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Normative data for the oldest old: Trail Making Test A, Symbol Digit Modalities Test, Victoria Stroop Test and Parallel Serial Mental Operations
Linköping University, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Community Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Local Health Care Services in Central Östergötland, Department of Acute Internal Medicine and Geriatrics.
Linköping University, Department of Social and Welfare Studies. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Local Health Care Services in East Östergötland, Department of Geriatric Medicine in Norrköping.
Linköping University, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Local Health Care Services in Central Östergötland, Department of Acute Internal Medicine and Geriatrics.
Linköping University, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Community Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Local Health Care Services in Central Östergötland, Department of Acute Internal Medicine and Geriatrics.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-6452-3930
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2020 (English)In: Aging, Neuropsychology and Cognition, ISSN 1382-5585, E-ISSN 1744-4128, Vol. 27, no 4, p. 567-550Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Normative data for evaluating cognitive function in the oldest old, aged 85 years and above, are currently sparse. The normative values used in clinical practice are often derived from younger old persons, from small sample sizes or from broad age spans (e.g. amp;gt;75 years) resulting in a risk of misjudgment in assessments of cognitive decline. This longitudinal study presents normative values for the Trail Making Test A (TMT-A), the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT), the Victoria Stroop Test (VST) and the Parallel Serial Mental Operations (PaSMO) from cognitively intact Swedes aged 85 years and above. 207 participants, born in 1922, were tested at 85, 90 (n = 68) and 93 (n = 35) years of age with a cognitive screening test battery. The participants were originally recruited for participation in the Elderly in Linkoping Screening Assessment. Normative values are presented as mean values and standard deviations, with and without adjustment for education. There were no clinically important differences between genders, but education had a significant effect on test results for the 85-year-olds. Age effects emerged in analyses of those participants who completed the entire study and were evident for TMT-A, SDMT, VST1 and PaSMO. When comparisons can be made, our results are in accordance with previous data for TMT-A, SDMT and VST, and we present new normative values for PaSMO.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD , 2020. Vol. 27, no 4, p. 567-550
Keywords [en]
Neuropsychological tests; aged; 80 and over; executive function; attention; normative
National Category
Gerontology, specialising in Medical and Health Sciences
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-159866DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2019.1648747ISI: 000480134100001PubMedID: 31382824OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-159866DiVA, id: diva2:1346277
Note

Funding Agencies|Linkoping University [LIO-696631, LIO 602761, LIO 537591]; Linkopings Universitet [LIO- 696631, LIO- 602761, LIO- 537591]

Available from: 2019-08-27 Created: 2019-08-27 Last updated: 2024-10-16
In thesis
1. Cognition, Everyday Function and Driving Performance in Old Age
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Cognition, Everyday Function and Driving Performance in Old Age
2024 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The population of people aged 80 years and older is the fastest growing population in the world. Age is the main risk factor for many diseases and to be able to investigate and help old people when they have symptoms or increased difficulties in their everyday lives, there is a need of knowledge of normal functions and abilities in this population. The main aim of this thesis is to present normative data for established cognitive tests from cognitively healthy old persons, and to describe and investigate predictors of everyday function and driving performance in old age. The results are based on two projects, The Elderly in Linköping Screening Assessment and The Normative Study of Driving Ability in Old Swedes.

Paper I presents normative data for four established cognitive tests measuring processing speed, attention and executive function, from participants that were longitudinally tested at 85, 90 and 93 years of age. There was no clinically important difference in test results due to gender, but educational level affected test results at 85 years of age. Age-related decline was present for most of the examined tests.  

Paper II presents normative data for age 85, 90 and 93 years for two tests of naming ability and verbal comprehension and investigate age-related changes from 85 to 93 years of age. Higher educational level was associated with better test results. Naming ability was found to be more sensitive to aging than verbal comprehension.  

Paper III describes difficulties and changes of everyday function between 85 and 90 years of age. Difficulties in everyday function increased significantly over the five-year period. Decline in everyday function was partly shown to be predicted by concurrent decline in processing speed and self-rated health.  

Paper IV describes driving characteristics of drivers aged 75 years and older and examines associations between driving performance and results on cognitive tests and driving habits. There was a large variation in driving performance among the older drivers and combined results on cognitive tests were found to be a more robust predictors of driving performance than age, although age was still a significant predictor.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2024. p. 118
Series
Linköping University Medical Dissertations, ISSN 0345-0082 ; 1924
Keywords
Aged, Aging, Cognition, Neuropsychological tests, Normative, Everyday function, Automobile Driving
National Category
Gerontology, specialising in Medical and Health Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-208532 (URN)10.3384/9789180756990 (DOI)9789180756983 (ISBN)9789180756990 (ISBN)
Public defence
2024-11-22, Berzeliussalen, building 463, Campus US, Linköping, 09:00 (English)
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Supervisors
Available from: 2024-10-16 Created: 2024-10-16 Last updated: 2024-10-16Bibliographically approved

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Fällman, KatarinaWressle, EwaMarcusson, JanClasson, Elisabet

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Division of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Community MedicineFaculty of Medicine and Health SciencesDepartment of Acute Internal Medicine and GeriatricsDepartment of Social and Welfare StudiesDepartment of Geriatric Medicine in NorrköpingDepartment of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences
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Aging, Neuropsychology and Cognition
Gerontology, specialising in Medical and Health Sciences

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