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Insomnia Symptoms in Chronic Pain: Clinical presentation, risk and treatment
Linköping University, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Community Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Pain and Rehabilitation Center.
2021 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

In recent years, chronic and recurrent pain have gained interest as distinct conditions interacting both with peripheral and central parts of the nervous system as well as with the immune system. The risk of getting affected by abnormal pain modulation i.e., chronic pain is not equally distributed in the population and the search for risk factors is therefore of interest. One potential risk factor for chronic pain is insomnia symptoms i.e., difficulties falling asleep or maintaining sleep. In turn, insomnia symptoms are overrepresented in persons with chronic pain. Common current pain treatments lead to limited improvement of insomnia symptoms calling for treatments specifically directed to improve sleep. The overall aim of this thesis is therefore to investigate the distribution of insomnia severity in patients seeking specialized care for chronic pain, to investigate the role of insomnia severity as a risk factor for spreading of pre-existing pain, and to evaluate potential treatments for insomnia symptoms comorbid to chronic pain.

Study I highlighted the high prevalence rates of insomnia symptoms in patients with chronic pain conditions. Roughly, insomnia was six times more common in our sample compared to the general population. We also showed that there were weak connections between insomnia symptoms and other variables (primarily psychological symptoms and pain intensity). In Study II physical exercise was more efficacious than Acceptance and Commitment Therapy-based stress management and the active control group in reducing insomnia symptoms and pain intensity short term. Improvements in physical exercise were largely maintained after twelve months but pain intensity had then also declined in the control group. No improvements in the Acceptance and Commitment Therapy-based stress management remain significant when an intention to treat principles were applied. In Study III, a dose-dependent increase in risk for spreading of pain was confirmed in subjects reporting moderate and severe insomnia symptoms. Though, there was no increase in the risk of pain spreading in subjects reporting sub-threshold insomnia symptoms (according to Insomnia Severity Index). In Study IV patients in the Internet-delivered Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for insomnia group, showed a more rapid improvement in insomnia symptoms than patients in the internet-delivered applied relaxation. The effect of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for insomnia had declined slightly after six months and the Applied Relaxation group had continued to improve, leading to a comparable outcome on the Insomnia Severity Index at six-month follow-up.

In conclusion, insomnia symptoms are common in patients seeking specialized pain care. High levels of insomnia symptoms increase the risk of spreading of pre-existing pain and this in a dose-dependent manner. Physical exercise has significant, but not clinically meaningful effects on pain intensity and insomnia symptoms. Internet-delivered Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for insomnia leads to a more rapid reduction of insomnia symptoms compared to applied relaxation, although long-term effects are uncertain 

Abstract [sv]

Under senare år har kronisk och återkommande smärta uppmärksammats som egna tillstånd som interagerar med både perifera och centrala delar av nervsystemet samt immunsystemet. Risken för att bli påverkad av avvikande smärtmodulering dvs långvarig/kronisk smärta är inte jämnt fördelad i befolkningen och forskningen om riskfaktorer är därför av stor vikt. En potentiell riskfaktor för kronisk smärta är insomnisymptom, det vill säga svårigheter att somna på kvällen, eller att upprätthålla sömnen under natten. Insomnisymptom är i sin tur överrepresenterade hos personer med kronisk smärta. Sedvanliga smärtbehandlingar leder endast till begränsade förbättringar av sömnen viket understryker behovet av behandlingar som är inriktade på att förbättra sömnen. Det övergripande syftet med denna avhandling är därför att undersöka fördelningen av insomnisymptom hos patienter som söker specialiserad vård för kronisk smärta, att undersöka insomnisymptom som riskfaktor för spridning av befintliga smärttillstånd och att utvärdera potentiella behandlingar för sömnproblem hos patienter med kronisk smärta. 

Studie I lyfte fram den höga förekomsten av insomnisymptom hos patienter med kroniska smärta. Insomnisymptom var ungefär sex gånger vanligare i vårt stickprov jämfört med befolkningen i stort. Vi visade också att det fanns relativt svaga samband mellan insomnisymptom och andra variabler (främst psykologiska symtom och smärtintensitet). I studie II var fysisk träning mer effektiv än acceptansbaserad stresshantering och den aktiva kontrollgruppen för att minska insomnisymptom och smärtintensitet på kort sikt. Förbättringarna av fysisk träning kvarstod i stor utsträckning efter tolv månader, men smärtintensiteten hade då också minskat i kontrollgruppen. Inga effekter av den acceptansbaserade stresshanteringen var signifikanta när data från samtliga deltagare togs med i analyserna. I studie III bekräftades ett dos-responsförhållande mellan insomnisymptom och risk för smärtspridning hos personer som skattade måttliga till svåra insomnisymtom. Däremot förelåg det ingen ökad risk för smärtspridning hos patienter som skattade lätt förhöjda nivåer av insomnisymptom. I studie IV uppvisade patienter som fått internetadministrerad kognitiv beteendeterapi för insomni en snabbare förbättring av insomnisymptom jämfört med patienter som fick internetlevererad tillämpad avslappning. Effekten av kognitiv beteendeterapi för insomni hade minskat något efter sex månader och avslappningsgruppen hade fortsatt att förbättras, vilket ledde till likvärdiga resultat vid sexmånadersuppföljningen. 

