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Turbulence Descriptors in Arterial Flows: Patient-Specific Computational Hemodynamics
Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Applied Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4656-7662
2021 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

At this very moment, there are literally millions of people who suffer from various types of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), many of whom will experience reduced quality of life or premature lift expectancy. The detailed underlying pathogenic processes behind many of these disorders are not well understood, but were abnormal dynamics of the blood flow (hemodynamics) are believed to play an important role, especially atypical flow-mediated frictional forces on the intraluminal wall (i.e. the wall shear stress, WSS). Under normal physiological conditions, the flow is relatively stable and regular (smooth and laminar), which helps to maintain critical vascular functions. When these flows encounter various unfavorable anatomical obstructions, the flow can become highly unstable and irregular (turbulent), giving rise to abnormal fluctuating hemodynamic forces, which increase the bloodstream pressure losses, can damage the cells within the blood, as well as impair essential structural and functional regulatory mechanisms. Over a prolonged time, these disturbed flow conditions may promote severe pathological responses and are therefore essential to foresee as early as possible.

Clinical measurements of blood flow characteristics are often performed non-invasively by modalities such as ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). High-fidelity MRI techniques may be used to attain a general view of the overall large-scale flow features in the heart and larger vessels but cannot be used for estimating small-scale flow variations nor capture the WSS characteristics. Since the era of modern computers, fluid motion can now also be predicted by computational fluid dynamics (CFD)simulations, which can provide discrete mathematical approximations of the flow field with much higher details (resolution) and accuracy compared to other modalities. CFD simulations rely on the same fundamental principles as weather forecasts, the physical laws of fluid motion, and thus can not only be used to assess the current flow state but also to predict (foresee) important outcome scenarios in e.g. intervention planning. To enable blood flow simulations within certain cardiovascular segments, these CFD models are usually reconstructed from MRI-based anatomical and flow image-data. Today, patient-specific computational hemodynamics are essentially only performed within the research field, where much emphasis is dedicated towards understanding normal/abnormal blood flow physiology, developing better individual-based diagnostics/treatments, and evaluating the results reliability/generality in order to approach clinical applicability.

In this thesis, advanced CFD methods were adopted to simulate realistic patient-specific turbulent hemodynamics in constricted arteries reconstructed from MRI data. The main focus was to investigate novel, comprehensive ways to characterize these abnormal flow conditions, in the pursuit of better clinical decision-making tools; from more in-depth analyzes of various turbulence-related tensor characteristics to descriptors that evaluate the hemodynamics more globally in the domain. Results from the studies in this thesis suggest that these turbulence descriptors can be useful to: i) target cardiovascular sites prone to specific turbulence characteristics, both in the bulk flow and on the intraluminal wall, ii) provide a more extensive view of the general flow severity within malformed vascular regions, and iii) evaluated and potentially improve cardiovascular modeling strategies and MRI-measured turbulence data.

The benefit of these descriptors is that they all, in principle, can be measured by different MRI procedures, making them more accessible from a clinical perspective. Although the significance of these suggested flow-mediated phenotypes has not yet been evaluated clinically, this work opens many doors of opportunities for making more thorough and longitudinal patient-specific studies, including large cohorts of patients with various CVDs susceptible to turbulent-like conditions, as well as performing more in-depth CFD-MRI validation analyzes.

Abstract [sv]

Just nu finns det bokstavligen miljontals människor som lider av olika typer av hjärt- och kärlsjukdomar, av vilka många kommer att uppleva nedsatt livskvalitet samt förkortad livslängd. De underliggande patogena orsakerna bakom dessa åkommor är fortfarande inte väl förstådda, men där onormal blodflödesdynamik (hemodynamik) tros spela en viktig roll, särskilt oregelbundna friktionskrafter på kärlväggens insida (väggskjuvspänningen). Under normala fysiologiska förhållanden är blodflödet relativt stabilt och regelbundet (laminärt), vilket hjälper till att bibehålla kritiska kärlfunktioner. När dessa flöden stöter på olika ogynnsamma anatomiska hinder kan flödet bli mycket instabilt och oregelbundet (turbulent) och ge upphov till onormala fluktuerande flödeskrafter vilket resulterar i förhöjda tryckförluster i blodomloppet, försämring av väsentliga strukturella och funktionella regleringsmekanismer i kärlen, samt stundvis skador på diverse blodkroppar och ge upphov till blodproppar. Över en längre tidsperiod kan dessa abnormala flödesförhållanden främja allvarliga patologiska förändringar och är därför viktiga att kartlägga så tidigt som möjligt.

