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Construction Logistics in a City Development Setting
Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, Communications and Transport Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. (Bygglogistik)ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0693-8537
2020 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

With the current urbanization trend, there is an increased need for city development, i.e. to build apartment buildings, hospitals, schools and infrastructure in cities and urban areas to meet the rising demands. At the same time, land is increasingly seen as a finite resource. This has led to the regeneration of decommissioned industrial-use land for development purposes. This means that multiple individual construction projects are being built in the same or nearby areas during the same time-period. However, the end products of construction projects are produced at their place of consumption, which means that large quantities of materials and resources need to be delivered to, and removed from, each construction site. This leads to new transport flows being created in connection to city development. These transport flows need to be coordinated to ensure efficient construction productivity and reduce the transports’ environmental and social impact on the urban transport system. At the same time, it is important to ensure that construction sites can be managed from a logistics perspective without impairing efficiency due to the challenges of building in urban environments.

One way of managing logistics to and from construction projects in city development is through so-called construction logistics setups (CLS). However, the implementation of CLS’s affect many different stakeholders and the interorganizational relationships between them. The implementation of CLS’s therefore faces three challenges; management of transport to and from construction sites, management of logistics at construction sites, and managing the interorganizational relationships amongst construction project stakeholders. The development of CLS’s is often undertaken by mimicking previous setups as there is currently no guiding procedure for developing and implementing CLS’s. To reduce the ad hoc approach to developing and implementing CLS’s, the purpose of this dissertation is to propose a framework for developing construction logistics setups. The purpose is fulfilled with the aid of the following four research questions:

RQ1:   Taking the perspectives of different stakeholders’, why are CLS’s implemented?

RQ2:   What type of CLS services are offered?

RQ3:   How can performance effects of CLS’s be measured?

RQ4:   How do CLS’s affect the identified challenges of managing the transports to and from construction sites, managing logistics at construction sites, and managing the interorganizational relationships amongst construction project stakeholders?

To answer the research questions, three main methodologies have been used; literature reviews to inform the background of the studies and develop analytical frameworks, and case study and Delphi research for the empirical studies. 

In fulfilling the research purpose, the findings of this dissertation suggests that when developing a CLS, three activities need to be considered; 1. setting the scope of the CLS, 2. deciding on the structure of the CLS, and 3. managing the interorganizational relationships of the CLS. These activities are the foundation of the developed framework. The contents of the activities were derived through the research questions.

When answering RQ1, it was found that contractors implement CLS’s to ensure construction productivity, developers implement CLS’s to reduce disturbances to businesses and residents nearby, and municipalities implement CLS’s to reduce disturbances to third-parties and to reduce the impact from construction logistics on the urban transport system. These stakeholder drivers for implementing CLS’s will impact the scope of the CLS. Furthermore, the scope of the CLS was found to be dependent on both the contextual considerations of the CLS in terms of physical context at site and in terms of what is being built, as well as the organizational context in terms of what stakeholders are part of the project, where in the hierarchy the CLS is located, and what level of mandate the CLS has. The scope will also set the terms for how transports are managed through the CLS. If for instance there is limited space at site, this can imply that time-planned deliveries are favoured. 

In answering RQ2, it was found that as a consequence of what transport management approach is chosen, the structure of the CLS will differ. This dissertation shows that asset-based setups are similar to traditional logistics outsourcing and TPL in which physical distribution services are offered. Non-asset based services on the other hand act more as supply chain orchestrators similar to fourth-party logistics service providers. In these cases, supplied services are aimed more at ensuring that the right services and capabilities can be procured for the CLS. One value-adding service that was found crucial to include in CLS’s is a joint booking and planning system. Having this type of support systems will allow the CLS to coordinate the different stakeholders connected to the CLS. Related to the structure of the CLS, RQ3 suggest that performance needs to be monitored for deliveries, on-site logistics, and the coordination of logistics activities on and off site. The performance monitoring needs to be developed from a logistics point-of-view, taking into consideration the different stakeholders’ perspectives. 

Finally, in answering RQ4, it was found that a CLS can affect the identified challenges positively. In essence, a CLS aims at managing construction logistics and if developed and implemented from this notion, transports to and from site as well as on-site logistics management can become more efficient. Additionally, the dissertation shows that CLS’s can help in managing the interorganizational relationships within the construction project(s). However, this builds on the notion of having well-developed and communicated service offerings and regulations, e.g. through business and governance models. 