Sammanfattningsvis är insomnisymptom vanliga hos patienter som söker specialiserad smärtvård. Höga nivåer av insomnisymptom ökar risken för spridning av befintlig smärta och detta på ett dosberoende sätt. Fysisk träning har signifikanta, men inte kliniskt betydelsefulla, effekter på smärtintensitet och insomnisymptom. Internetadministrerad kognitiv beteendeterapi för insomni leder till en snabbare minskning av insomnisymptom jämfört med tillämpad avslappning, även om långtidseffekterna är oklara.  

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2021. , p. 65
Series
Linköping University Medical Dissertations, ISSN 0345-0082 ; 1776
National Category
Other Clinical Medicine Physiotherapy
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-175373DOI: 10.3384/diss.diva-175373ISBN: 9789179296674 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-175373DiVA, id: diva2:1548170
Public defence
2021-06-11, Belladonna, building 511, entrance 76, Campus US, Linköping, 13:00 (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2021-04-29 Created: 2021-04-29 Last updated: 2025-02-11Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Comorbid insomnia in patients with chronic pain: a study based on the Swedish quality registry for pain rehabilitation (SQRP)
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Comorbid insomnia in patients with chronic pain: a study based on the Swedish quality registry for pain rehabilitation (SQRP)
2014 (English)In: Disability and Rehabilitation, ISSN 0963-8288, E-ISSN 1464-5165, Vol. 36, no 20, p. 1661-1669Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Purpose: This study investigates the prevalence of insomnia and its relationship to other symptoms and health aspects in patients with chronic pain. Methods: Patients with chronic pain conditions (n = 845) referred to a multidisciplinary pain centre completed surveys provided by the Swedish quality registry for pain rehabilitation (SQRP). The SQRP collects data on socio-demographics, health status, symptoms of pain, mood and insomnia and life satisfaction. Results: The majority of patients (65.3%) had clinical insomnia according to the insomnia severity index (ISI). Insomnia correlated significantly but weakly with pain, depression, anxiety and coping; the strongest multivariate correlations were found with depression and anxiety followed by pain interference and pain severity. Pain intensity, depression and anxiety correlated stronger than ISI with respect to the two investigated aspects of health. Conclusions: The prevalence of insomnia is high in patients with chronic pain conditions, but the level of importance in relation to other symptoms for health aspects is low, and the associations with other important symptoms are relatively weak. One way to increase the effects of multimodal rehabilitation programs may be to provide interventions directed specifically at insomnia rather than focusing only on interventions that address pain, depression and anxiety. Implications for Rehabilitation The prevalence of insomnia is high in patients with complex chronic pain conditions. Relatively low correlations existed between insomnia and pain intensity, depression, anxiety and other psychological aspects. Pain intensity, anxiety and depression were more important for perceived health aspects than insomnia. One way to increase the effects of multimodal rehabilitation programs may be to also include interventions directed directly to insomnia.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Informa Healthcare, 2014
Keywords
Anxiety, chronic pain, depression, health, human, insomnia, insomnia severity index
National Category
Medical and Health Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-104230 (URN)10.3109/09638288.2013.864712 (DOI)000343004700001 ()24320022 (PubMedID)
Available from: 2014-02-12 Created: 2014-02-12 Last updated: 2021-04-29
2. Is sleep disturbance in patients with chronic pain affected by physical exercise or ACT-based stress management? - A randomized controlled study
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Is sleep disturbance in patients with chronic pain affected by physical exercise or ACT-based stress management? - A randomized controlled study
2018 (English)In: BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, E-ISSN 1471-2474, Vol. 19, article id 111Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Background: Most people suffering chronic pain are plagued by sleeping difficulties. Cognitive behaviour therapy has produced promising results for insomnia comorbid with chronic pain, but the access to such treatment is often limited. Over the last ten years, interventions aiming to increase cognitive flexibility and physical activity have been assumed to be effective treatments for a variety of conditions, including insomnia and chronic pain. If proven effective, these treatments could constitute the first steps in a stepped care model for chronic pain and insomnia. Methods: Two hundred ninety-nine chronic pain subjects were randomized to Exercise, ACT-based stress management (ACT-bsm), or an active control group. Two hundred thirty-two participants (78%) received their allocated intervention at least to some extent. These participants were evaluated using mixed model analyses for changes in sleep (Insomnia Severity Index, ISI), pain intensity, depression, and anxiety immediately after treatment, six months and twelve months after treatment. Results: The mixed model analyses revealed that Exercise had a positive effect on insomnia compared with the control group and the effect remained after 12 months. No clear effect (i.e., both for completers and for completers together with treatment non-completers) upon ISI was found for the ACT-bsm. Pain intensity decreased significantly both in the exercise group and in the control group. For the two psychological variables (i.e., symptoms of anxiety and depression) were found significant improvements over time but no group differences. The treatment effects for ISI and pain intensity did not reach clinical significance per definitions presented in other relevant studies. Conclusions: Beneficial significant effects on insomnia was confirmed in the exercise condition. However, these changes were probably not clinically important. For pain intensity a general decrease was found in the Exercise condition and in the control condition, while no change occurred in ACT-bsm. No group differences were found for the two psychological variables.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
BIOMED CENTRAL LTD, 2018
Keywords
Sleep; Insomnia; Rehabilitation; Chronic pain; Exercise; Acceptance and commitment therapy; Randomized controlled trial
National Category
Physiotherapy
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-147562 (URN)10.1186/s12891-018-2020-z (DOI)000429815900002 ()29631567 (PubMedID)
Note

