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Biochemical response to cryothermal and radiofrequency exposure of the human myocardium at surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation: a randomized controlled trial
Linköping University, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Heart Center, Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery.
Linköping University, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Diagnostics and Specialist Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Heart Center, Department of Clinical Physiology in Linköping.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2693-0949
Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Clinical Chemistry. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Inflammation and Infection. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2125-2931
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2020 (English)In: Translational Medicine Communications, ISSN 2396-832X, Vol. 5, article id 11Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Background: Surgical cryothermia and radiofrequency (RF) ablations for atrial fibrillation (AF) seem to result in similar sinus rhythm restoration, but the biochemical consequences of the two methods are unclear. We aimed to compare the biochemical responses to the two ablative methods in concomitant mitral valve surgery (MVS).

Methods: Sixty mitral valve surgery patients with AF were prospectively included. Forty-one patients planned for ablation were randomized to cryothermia (n = 20) or radiofrequency (n = 21) ablation and 19 served as controls. Markers for myocardial injury, inflammation, cell stress, apoptosis, and heart failure were analyzed pre- and postoperatively at different time points.

Results: Troponin T and creatine kinase isoenzyme MB (CK-MB) peak levels were significantly higher in the cryothermia group compared with the RF group (12,805 [6140–15,700] vs. 2790 [1880–4180] ng/L; P = 0.002 and 271 [217–357] vs. 79 [66–93] μg/L; P < 0.001, respectively). Both groups had significantly higher levels than the no-ablation group. There were no group differences in C-reactive protein (CRP) and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), but there were correlations between pre- and postoperative levels of both CRP (rs = 0.41, P = 0.001) and NT-proBNP (rs = 0.48, P < 0.001). Protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR-1) and heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) were significantly increased in the cryoablation group.

Conclusions: Cryoablation results in a larger myocardial injury and possibly more elevated apoptotic activity and cell stress compared with the RF technique. The type of ablation device did not have any significant influence on the postoperative inflammatory response nor on the early postoperative levels of NT-proBNP.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
BioMed Central (BMC), 2020. Vol. 5, article id 11
National Category
Surgery
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-174088DOI: 10.1186/s41231-020-00064-zOAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-174088DiVA, id: diva2:1537119
Note

Funding agencies: The Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation, grant number 20160391, the ALF founding, County Council of Östergötland, Sweden. Open access funding provided by Linköping University.

Available from: 2021-03-14 Created: 2021-03-14 Last updated: 2024-02-07Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Surgical Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation with Cryo and Radiofrequency Concomitant to Mitral Valve Surgery: Clinical, Biochemical and Echocardiography Outcomes
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Surgical Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation with Cryo and Radiofrequency Concomitant to Mitral Valve Surgery: Clinical, Biochemical and Echocardiography Outcomes
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia seen in clinical practice. In cardiac surgery, the negative influence of AF on short- and long-term outcomes has made concomitant ablation procedures more common. The indications, clinical aspects, results, risks, and benefits of the additional surgical ablation are still valuable topics for discussion. This compilation thesis consists of four papers aiming to investigate some of the clinical, biochemical, and echocardiographic aspects of surgical ablation for AF (Cox-Maze IV) when performed concomitant to mitral valve surgery (MVS).

Through a retrospective, case-control, single-center study, we described the impact of the Cox-Maze IV procedure added to MVS with focus on postoperative heart failure (paper I).

Cryoenergy (cryo) and radiofrequency (RF) are the two different energy sources mainly used in Cox-Maze IV for AF ablation. To achieve linear scars in the atrial wall, the RF procedure uses heat damage, whereas the cryo method freezes down to -150°C. Through a prospective, randomized, longitudinal, controlled study, we compared the biochemical responses of the two ablative methods in concomitant MVS and the release of enzymes expressing myocardial injury, as well as inflammatory, cell stress, and apoptosis-specific proteins. We could show that cryo results in a larger release of markers for myocardial damage but has no impact on the early inflammatory response (paper II).

Extended scar lesions resulting after maze may influence atrial function. As the left atrium plays a key role in the altered cardiac hemodynamics in AF, an echocardiographic analysis of the effects of the Cox-Maze IV procedure concomitant to MVS on the left atrium was carried out. The impacts of the two energy sources (cryo and RF) on left atrial remodeling and function had not been compared previously. Their direct effect on left atrial remodeling and mechanical function were assessed 1 year after surgery in patients with restored sinus rhythm. Sinus rhythm restoration after MVS concomitant to Cox-Maze IV results in a reduced left atrium size regardless of the energy source used. Three-dimensional echocardiography showed that, compared to RF, the extension of the ablation area produced by cryo implies major left atrium structural remodeling affecting systolic function. The negative effect on left atrium remodeling seems to be linear with the duration of the AF (paper III).

An overview of the pacemaker implantation rate after the Cox-Maze IV procedure concomitant to MVS was obtained in a multicenter study using national qualitative registers (SWEDHEART, Carath, Svenska ICD- och Pacemakerregistret) (paper IV, sumbitted).