It was also found that the activities of the framework are interrelated and dependent on one another, suggesting that developing construction logistics setups is an iterative process. The proposed framework should thus be seen as a guideline for how to develop the setup, allowing for adaptations of the setup to the context for which it is developed.

Abstract [sv]

Med pågående urbaniseringstrend finns det ett ökat behov av att bygga bostadshus, sjukhus, skolor och infrastruktur i stadsområden för att möta de ökande behoven. Samtidigt ses mark allt mer som en ändlig resurs. Detta har lett till att avvecklad industriell mark tas i anspråk för förtätning och storskaliga stadsutvecklingsprojekt där flera enskilda byggprojekt byggs i närliggande områden under samma tidsperiod. Byggprojekt produceras dock på konsumtionsplatsen vilket innebär att stora mängder material och resurser måste levereras till och tas bort från varje byggarbetsplats. Detta leder i sin tur till att nya transportflöden skapas i samband med stadsutveckling. Dessa måste samordnas för att säkerställa effektiv byggproduktion samtidigt som transporternas miljömässiga och sociala påverkan på det urbana transportsystemet kan minskas. Samtidigt är det viktigt att byggarbetsplatserna kan hanteras ur ett logistikperspektiv utan försämrad effektivitet på grund av det urbana läget.

Ett sätt att hantera logistiken till och från byggprojekt inom stadsutveckling är genom så kallade bygglogistiklösningar (BLL). Dock påverkar införandet av BLL många olika intressenter och de interorganisatoriska relationer dem emellan. Införandet av BLL ställs därför inför tre utmaningar; att hantera transporter till och från byggprojekt, att hantera logistiken på byggarbetsplatser och att samordna de interorganisatoriska relationerna mellan byggprojektets intressenter. Utvecklandet av BLL utgår ofta från tidigare lösningar då det i nuläget saknas riktlinjer för hur man kan utveckla och implementera lösningarna. För att minska den här ad hoc-strategin för utvecklandet av BLL är syftet med denna avhandling att föreslå ett ramverk för att utveckla bygglogistiklösningar. Syftet uppnås med hjälp av följande forskningsfrågor:

FF1:   Utifrån olika intressenters perspektiv, varför implementeras bygglogistiklösningar?

FF2:   Vilken typ av bygglogistiktjänster erbjuds?

FF3:   Hur kan bygglogistiklösningars prestanda mätas?

FF4:   Hur påverkas de tre identifierade utmaningarna av implementeringen av bygglogistiklösningar? Hur påverkar bygglogistiklösningar de identifierade utmaningarna med att hantera transporter till och från byggprojekt, att hantera arbetsplatslogistiken och att samordna de interorganisatoriska relationerna mellan byggprojektets intressenter?

För att besvara forskningsfrågorna har tre huvudmetoder använts; litteraturgranskningar för studiernas bakgrund och att utveckla analytiska ramverk, och fallstudieforskning och Delphi-forskning för de empiriska studierna.

I uppfyllandet av syftet föreslår avhandlingen att tre aktiviteter måste övervägas när man utvecklar en BLL; 1. fastställa omfattningen av BLL, 2. besluta om BLL-strukturen och 3. hantera interorganisatoriska relationerna i BLL. Dessa aktiviteter är grunden för det utvecklade ramverket. Innehållet i aktiviteterna härleddes genom forskningsfrågorna.

I besvarandet av FF1 befanns att entreprenörer implementerar BLL:er för att säkerställa byggproduktivitet, byggherrar implementerar BLL:er för att minska störningar för företag och boende i närheten, och kommuner implementerar BLL:er för att minska störningar för tredje part och för att minska påverkan från bygglogistik på det urbana transportsystemet. De identifierade drivkrafterna för att implementera BLL:er kommer även att påverka BLL:ens struktur. Avhandlingen visar att BLL-strukturen är beroende av kontextuella överväganden med avseende på arbetsplatsens fysiska egenskaper samt vad som byggs, såväl som den organisatoriska kontexten med avseende på vilka intressenter som är del av projektet, var i hierarkin BLL:en placeras och vilken mandatnivå BLL:en har. BLLomfattningen sätter även villkoren för hur transporter hanteras i projektet. Om utrymmet exempelvis är begränsat kan detta innebära att tidsplanerade leveranser premieras.

