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Identification of Significant Impact Factors on Arrival Flight Efficiency within TMA
Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, Communications and Transport Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, Communications and Transport Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, Communications and Transport Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
UPC Barcelona.
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2020 (English)Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

An important step towards improving the flight performance within Terminal Maneuvering Area (TMA) is the identification of the factors causing inefficiencies. Without knowing which exact factors have high impact on which performance indicators, it is difficult to identify which areas could be improved. In this work, we quantify the flight efficiency using average additional time in TMA, average time flown level and additional fuel consumption associated with the inefficient flight profiles. We apply statistical learning methods to assess the impact of different weather phenomena on the arrival flight efficiency, taking into account the current traffic situation. We utilize multiple data sources for obtaining both historical flight trajectories and historical weather measurements, which facilitates a comprehensive analysis of the variety of factors influencing TMA performance. We demonstrate our approach by identifying that wind gust and snow had the most significant impact on Stockholm Arlanda airport arrivals in 2018

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2020.
National Category
Computer and Information Sciences
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-169123OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-169123DiVA, id: diva2:1465380
Conference
ICRAT 2020
Available from: 2020-09-09 Created: 2020-09-09 Last updated: 2025-04-28Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Impact of Weather on Air Traffic Control
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Impact of Weather on Air Traffic Control
2023 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Weather has a strong impact on Air Traffic Management (ATM). Inefficient weather avoidance procedures and inaccurate prognosis lead to longer aircraft routes and, as a result, to fuel waste and increased negative environmental impact. A better integration of weather information into the operational ATM-system will ultimately improve the overall air traffic safety and efficiency. Covid-19 pandemics affected aviation severely, resulting in an unprecedented reduction of air traffic, and gave the opportunity to study the flight performance in non-congested scenarios. We investigated the historical flight and weather data from Stockholm Arlanda and Gothenburg Landvetter airports for the period of two years 2019 and 2020 and discovered noticeable inefficiencies and environmental performance degradation, which persisted despite significant reduction of traffic intensity in March 2020. This thesis proposes a methodology that allows to distinguish which factors have the highest impact on which aspects of arrival performance in horizontal and vertical dimensions.

Academic Excellence in ATM and UTM Research (AEAR) group operating within the Communications and Transport Systems (KTS) division in Linköping University (LIU), together with the Research and Development at Luftfartsverket (LFV, Swedish Air Navigation Service Provider (ANSP)) develops optimization techniques to support efficient decision-making for aviation authorities. In this thesis, we design probabilistic models, which take into account the influence of bad weather conditions on the solutions developed in the related project and integrate them into the corresponding optimization framework. Probabilistic models were applied to account for weather impact on Air Traffic Controller (ATCO) work in remote and conventional towers. The probabilistic weather products were used to obtain an ensemble of staffing solutions, from which the probability distributions of the number of necessary ATCOs were derived. The modelling is based on the techniques recently developed within several Single European Sky ATM Research (SESAR) projects addressing weather uncertainty challenges. The proposed solution was successfully tested using the historical flight and weather data from five airports in Sweden planned for remote operation in the future.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2023. p. 29
Series
Linköping Studies in Science and Technology. Licentiate Thesis, ISSN 0280-7971 ; 1957
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-192371 (URN)10.3384/9789180751254 (DOI)9789180751247 (ISBN)9789180751254 (ISBN)
Presentation
2023-04-03, K3, Kåkenhus, Campus Norrköping, Norrköping, 13:15 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
EU, Horizon 2020, 783287
Available from: 2023-03-13 Created: 2023-03-13 Last updated: 2023-03-13Bibliographically approved
2. Enhancing Air Traffic Management: Weather and Controller Workload Challenges
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Enhancing Air Traffic Management: Weather and Controller Workload Challenges
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Air Traffic Management (ATM) faces significant challenges in ensuring efficiency, safety, and sustainability. Among these, weather conditions and Air Traffic Controller (ATCO) workload play crucial roles in overall system performance. Adverse weather frequently disrupts operations, leading to inefficient flight trajectories, increased fuel consumption, and environmental impact. It also elevates ATCO workload, thereby complicating ATCOs’ ability to maintain safe and efficient air traffic flow. This thesis explores data-driven and analytical approaches to address these challenges, focusing on the impact of weather on flight efficiency, airspace capacity, and ATCO scheduling in remote tower centers. Additionally, it examines ATCO workload prediction using behavioral and physiological data. The study covers applications in airspace capacity management, staff scheduling, and ATCO workload assessment.

