Sweden, and financing ofinter-disciplinary collaboration within Linköping University by the Center of NanoScience and Technology.

Available from: 2020-09-30 Created: 2020-08-24 Last updated: 2020-10-09Bibliographically approved

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