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Using early childhood infections to predict late childhood antibiotic consumption: a prospective cohort study
Linköping University, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Community Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Primary Care Center, Primary Health Care Center Tannefors.
Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Children's and Women's Health. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Center of Paediatrics and Gynaecology and Obstetrics, H.K.H. Kronprinsessan Victorias barn- och ungdomssjukhus.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1695-5234
Linköping University, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Society and Health. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0723-139X
Linköping University, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Community Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4224-1032
2020 (English)In: BJGP open, ISSN 2398-3795, Vol. 4, no 5Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Background: In the Swedish welfare system, the prescription and price of antibiotics is regulated. Even so, socioeconomic circumstances might affect the consumption of antibiotics for children.

Aim: This study aimed to investigate if socioeconomic differences in antibiotic prescriptions could be found for children aged 2–14 years, and to find predictors of antibiotic consumption in children, especially if morbidity or socioeconomic status in childhood may function as predictors.

Design & setting: Participants were from All Babies In Southeast Sweden (ABIS), a prospectively followed birth cohort (N = 17 055), born 1997-1999. Pharmaceutical data for a 10-year period, from 2005–2014 were used (the cohort were aged from 5–7, up to 14–16 years). Participation at the 5-year follow-up was 7443 children. All prescriptions from inpatient, outpatient, and primary care were included. National registries and parent reports were used to define socioeconomic data for all participants. Most children’s infections were treated in primary healthcare centres.

Method: Parents of included children completed questionnaires about child morbidity at birth and at intervals up to 12 years. Their answers, combined with public records and national registries, were entered into the ABIS database and analysed. The primary outcome measure was the number of antibiotic prescriptions for each participant during a follow-up period between 2005–2014.

Results: The most important predictor for antibiotic prescription in later childhood was parent-reported number of antibiotic-treated infections at age 2–5 years (odds ratio (OR) range 1.21 to 2.23, depending on income quintile; P<0.001). In the multivariate analysis, lower income and lower paternal education level were also significantly related to higher antibiotic prescription.

Conclusion: Parent-reported antibiotic-treated infection at age 2–5 years predicted antibiotic consumption in later childhood. Swedish doctors are supposed to treat all patients individually and to follow official guidelines regarding antibiotics, to avoid antibiotics resistance. As socioeconomic factors are found to play a role, awareness is important to get unbiased treatment of all children.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Royal College of General Practitioners , 2020. Vol. 4, no 5
Keywords [en]
Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Prescriptions; Primary Health Care; Prospective Studies; Socioeconomic Factors
National Category
Infectious Medicine
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-174498DOI: 10.3399/bjgpopen20X101085PubMedID: 33082156OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-174498DiVA, id: diva2:1538827
Note

Funding agencies: County Council of Östergötland (grant number: LIO603511). ABIS has been supported by the Swedish Research Council (reference numbers: K2005-72X-11242-11A and K2008-69X-20826-01-4), the Swedish Child Diabetes Foundation (Barndiabetesfonden), the JDRF Wallenberg Foundation (reference number: K 98-99D-12813-01A), the Medical Research Council of Southeast Sweden (FORSS), the Swedish Council for Working Life and Social Research (reference number: FAS2004–1775), and Östgöta Brandstodsbolag.

Available from: 2021-03-22 Created: 2021-03-22 Last updated: 2023-04-05Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Impact of medical and non-medical Factors on Quality and Costs in Primary Care: A Conscious Look at Subconcious Processes
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Impact of medical and non-medical Factors on Quality and Costs in Primary Care: A Conscious Look at Subconcious Processes
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Background / Introduction

Physicians and patients may be influenced by more than just the medical facts of the situation at hand. The physician is a part of the sociocultural environment and is under influence of this. The physician could be afraid of making mistakes and thus choose the safest option. In addition, economic considerations may apply. The perceived continuity or quality of the communication may also influence medical decision-making. Patients may not think about what allergens they are exposed to. Differences in socioeconomy or perceived morbidity may influence the patient's or their family’s desire to see the doctor or to use medications like antibiotics.

Material and Methods

In Paper 1, referrals from two Primary Healthcare centers in Norway were compared to each other and to the other referrals that were received by the local hospital. In Paper 2, Influenza-Like Illness (ILI) for children 2-12 years old was monitored for 7 years, and costs of treatment and parental absence due to ill children were calculated using real numbers. In Paper 3, the number of antibiotic prescriptions was compared to the patient’s socioeconomic background, to investigate possible inequalities. Paper 4 compares asthma and atopy incidence to the number of antibiotic prescriptions, to investigate if asthma patients are more often treated with antibiotics than nonasthma patients are. The analyses are based on regional healthcare data and the prospective ABIS study.

Results

Paper 1 showed that locum doctors and regular General Practitioners had the same referral rates, but the locum doctors had a distribution of diagnoses that differed significantly from the regular GPs and from the other referrals.

Paper 2 showed that parental absence due to children with ILI follows the seasonal influenza pattern closely. The main burden of consultations and costs is carried by Primary Care.