Funding Agencies|Vardal Foundation (Rehsam); County Council of Ostergotland

Available from: 2018-04-27 Created: 2018-04-27 Last updated: 2025-02-11
3. Insomnia is a risk factor for spreading of chronic pain: A Swedish longitudinal population study (SwePain)
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Insomnia is a risk factor for spreading of chronic pain: A Swedish longitudinal population study (SwePain)
Show others...
2020 (English)In: European Journal of Pain, ISSN 1090-3801, E-ISSN 1532-2149, Vol. 24, no 7, p. 1348-1356Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Background Recent evidence suggests that insomnia negatively influences the occurrence of generalized pain. This study examined whether insomnia is a risk factor for the transition from local pain (LP) to generalized pain (i.e. spreading of pain). Methods This longitudinal study, with a follow-up of 24 months, included 959 participants (mean age: 55.8 years;SD: 13.9) with local or regional pain at baseline. Participants were grouped by insomnia symptoms as measured by the Insomnia Severity Index. Spreading of pain was measured by body manikins based on the spatial distribution of pain on the body. We defined two outcome categories; one with relatively localized pain (i.e. LP and moderate regional pain [MRP]), and one with relatively generalized pain (i.e. substantial regional pain and widespread pain [WSP]). Baseline age, sex, education, depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, catastrophizing, pain intensity and spread of pain were also included in the Generalized Linear Model analysis. Results The unadjusted model showed that the risk of spreading of pain increased with an increase in insomnia symptoms (no insomnia: 55.4%; subthreshold insomnia: 25.4% moderate insomnia: 16.5% and severe insomnia: 2.7%). The risk increased in a dose-dependent manner; moderate insomnia risk ratio (RR) 2.34 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.34-4.09) and severe insomnia RR 4.13 (95% CI: 1.56-10.92). The results were maintained in the fully adjusted model although MRP was the strongest predictor RR 6.95 (95% CI: 3.11-15.54). Conclusion Our findings show a strong prospective relationship between insomnia symptoms and the transition from relatively localized to generalized pain. Significance This study shows that people with LP conditions are at much higher risk of developing WSP if they also have significant insomnia symptoms. The elevated risk is evident after 24 months and increases in a dose-dependent manner regarding the degree of exposure to insomnia symptoms. Local pain conditions are quite common in primary care, and an evaluation of the insomnia symptoms is highly recommended since the most common sleep problems can be treated effectively if detected.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
WILEY, 2020
National Category
Physiotherapy
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-168250 (URN)10.1002/ejp.1582 (DOI)000552475400011 ()32386443 (PubMedID)
Note

Funding Agencies|Linkoping University; Swedish Pain Foundation; Fibromyalgia Associations Research Foundation; Medical Research Council of Southeast Sweden

Available from: 2020-08-22 Created: 2020-08-22 Last updated: 2025-02-11

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