I besvarandet av FF2 befanns det att en konsekvens av hur transporthanteringen läggs upp så kommer BLL-strukturen att påverkas. Den här avhandlingen visar att fysiska logistiklösningar liknar traditionell outsourcing av logistik och TPL där fysiska distributionstjänster erbjuds. Icke-fysiska logistiklösningar fungerar mer som försörjningskedjeorkestratorer och påminner om fjärdepartslogistiktleverantörer. I dessa fall syftar de erbjudna tjänsterna mer till att säkerställa att rätt tjänster och kapacitet kan erbjudas genom BLL. En värdeadderande tjänst fanns vara en grundförutsättning för BLL:er, nämligen gemensamma boknings- och planeringssystem. Ett sådant system hjälper BLL-operatören i koordinationen av de olika intressenterna som är kopplade till BLL:en. I framtagandet av BLL-strukturen föreslår FF3 även att logistikprestanda måste följas upp i processerna leveranser, arbetsplatslogistik och samordning av logistikaktiviteter på och utanför byggarbetsplatsen. Prestationsutvärderingen måste utvecklas ur ett logistikhänseende med hänsyn tagen till de olika intressenternas perspektiv.

Slutligen, i besvarandet av FF4, befanns att en BLL kan påverka de identifierade utmaningarna positivt. I grund och botten syftar en BLL till att hantera bygglogistik och om BLL:en utvecklas och implementeras utifrån detta synsätt kan transporter till och från byggarbetsplats samt logistikhantering på plats bli effektivare. Vidare visar avhandlingen att BLL:er kan hjälpa till att hantera de interorganisatoriska relationerna inom byggprojekten. Detta bygger dock på att man har väl utvecklade och kommunicerade serviceerbjudanden med tillhörande regelverk för hur service skall användas. Dessa bör kommuniceras genom affärs- och styrningsmodeller. Det konstaterades också att ramverkets aktiviteter är inbördes relaterade och beroende av varandra, vilket tyder på att utvecklandet av bygglogistiklösningar är en iterativ process. Det föreslagna ramverket bör därför ses som riktlinjer för hur man utvecklar BLL, vilket möjliggör för anpassningar av lösningen till det sammanhang för vilken den utvecklas.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2020. , p. 92
Series
Linköping Studies in Science and Technology. Dissertations, ISSN 0345-7524 ; 2091
Keywords [en]
Construction logistics, Construction logistics setups, Third-party logistics
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-170231DOI: 10.3384/diss.diva-170231ISBN: 9789179298067 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-170231DiVA, id: diva2:1474794
Public defence
2020-11-13, Online and TPM55, Täppan, Norrköping, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Svenska Byggbranschens Utvecklingsfond (SBUF), 13605Available from: 2020-10-14 Created: 2020-10-09 Last updated: 2021-12-29Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Construction logistics governing guidelines in urban development projects
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Construction logistics governing guidelines in urban development projects
2019 (English)In: Construction Innovation, ISSN 1471-4175, E-ISSN 1477-0857, Vol. 19, no 1, p. 89-109Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Purpose: Construction logistics centres (CLC) is one possible solution to manage logistics flows in urban construction projects. The aim of CLC’s are to decrease disturbances to the surrounding environment and to improve logistics flows and the planning of the same to construction sites. However, as CLC’s is a new phenomenon, there is a lack of research with regards to how CLC’s are experienced by stakeholders utilising and/or running them. Therefore, the paper answers two research questions relating to the experiences of three

different stakeholder groups using a CLC in a large development project.

Design/methodology/approach: An exploratory single case research design was chosen to explain how the utilisation and governance of a CLC has been experienced by three main contractors, the CLC operator and the municipality initiating the CLC. Case study methodology is a valid choice when the context and experiences are critical to understanding the phenomenon comprehensively.

Data has been collected through interviews, site visits, observations and documentation. 

Findings: There is potential in utilising CLC’s in development projects, and positive aspects such as consolidation effects and enhanced planning efforts were found. What is evident however, is that the design and implementation of CLC’s must be based on comprehensive stakeholder analysis and clear governance strategies to lay the foundation for a good construction process for the main contractors. Aspects to consider when designing a CLC governance strategy identified were: customer clarification, multi-stakeholder logistics analysis, and information.

