In concomitance with the growing developments around the circular economy concept in the region, the resource recovery and recycling of industrial production residues is increasingly being envisaged in the European Union and its member states. The role of the recycling industry has become ever important in this context. The shredding industry is based on shredding discarded products such as end-of-life vehicles, and municipal white goods, and subsequent retrieval of (primarily) metals. Shredder fines (or fines) is a heterogeneous fine-granular production residue of this industry, which is currently disposed of. Shredder fines presents, and will continue to do so in the foreseeable future, several challenges that need to be addressed. It creates a disposal problem given the shrinking landfill availability and incurs handling costs to the shredding industry. Furthermore, it reduces our resources efficiency in general.

This thesis aims to contribute knowledge on the challenges of facilitating the valorisation of shredder fines in the context of Sweden. In doing so, the current situation concerning fines and its management was investigated by addressing the research questions; 1) What is the resource potential of fines generated at the studied shredding plant, and 2) Why is the current disposal-oriented management of shredder fines sustained in Sweden. There, a systems perspective was employed, where the research questions were addressed on the material, actor, and institution levels, based on three scientific articles, which are appended.

The studied material carries a certain amount of potentially recoverable resources, nevertheless shows a significant need for upgrading pertaining to the user requirements and regulatory standards of different recovery applications. The full recovery of fines requires integrated processes that could simultaneously harness these resource opportunities and resolve the material constraints. When it comes to the current practice of managing fines in Sweden, the utilisation in landfill covering offers the shredding companies a secure outlet for the material, given it is a well-established practice that has evolved over decades of operations and there is still a significant demand for landfill cover materials. Additionally, it provides shredding companies with a legislatively-compliant low-cost disposal option for managing fines. On the other hand, the complex materiality, lack of marketability of secondary raw materials (SRMs), and unfavourable governmental regulation of waste recovery create strategic disincentives for shredding companies in opting for fines valorisation.

Fines valorisation calls for change in the well-established current practice of utilising the material in landfill covering. Thus, drastic policy measures such as phasing out landfilling and mandating resource recovery and recycling of fines are required to remove the incentives for fines disposal and compel the shredding industry to seek valorisation alternatives for its management. In order to ensure long-term sustenance, applications based on fines valorisation need favourable and more predictable circumstances and settings on different societal levels. There, secure outlets for potential fines-derived SRMs is one of the essential elements. Governmental interventions to create demand and alleviate valorisation investments via market and financial instruments play a significant role in that regard. The other primary requirement to facilitate fines valorisation in the long term is to set clear market and regulatory playing rules. Established supply and demand structures would enable clear pricing mechanisms for fines-derived SRMs and accurate economic assessments of fines valorisation, thus reducing the investment risk for shredding companies. On the other hand, clear regulatory standards and favourable regulatory practices would reduce the uncertainty of the realisation of valorisation applications and gain trust among actors.

In the context of circular economy in the European region the role of the recycling industry has become ever important. Shredder fines (or fines) is a heterogeneous fine-granular production residue of the shredding industry, and is currently disposed of. Shredder fines presents a disposal problem and incurs handling costs to the shredding industry. More importantly, its disposal reduces the resources efficiency of our society. This thesis aims to contribute systems-oriented knowledge to facilitate the valorisation of shredder fines in the Swedish context. In doing so, it contributes to two knowledge. Knowledge area one portrays the current picture concerning fines management in terms of the underlying factors of the current practice of fines management and the market prospects for secondary construction aggregates. Knowledge area two showcases the potential approach to initiate process development in terms of assessments of the resource potential of fines and the environmental impact of fines-valorisation. 

The findings of knowledge area one show that the studied shredding company is more inclined towards continuing on the current disposal-oriented management of fines. That is because of both incentives for utilising fines as landfill cover materials and disincentives for valorising fines, created by various policy, market, and organisational factors. On the other hand, a significant need exists to improve the prospects of secondary aggregates in the construction aggregates market. Currently, the market is chiefly characterised by processes and underlying structures that sustain dominant primary aggregates utilisation, whereas secondary aggregates utilisation is situational and driven by different supply chain actors due to different individual reasons.

The findings of knowledge area two show that process development for fines valorisation has several technical and environmental challenges. The resource potential assessment of the fines shows that the initial technical feasibility of fines valorisation is considerable, however different resource recovery strategies would require different levels of processes for upgrading and resource recovery. The ex-ante life cycle assessment of fines valorisation shows that potential fines valorisation is environmentally more promising compared to landfill-related disposal, however, different resource recovery strategies would create different levels of environmental impacts and present different needs for improvements.

Facilitating fines valorisation calls for different measures on the institution and actor levels. Drastic policy measures are required to remove the incentives for the disposal of the material and compel shredding companies to seek valorisation alternatives. In order to ensure long-term sustenance of fines valorisation, fines-derived secondary raw materials need secure outlets and clear market and regulatory playing rules for their generation and application. Additionally, environmentally feasible and cost effective upgrading and resource recovery processes have to be developed.

The origin of circular economy is grounded in restoring the environmental balance and reducing the throughput of natural resources in anthropogenic systems. Nevertheless, the current conceptualisation of circular economy is predominantly focusing on the economic progress, which somewhat promotes “business as usual”. This thesis attempts to reinstate the original resource conservation idea of circular economy in relation to heterogeneous industrial residue valorisation.