The thesis examines historical flight and weather data from Stockholm Arlanda and Gothenburg Landvetter airports over a two-year period (2019–2020), revealing persistent inefficiencies in arrival operations despite the overall reduction in traffic during the COVID-19 pandemic. It presents a methodology grounded in statistical analysis to identify the key factors influencing arrival performance, with particular emphasis on the impact of adverse weather conditions and traffic intensity. The proposed approach systematically determines the most influential variables affecting arrival performance in both the horizontal and vertical flight dimensions.

Adverse weather conditions, such as convective weather, can lead to restrictions on aircraft movements, reduce available routes, and necessitate adjustments in ATM strategies. As a result, understanding and predicting weather-related impacts on airspace capacity is essential for optimizing air traffic flow and minimizing delays. In this thesis, we develop a methodology, based on the continuous maxflow/mincut theory, to estimate reductions in Air Traffic Control (ATC) sector capacity due to predicted convective weather activity. The uncertainty in meteorological forecasts is quantified using Ensemble Weather Forecasting. We demonstrate the application of this methodology for assessing congestion in ATC sectors, using a realistic sector and a full sector configuration as examples. Additionally, we introduce a probabilistic framework for presenting congestion status, aimed at supporting decision-making processes at the Flow Management Position.

The thesis presents probabilistic models that incorporate the impact of adverse weather conditions into a Mixed-Integer Linear Programming framework for ATCO shift scheduling in remote and conventional towers. Building on previous project developments, these models specifically address the influence of weather on ATCO operations in remote towers. Probabilistic weather products are used to generate ensembles of staffing solutions, enabling the derivation of probability distributions for the required number of ATCOs. The modeling approach leverages recently developed techniques to tackle challenges associated with weather uncertainty. The proposed solutions are validated using historical flight and weather data from five Swedish airports designated for future remote operation.

The final part of this thesis focuses on developing unobtrusive methods for predicting ATCO workload by exploring the feasibility of non-intrusive data collection techniques combined with machine learning algorithms. Eye-tracking data, previously identified as a promising indicator of ATCO workload, were collected from controllers in simulated environments and used as predictive features. Subjective workload assessments, based on self-reported Cooper-Harper scale ratings, serve as label variables. Multiple machine learning models are evaluated for workload prediction, and feature selection techniques are applied to identify a minimal yet effective set of eye-tracking features. This approach provides a seamless, non-intrusive means of continuously assessing workload, making it a valuable tool for both research and operational applications in ATC environments.

By addressing critical challenges in ATM, this thesis contributes to a safer, more efficient, and environmentally sustainable air transport system. The findings of this thesis have significant implications for the future of ATM, particularly in an era of increasing air traffic demand and evolving weather challenges. The integration of data-driven techniques, optimization, and probabilistic modeling offers a powerful framework for improving decision-making in ATM. The methodologies proposed in this thesis can serve as a foundation for future research and industry applications, enabling continuous improvements in ATM performance and resilience against external disruptions.

Abstract [sv]

Lufttrafikledning (ATM) står inför betydande utmaningar när det gäl-ler att säkerställa effektivitet, säkerhet och hållbarhet. Väderförhål-landen och flygtrafikledarnas (ATCO) arbetsbelastning spelar en avgörande roll för det övergripande systemets prestanda. Ogynnsamma väderförhållanden stör ofta verksamheten, vilket leder till ineffektiva flygvägar, ökad bränsleförbrukning och miljöpåverkan. Det medför även en ökad arbetsbelastning för ATCO, vilket försvårar deras förmåga att upprätthålla ett säkert och effektivt trafikflöde. Denna avhandling undersöker datadrivna och analytiska metoder för att han-tera dessa utmaningar, med fokus på vädrets inverkan på flygeffektivitet, luftrumskapacitet och ATCO-planering i fjärrstyrda torncentraler. Dessutom analyseras ATCO-arbetsbelastningsprognoser baserade på beteendemässiga och fysiologiska data. Studien omfattar tillämpningar inom luftrumskapacitetshantering, personalplanering och bedömning av ATCO:s arbetsbelastning.

Studien analyserar historiska flyg- och väderdata från Stockholm Arlanda och Göteborg Landvetter flygplatser under en tvåårsperiod (2019–2020) och belyser kvarstående ineffektivitet trots minskad trafik under COVID-19-pandemin. Denna avhandling presenterar en metodik baserad på statistisk analys för att identifiera de viktigaste faktorerna som påverkar olika aspekter av ankomstprestanda, med särskilt fokus på effekterna av ogynnsamt väder och trafikintensitet. Den föreslagna metoden identifierar specifikt de mest betydande faktorerna som påverkar ankomstprestanda i både horisontella och vertikala dimensioner.