Research implications: Problems and possibilities in utilising CLC’s are explored and future research directions are presented. Further research is needed to verify the findings from SRS. With the novelty of CLC’s, it would be useful to study other CLC projects and different solutions as well. 

Practical implications: Contractors, TPL providers, and municipalities can find inspiration for how to design and implement CLC governance strategies based on experiences from the SRS case.

Originality/value: This paper contributes by highlighting contextual aspects affecting the experiences of using and operating CLC’s from different stakeholder perspectives.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
EMERALD GROUP PUBLISHING LTD, 2019
Keywords
Construction logistics, Construction logistics centres, Third-party logistics, Governance, Stakeholders, City logistics
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-160459 (URN)10.1108/ci-03-2018-0024 (DOI)000460776900006 ()
Funder
Svenska Byggbranschens Utvecklingsfond (SBUF), 12902Vinnova, 646453/2016-00996
Available from: 2019-09-20 Created: 2019-09-20 Last updated: 2021-12-29
2. Effects of employing third-party logistics arrangements in construction projects
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Effects of employing third-party logistics arrangements in construction projects
2022 (English)In: Production planning & control (Print), ISSN 0953-7287, E-ISSN 1366-5871, Vol. 33, no 1, p. 71-83Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Third-party logistics (TPL) arrangements are becoming a regular occurrence in urban construction projects. The industry is, however, still apprehensive regarding the effects that TPL arrangements bring. The purpose of this study is therefore to investigate the effects that can be realised when employing a logistics arrangement in construction, including possible benefits, concerns, and effects on cost elements. The purpose is fulfilled through a case study of a large construction project in Sweden that has employed a TPL arrangement. Results show that there are positive effects to achieve in terms of logistics performance and project performance, but that the main challenge to achieve these effects is to include all supply chain actors to reach a higher level of SCM maturity. This inclusion can be achieved through a better dialogue amongst supply chain actors to create an understanding for why TPL is employed and why policies and regulations needs to be followed.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Taylor & Francis Group, 2022
Keywords
Construction management, supply chain management, logistics, third-party logistics, case study
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-170092 (URN)10.1080/09537287.2020.1821925 (DOI)000569446400001 ()2-s2.0-85091094166 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Svenska Byggbranschens Utvecklingsfond (SBUF), 12902
Available from: 2020-09-29 Created: 2020-09-29 Last updated: 2022-10-24Bibliographically approved
3. Designing Construction Logistics Solutions in Hospital Projects
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Designing Construction Logistics Solutions in Hospital Projects
2019 (English)In: Proceedings of the 31st NOFOMA Conference: Supply Chains and Sustainable Development of Societies, Oslo, Norway, 2019Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Purpose

When hospitals are built or renovated, they are often operational. To reduce disturbances and improve logistics performance, construction logistics solutions (CLS) can be deployed. Presently, there is no best practice regarding CLS organizing. The purpose of this study is to explore how CLS’s can be classified in order to improve the organization of future hospital project CLS’s.

Design/methodology/approach

This study compares how CLS’s have been organized in six hospital projects in Sweden, Finland and Denmark with the help of city logistics classification models. Cross-case analysis aiming at finding similarities/differences in CLS organizing is conducted, classifying them in accordance with city logistics literature.

Findings

This study shows that hospital CLS’s are often initiated as a problem solver for disturbances without considering how logistics can provide more value or how to follow up the CLS performance. The study operationalizes abstract measures from city logistics alongside contextual considerations to propose a new process for designing hospital CLS’s.

Research implications

The study highlights how different city logistics elements should be translated into operational and organizational features of CLS’s in hospital construction projects.

Practical implications

The study provides a practical process of designing a CLS’s for hospital projects by utilizing current knowledge from city logistics and contextual factors affecting hospital projects.

Original/value

This is one of the first studies that compare different CLS’s in hospital construction based on a structure accepted within the logistics area, i.e. city logistics.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Oslo, Norway: , 2019
Keywords
Construction logistics, City logistics, Hospital construction, Construction management, Third-party logistics
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-160460 (URN)
Conference
The 31st Annual NOFOMA Conference
Funder
Vinnova, 646453/2016-00996Svenska Byggbranschens Utvecklingsfond (SBUF), 13605
Available from: 2019-09-20 Created: 2019-09-20 Last updated: 2021-12-29

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