Paper 3 showed that parent-reported infectious morbidity at age 5, is associated with a higher number of antibiotic prescriptions in later childhood (5-14 years). Family income is a factor, where children from Q1 (wealthiest) receive significantly fewer antibiotics than children from Q3-Q5.

Paper 4 found that asthma/ fur allergy at age 5 was associated with more antibiotic prescriptions in later childhood, but that wide-spectrum antibiotics are rarely used. Doctors seem to adhere to national and regional guidelines.

Conclusions

Primary care physicians seem to be affected by their grade of continuity and length of employment in their referral diagnosis distribution. Influenza-like illness in children carries a substantial cost in terms of loss of production, healthcare encounters, and personal suffering for vulnerable individuals. Parents’ perceptions of morbidity seem to influence antibiotic demand in children, along with socioeconomic factors. Children with asthma or airway allergies seem to receive more antibiotic prescriptions, possibly due to increased infectious vulnerability or to allergic exposure unknown to the doctor.

Abstract [sv]

Bakgrund / Introduktion

Läkare och patienter kan påverkas av fler omständigheter än just den aktuella medicinska situationen. Läkaren ingår i en sociokulturell omgivning, och påverkas av denna. Läkaren kan vara rädd att göra fel, och välja det säkraste alternativet. Dessutom kan ekonomiska bedömningar spela in. Även den uppfattade kontinuiteten eller kvaliteten i patientkommunikationen kan spela in i det medicinska beslutsfattandet. Patienten kanske inte tänker på vilka allergener hon har utsatt sig för. Skillnader i socioekonomi eller uppfattad infektionssjuklighet kan påverka patientens eller familjens önskan att träffa en läkare eller använda antibiotika.

Material och metoder

I Paper 1 jämfördes remissdiagnoser från två vårdcentraler i Norge med varandra och med övriga remisser till lokalsjukhuset för samma år. I Paper 2 följdes Influenza-Like Illness (ILI) hos barn 2-17 år under en 7-årsperiod, och kostnader för behandling och kostnaderna for föräldrars VAB beräknades. I Paper 3 blev antalet antibiotikarecept till barn 5-14 år jämfört med barnens socioekonomiska bakgrund, i syfte att granska social jämlikhet. Paper 4 jämförde förekomsten av astma och luftvägsallergi hos barn 5-14 år med antal antibiotikarecept, för att se om astmapatienter får mera antibiotika än andra patienter. Analyserna baserades på lokala sjukvårdsdata och på den prospektiva ABIS-studien.

Resultat

Paper 1 visade att vikarieläkare och fasta allmänläkare hade samma andel remisser, men att vikarieläkarnas remissdiagnoser var signifikant annorlunda fördelade än remisserna från fasta allmänläkare och övriga remisser.

Paper 2 visade att föräldrars frånvaro pga barns sjukdom (VAB) följer säsongsvariationen till Influenza-Like Illness. Huvudbördan av konsultationer och kostnader bärs av primärvården.

Paper 3 visade att föräldrarapporterad sjuklighet i infektioner när barnen är i 5-årsåldern, är associerad med antal antibiotikarecept i åldern 5-14 år. Familjens inkomst spelar också in; barn från den rikaste inkomstkvintilen (Q5) fick signifikant färre antibiotikarecept än barn från familjer med lägst inkomst (Q3-Q1).

Paper 4 visade att astma eller pälsdjursallergi vid 5 års ålder var associerad med högre antal antibiotikarecept under perioden 5-14 år. Bredspektrumantibiotika användes dock sällan. Läkarna tycks i huvudsak följa givna riktlinjer för antibiotikaförskrivning.

Konklusioner

Primärvårdsläkares remissdiagnoser verkar kunna påverkas av läkarnas kontinuitet och av deras anställningstid. Influenza-Like Illness hos barn medför betydande kostnader i form av produktionsbortfall för föräldrarna, sjukvårdskontakter och personligt lidande. Föräldrars uppfattade infektionssjuklighet hos sina barn påverkar förbrukningen av antibiotika, tillsammans med socioekonomiska faktorer. Barn med astma eller luftvägsallergi verkar få fler antibiotikarecept än barn utan dessa diagnoser, orsaken kan vara ökad känslighet för infektioner eller kontakt med allergener okända för doktorn.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2023. p. 95
Series
Linköping University Medical Dissertations, ISSN 0345-0082 ; 1844
National Category
Health Care Service and Management, Health Policy and Services and Health Economy
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-192894 (URN)10.3384/9789180750912 (DOI)9789180750905 (ISBN)9789180750912 (ISBN)
Public defence
2023-05-12, Berzeliussalen, Building 463, Campus US, Linköping, 13:00 (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2023-04-05 Created: 2023-04-05 Last updated: 2023-04-05Bibliographically approved

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Gjessing, KristianLudvigsson, JohnnyOlsen Faresjö, ÅshildFaresjö, Tomas

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