Kliniska mätningar av blodflödesdynamik utförs ofta icke-invasivt av modaliteter som ultraljud och magnetisk resonanstomografi (MRI). Avancerade MRI-tekniker kan användas för att återskapa en allmän bild av de storskaliga flödesstrukturerna i hjärtat och de större kärlen men är inte lämpad för att uppskatta småskaliga flödesvariationer samt väggskjuvspänningens karaktär i detalj. Sedan introduktionen av moderna datorer så kan numera flödesmönster även estimeras av strömningsimuleringar (beräkningsströmningsdynamik), en metod som på engelska kallas ”computational fluid dynamics” eller CFD, vilket ger en diskret matematisk approximation av flödesfältet med mycket högre spatiell och temporal detaljnivå (upplösning) och noggrannhet jämfört med andra modaliteter. CFD simuleringar vilar på samma grundläggande principer som väderprognoser, de fysiska lagarna som beskriver hur ett strömningsfält beter sig, och kan således inte bara användas för att bedöma det aktuella flödestillståndet utan också för att försöka förutsäga utfallsscenarier vid exempelvis olika kirurgiska interventioner. För att möjliggöra blodflödesimuleringar inom vissa kardiovaskulära segment så rekonstrueras vanligtvis CFD-modeller från MRI-baserade anatomisk- och flödsbilddata. Idag är patientspecifika blodflödesberäkningar i huvudsak en forskningsdiciplin, där mycket vikt läggs vid att förstå normal/onormal blodflödesfysiologi, utveckla bättre individbaserad diagnostik/behandlingar och utvärdera resultatets tillförlitlighet/generalitet för att närma sig klinisk tillämpbarhet.

I denna avhandling användes avancerade CFD simuleringar för att beräkna realistiska turbulenta flödesförhållanden i patientspecifika förträngda bloodkärlsmodeller återskapade från MRI mätningar. Huvudfokus var att undersöka nya, omfattande sätt att karakterisera dessa onormala blodflöden i strävan efter bättre kliniska beslutsverktyg, från mer fördjupade analyser av olika turbulensrelaterade tensoregenskaper till deskriptorer som utvärderar blodflödesdynamiken mer globalt i domänen. Resultat från studierna i denna avhandling antyder att dessa turbulensrelaterade deskriptorer kan vara användbara för att: i) karlägga kardiovaskulära regioner exponerad av olika turbulent karakteristik, både i friströmen samt på kärlväggen, ii) ge en mer omfattande bild av flödes abnormalitet inom missbildade kärlregioner, och iii) utvärdera och potentiellt förbättra kardiovaskulära modelleringsstrategier samt MRI mätningar av turbulens.

Fördelen med dessa flödesdeskriptorer är att de alla, principiellt, kan mätas med olika MRI-tekniker, vilket gör dem mer tillgängliga ur ett kliniskt perspektiv. Ä ven om värdet av dessa föreslagna analysmetoder ännu inte har utvärderats kliniskt, öppnar detta arbete många dörrar för möjligheter att göra mer grundliga och longitudinella patientspecifika studier, inklusive stora kohorter av patienter med olika kardiovaskulär sjukdomar som förorsakar liknande turbulenta flödesförhållanden, samt utför mer fördjupade CFD-MRI valideringsanalyser.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2021. , p. 126
Series
Linköping Studies in Science and Technology. Dissertations, ISSN 0345-7524 ; 2129
National Category
Fluid Mechanics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-175193DOI: 10.3384/diss.diva-175193ISBN: 9789179296865 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-175193DiVA, id: diva2:1547244
Public defence
2021-05-26, Online through Zoom (contact magnus.andersson@liu.se) and ACAS, A Building, Campus Valla, Linköping, 09:00 (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish e‐Science Research CenterSwedish Research Council, VR 2018-05973
Note

Additional funding agency: Center for Industrial Information Technology, grant no. CENIIT 09.03

Available from: 2021-04-26 Created: 2021-04-26 Last updated: 2025-02-09Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Quantitative Assessment of Turbulence and Flow Eccentricity in an Aortic Coarctation - Impact of Virtual Interventions
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Quantitative Assessment of Turbulence and Flow Eccentricity in an Aortic Coarctation - Impact of Virtual Interventions
2015 (English)In: Cardiovascular Engineering and Technology, ISSN 1869-408X, E-ISSN 1869-4098, Vol. 6, no 6, p. 281-293Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Turbulence and flow eccentricity can be measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and may play an important role in the pathogenesis of numerous cardiovascular diseases. In the present study, we propose quantitative techniques to assess turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) and flow eccentricity that could assist in the evaluation and treatment of stenotic severities. These hemodynamic parameters were studied in a pre-treated aortic coarctation (CoA) and after several virtual interventions using computational fluid dynamics (CFD), to demonstrate the effect of different dilatation options on the flow field. Patient-specific geometry and flow conditions were derived from MRI data. The unsteady pulsatile flow was resolved by large eddy simulation (LES) including non-Newtonian blood rheology. Results showed an inverse asymptotic relationship between the total amount of TKE and degree of dilatation of the stenosis, where turbulent flow proximal the constriction limits the possible improvement by treating the CoA alone. Spatiotemporal maps of TKE and flow eccentricity could be linked to the characteristics of the jet, where improved flow conditions were favored by an eccentric dilatation of the CoA. By including these flow markers into a combined MRI-CFD intervention framework, CoA therapy has not only the possibility to produce predictions via simulation, but can also be validated pre- and immediate post treatment, as well as during follow-up studies.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer, 2015
Keywords
Computational fluid dynamics, Large eddy simulation, Turbulent kinetic energy, Flow displacement, Non-Newtonian, Virtual treatment, Magnetic resonance imaging
National Category
Applied Mechanics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-114496 (URN)10.1007/s13239-015-0218-x (DOI)000380356800007 ()
Note