Ogynnsamma väderförhållanden, såsom konvektivt väder, kan leda till restriktioner för flygrörelser, minska tillgängliga rutter och kräva justeringar av ATM-strategier. Därför är det avgörande att förstå och förutsäga väderrelaterade effekter på luftrumskapaciteten för att optimera lufttrafikflödet och minimera förseningar. I denna avhandling utvecklar vi en metodik, baserad på den kontinuerliga maxflow/mincut-teorin, för att uppskatta minskningar i flygtrafikled-ningens (ATC) sektorkapacitet till följd av förutspådd konvektiv väderaktivitet. Osäkerheten i meteorologiska prognoser kvantifieras med hjälp av ensembleväderprognoser. Vi demonstrerar tillämpningen av denna metodik för att bedöma trängsel i ATC-sektorer, med exempel på en realistisk sektor och en fullständig sektorkonfiguration. Vi introducerar dessutom ett probabilistiskt ramverk för att presentera trängselstatus, med syfte att stödja beslutsprocesser vid flödeshanteringspositionen.

Studien presenterar probabilistiska modeller som integrerar effekten av ogynnsamma väderförhållanden i ett blandat heltalslinjärt optimeringsramverk för ATCO-skift-schemaläggning i både fjärrstyrda och konventionella torn. Dessa modeller hanterar specifikt vädrets inverkan på ATCO:s arbete i fjärrstyrda torn genom att bygga vidare på tidigare projektutvecklingar. Probabilistiska väderprodukter används för att generera ensemblelösningar för bemanning, vilket möjliggör härledning av sannolikhetsfördelningar för det nödvändiga antalet ATCO:er. Denna modellansats utnyttjar nyligen utvecklade tekniker för att hantera utmaningar kopplade till väderosäkerhet. De föreslagna lösningarna valideras med hjälp av historiska flyg- och väderdata från fem svenska flygplatser som är utpekade för framtida fjärrstyrd drift.

Den sista delen av denna avhandling fokuserar på att utveckla diskreta metoder för att förutsäga ATCO:s arbetsbelastning genom att undersöka möjligheterna med icke-intrusiva datainsamlingstekniker i kombination med maskininlärningsalgoritmer. Ögonrörelsedata, som tidigare har identifierats som en lovande indikator för ATCO:s arbetsbelastning, samlades in från flygtrafikledare i simulerade miljöer och användes som prediktiva variabler. Subjektiva arbetsbelastnings-bedömningar, baserade på självskattade Cooper-Harper-skattningar, användes som målvariabler. Flera maskininlärningsmodeller utvärderades för att förutsäga arbetsbelastning, och tekniker för variabelurval tillämpades för att identifiera en minimal men effektiv uppsättning av ögonrörelsevariabler. Denna metod möjliggör en sömlös och icke-intrusiv kontinuerlig bedömning av arbetsbelastning, vilket gör den till ett värdefullt verktyg både för forskning och operativa tillämpningar inom flygtrafikledning.

Denna avhandling bidrar till ett säkrare, mer effektivt och miljömässigt hållbart lufttransportsystem genom att hantera kritiska utmaningar inom ATM. Resultaten har stor betydelse för framtidens ATM, särskilt i en tid med ökande efterfrågan på lufttrafik och föränderliga väderutmaningar. Integrationen av datadrivna tekniker, optimering och probabilistisk modellering erbjuder ett kraftfullt ramverk för att förbättra beslutsfattandet inom ATM. De metoder som föreslås i denna avhandling kan fungera som en grund för framtida forskning och industriella tillämpningar, vilket möjliggör kontinuerliga förbättringar av ATM:s prestanda och motståndskraft mot externa störningar.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2025. p. 65
Series
Linköping Studies in Science and Technology. Dissertations, ISSN 0345-7524 ; 2451
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-213322 (URN)10.3384/9789181181050 (DOI)9789181181043 (ISBN)9789181181050 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-05-30, K3, Kåkenhus, Campus Norrköping, Norrköping, 13:15 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

Funding: This research was funded by SESAR JU under the European Union´s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No 783287), and supported by the Swedish Transport Agency (Transportstyrelsen) and the in-kind participation of LFV. Part of the research was conducted within the project On WorkLoad Measures (OWL), funded by the Swedish Transport Administration (Trafikverket), under reference TRV 2022/33636r.

Available from: 2025-04-28 Created: 2025-04-28 Last updated: 2026-02-04Bibliographically approved

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Lemetti, AnastasiaPolishchuk, TatianaPolishchuk, Valentin

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