Our results contribute to optimizing surgical indications and patient selection, providing a deeper understanding of the biochemical and echocardiographic changes during and after surgical ablation.

Abstract [sv]

Förmaksflimmer (FF) är den vanligaste arytmin som ses i klinisk praxis. Inom hjärtkirurgi har den negativa inverkan på kort- och långtidsutfall för patienter med FF gjort samtidiga ablationsprocedurer vanligare. Indikationerna, de kliniska aspekterna, resultaten, riskerna och fördelarna med den extra kirurgiska ablationen är fortfarande under diskussion. Den aktuella avhandligen består av fyra artiklar som syftar till att undersöka några av de kliniska, biokemiska och ekokardiografiska aspekterna av kirurgisk ablation vid förmaksflimmer (Cox-Maze IV) när det utförs samtidigt med mitralisklaffkirurgi.

I en retrospektiv fallkontrollstudie beskrev vi effekten av Cox-Maze IVproceduren som tillägg till mitralisklaffkirurgin med fokus på postoperativ hjärtsvikt (första artikeln).

Kryo och Radiofrekvens är de två olika energikällorna som huvudsakligen används vid Cox-Maze IV för FF-ablation. För att uppnå ärrlinjer i förmaksväggen använder Radiofrekvens-proceduren värmeskada, medan Kryo-metoden fryser ner vävnader till minus 150º C grader Celsius. En jämförelse av de biokemiska svaren presenteras mellan de två ablativa metoderna vid samtidig mitralisklaffkirurgi. Frisättningen av biokemiska markörer som uttrycker myokardskada samt inflammatoriska, cellstress- och apoptosspecifika (celldödsspecifika) proteiner rapporteras. Genom en prospektiv randomiserad longitudinell kontrollerad studie kunde vi visa att Kryo hade en större frisättning av hjärtskademarkörer, men ingen inverkan på tidig inflammatorisk respons (andra artikeln).

Ärrskador som uppstår efter Cox-Maze IV kan påverka förmaksfunktionen. Eftersom det vänstra förmaket spelar en nyckelroll vid förmaksflimmer förändrade hemodynamiken, genomfördes en ekokardiografisk analys av effekterna av Cox-Maze IV-proceduren samtidigt med mitralisklaffkirurgi på vänster förmak. Effekten av de två energikällorna (Kryo och Radiofrekvens) på vänster förmaks remodeling och funktion har inte jämförts tidigare på ett prospektivt sätt. Deras direkta effekt på remodeling av vänster förmak och dess mekanisk funktion bedömdes hos patienter med återställd sinusrytm, 1 år efter operationen. Återställande av sinusrytmen efter mitralisklaffkirurgi med samtidig Cox-Maze IV procedur, resulterar i minskning av vänstra förmakets storlek, oavsett vilken energikälla som används. Genom 3-dimensionell ekokardiografi kunde vi visa att, jämfört med Radiofrekvens, de bredare Cryo ärr leder till en större vänsterförmak strukturell remodeling som påverkar dess systoliska funktion. Denna negativa effekt på vä- förmaks remodeling verkar vara linjär med varaktigheten av FF (tredje papper).

En beskrivning av PM-implantationsfrekvens efter Cox-Maze IV-ingrepp samtidigt med mitralisklaffkirurgi genomfördes i en multicenterstudie med en nationell kvalitativ registerstudie (Swedheart, Carath, Svenska ICD- och Pacemakerregistret) (fjärde artikeln, manuskript).

Klinisk relevans: Våra resultat bidrar till att optimera operationsindikationen och patienturvalet vid mitralisklaffsjukdom med samtidigt förmaksflimmer. De har också bidragit till en djupare förståelse för de biokemiska och ekokardiografiska förändringarna under och efter kirurgisk förmaksflimmerablation.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2023. p. 62
Series
Linköping University Medical Dissertations, ISSN 0345-0082 ; 1879
Keywords
Atrial fibrillation, Mitral valve surgery, Surgical ablation, Cox-Maze IV, Left atrium remodelling, 3D echocardiography
National Category
Cardiology and Cardiovascular Disease
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-199281 (URN)10.3384/9789180753784 (DOI)9789180754651 (ISBN)9789180753784 (ISBN)
Public defence
2023-12-18, Berzeliussalen, Building 463, Campus US, Linköpig, 09:00
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2023-11-23 Created: 2023-11-23 Last updated: 2025-02-10Bibliographically approved

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Åström Aneq, MeriamSpyrou, GiannisEnocsson, HelenaCharitakis, EmmanouilVánky, Farkas

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Department of Health, Medicine and Caring SciencesFaculty of Medicine and Health SciencesDepartment of Thoracic and Vascular SurgeryDivision of Diagnostics and Specialist MedicineDepartment of Clinical Physiology in LinköpingDivision of Clinical ChemistryDivision of Inflammation and InfectionDepartment of Cardiology in Linköping
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