Funding agencies: Swedish Research Council; Center for Industrial Information Technology (CENIIT); Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC)

Available from: 2015-02-24 Created: 2015-02-24 Last updated: 2021-04-26Bibliographically approved
2. Multidirectional WSS disturbances in stenotic turbulent flows: A pre- and post-intervention study in an aortic coarctation
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Multidirectional WSS disturbances in stenotic turbulent flows: A pre- and post-intervention study in an aortic coarctation
2017 (English)In: Journal of Biomechanics, ISSN 0021-9290, E-ISSN 1873-2380, Vol. 51Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Wall shear stress (WSS) disturbances are commonly expressed at sites of abnormal flow obstructions and may play an essential role in the pathogenesis of various vascular diseases. In laminar flows these disturbances have recently been assessed by the transverse wall shear stress (transWSS), which accounts for the WSS multidirectionality. Site-specific estimations of WSS disturbances in pulsatile transitional and turbulent type of flows are more challenging due to continuous and unpredictable changes in WSS behavior. In these complex flow settings, the transWSS may serve as a more comprehensive descriptor for assessing WSS disturbances of general nature compared to commonly used parameters. In this study large eddy simulations (LES) were used to investigate the transWSS properties in flows subjected to different pathological turbulent flow conditions, governed by a patient-specific model of an aortic coarctation pre and post balloon angioplasty. Results showed that regions of strong near-wall turbulence were collocated with regions of elevated transWSS and turbulent WSS, while in more transitional-like near-wall flow regions a closer resemblance was found between transWSS and low, and oscillatory WSS. Within the frame of this study, the transWSS parameter demonstrated a more multi-featured picture of WSS disturbances when exposed to different types of flow regimes, characteristics which were not depicted by the other parameters alone. (C) 2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
ELSEVIER SCI LTD, 2017
Keywords
Transverse wall shear stress; Turbulent kinetic energy; Large eddy simulation; Hemodynamics; Disturbed blood flow; Oscillatory shear index
National Category
Fluid Mechanics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-136073 (URN)10.1016/j.jbiomech.2016.11.064 (DOI)000393927500002 ()27919417 (PubMedID)
Note

Funding Agencies|Center for Industrial Information Technology (CENIIT) [09.03]; Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC) [SNIC 2014/11-22, SNIC2015/16-32]

Available from: 2017-03-27 Created: 2017-03-27 Last updated: 2025-02-09
3. Characterization and estimation of turbulence-related wall shear stress in patient-specific pulsatile blood flow
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Characterization and estimation of turbulence-related wall shear stress in patient-specific pulsatile blood flow
2019 (English)In: Journal of Biomechanics, ISSN 0021-9290, E-ISSN 1873-2380, Vol. 85, p. 108-117Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Disturbed, turbulent-like blood flow promotes chaotic wall shear stress (WSS) environments, impairing essential endothelial functions and increasing the susceptibility and progression of vascular diseases. These flow characteristics are today frequently detected at various anatomical, lesion and intervention-related sites, while their role as a pathological determinant is less understood. To present-day, numerous WSS-based descriptors have been proposed to characterize the spatiotemporal nature of the WSS disturbances, however, without differentiation between physiological laminar oscillations and turbulence-related WSS (tWSS) fluctuations. Also, much attention has been focused on magnetic resonance (MR) WSS estimations, so far with limited success; promoting the need of a near-wall surrogate marker. In this study, a new approach is explored to characterize the tWSS, by taking advantage of the tensor characteristics of the fluctuating WSS correlations, providing both a magnitude and an anisotropy measure of the disturbances. These parameters were studied in two patient-specific coarctation models (sever and mild), using large eddy simulations, and correlated against near-wall reciprocal Reynolds stress parameters. Collectively, results showed distinct regions of differing tWSS characteristics, features which were sensitive to changes in flow conditions. Generally, the post-stenotic tWSS was governed by near axisymmetric fluctuations, findings that where not consistent with conventional WSS disturbance predictors. At the 2-3 mm wall-offset range, a strong linear correlation was found between tWSS magnitude and near-wall turbulence kinetic energy (TKE), in contrast to the anisotropy indices, suggesting that MR-measured TKE can be used to assess elevated tWSS regions while tWSS anisotropy estimates request well-resolved simulation methods. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
ELSEVIER SCI LTD, 2019
Keywords
Computational fluid dynamics; Disturbed hemodynamics; Anisotropy invariant map; Aortic coarctation; Near-wall surrogate markers
National Category
Fluid Mechanics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-156101 (URN)10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.01.016 (DOI)000461725000014 ()30704762 (PubMedID)
Available from: 2019-04-03 Created: 2019-04-03 Last updated: 2025-02-09
4. Characterization of anisotropic turbulence behavior in pulsatile blood flow
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Characterization of anisotropic turbulence behavior in pulsatile blood flow
2021 (English)In: Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology, ISSN 1617-7959, E-ISSN 1617-7940, Vol. 20, p. 491-506Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Turbulent-like hemodynamics with prominent cycle-to-cycle flow variations have received increased attention as a potential stimulus for cardiovascular diseases. These turbulent conditions are typically evaluated in a statistical sense from single scalars extracted from ensemble-averaged tensors (such as the Reynolds stress tensor), limiting the amount of information that can be used for physical interpretations and quality assessments of numerical models. In this study, barycentric anisotropy invariant mapping was used to demonstrate an efficient and comprehensive approach to characterize turbulence-related tensor fields in patient-specific cardiovascular flows, obtained from scale-resolving large eddy simulations. These techniques were also used to analyze some common modeling compromises as well as MRI turbulence measurements through an idealized constriction. The proposed method found explicit sites of elevated turbulence anisotropy, including a broad but time-varying spectrum of characteristics over the flow deceleration phase, which was different for both the steady inflow and Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes modeling assumptions. Qualitatively, the MRI results showed overall expected post-stenotic turbulence characteristics, however, also with apparent regions of unrealizable or conceivably physically unrealistic conditions, including the highest turbulence intensity ranges. These findings suggest that more detailed studies of MRI-measured turbulence fields are needed, which hopefully can be assisted by more comprehensive evaluation tools such as the once described herein.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
SPRINGER HEIDELBERG, 2021
Keywords
Barycentric anisotropy invariant map; Patient-specific scale-resolved computational hemodynamics; Reynolds stress and dissipation tensor; MRI turbulence measurements; Verification and validation
National Category
Fluid Mechanics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-171404 (URN)10.1007/s10237-020-01396-3 (DOI)000582375000001 ()33090334 (PubMedID)
Note

Funding Agencies|Linkoping University

Available from: 2020-11-30 Created: 2020-11-30 Last updated: 2025-02-09
5. Model Verification and Error Sensitivity of Turbulence-Related Tensor Characteristics in Pulsatile Blood Flow Simulations
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Model Verification and Error Sensitivity of Turbulence-Related Tensor Characteristics in Pulsatile Blood Flow Simulations
2021 (English)In: Fluids, E-ISSN 2311-5521, Vol. 6, no 1, article id 11Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Model verification, validation, and uncertainty quantification are essential procedures to estimate errors within cardiovascular flow modeling, where acceptable confidence levels are needed for clinical reliability. While more turbulent-like studies are frequently observed within the biofluid community, practical modeling guidelines are scarce. Verification procedures determine the agreement between the conceptual model and its numerical solution by comparing for example, discretization and phase-averaging-related errors of specific output parameters. This computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study presents a comprehensive and practical verification approach for pulsatile turbulent-like blood flow predictions by considering the amplitude and shape of the turbulence-related tensor field using anisotropic invariant mapping. These procedures were demonstrated by investigating the Reynolds stress tensor characteristics in a patient-specific aortic coarctation model, focusing on modeling-related errors associated with the spatiotemporal resolution and phase-averaging sampling size. Findings in this work suggest that attention should also be put on reducing phase-averaging related errors, as these could easily outweigh the errors associated with the spatiotemporal resolution when including too few cardiac cycles. Also, substantially more cycles are likely needed than typically reported for these flow regimes to sufficiently converge the phase-instant tensor characteristics. Here, higher degrees of active fluctuating directions, especially of lower amplitudes, appeared to be the most sensitive turbulence characteristics.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
MDPI, 2021
Keywords
barycentric anisotropy invariant map; turbulence componentality; epistemic modeling errors; patient-specific computational hemodynamics; large eddy simulations; image-based cardiovascular flow modeling; phase-averaging; reynolds stresses
National Category
Fluid Mechanics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-173432 (URN)10.3390/fluids6010011 (DOI)000610232000001 ()
Available from: 2021-02-20 Created: 2021-02-20 Last updated: 2025-02-09

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