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Implementing BetterBack – a Best Practice Physiotherapy Healthcare Model for Low Back Pain: Clinician and Patient Evaluation
Linköping University, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Community Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-5673-9133
2021 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Background: Low back pain (LBP) occurs in all ages, and first-line treatment by physiotherapists (PTs) is common. However, national evidence-based LBP clinical guidelines are still lacking in Sweden. To facilitate guideline uptake, we developed and with a multifaceted strategy implemented a best practice physiotherapy healthcare model (BetterBack☺ MoC) with the aim of supporting management of LBP in primary care. 

The overall aim of this thesis was to evaluate a multifaceted implementation strategy and a best practice physiotherapy healthcare model for LBP.

Methods: This thesis is based on one methodological study and three experimental trials with PTs and patients with LBP. In Paper I a mixed method design was used to translate, tailor, validate and feasibility-test the Determinants of Implementation Behaviour Questionnaire (DIBQ). This tailored DIBQ Questionnaire (DIBQ-t) was used to evaluate potential barriers/facilitators during the implementation process together with evaluation of PTs’ confidence, attitudes and beliefs in managing LBP. In a stepped cluster randomised controlled trial, PTs and their patients in three clusters were allocated to intervention group (after implementation of BetterBack☺ MoC) or control group (routine physiotherapy care). The proportions of guideline-adherent care were compared between groups (Paper III). This evaluation was based on PTs’ adherence to eight clinical practice recommendations and three clinical practice quality indices (CPQI). The overall CPQI containing the five most prioritised recommendations are: no referral to specialist care; no referral to medical imaging for benign LBP; use of educational interventions; use of exercise interventions; and no use of non-evidence-based physiotherapy. Finally, in Paper IV patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) were compared between intervention (after the implementation of BetterBack☺ MoC) and routine care. In Paper IV an additional secondary analysis was performed, comparing PROMs based on whether or not PTs had delivered care that met all five criteria of the overall CPQI or not.

Results: A tailored, feasible and valid questionnaire was developed, DIBQ-t to be used for evaluation of the implementation of LBP primary care programmes. After implementation workshop, PTs’ (n = 116) confidence increased, and PTs’ attitudes and beliefs shifted towards a more biopsychosocial orientation. PTs had high expectations of the BetterBack☺ MoC, which decreased after using the MoC. When evaluating received treatment for 500 patients with LBP, a more frequent delivery of guideline-adherent care was seen after implementation (n = 278) compared to routine care (n = 222). The overall CPQI containing the five prioritised recommendations was fulfilled in 59% of all patients in intervention versus 26% in routine care group. Analysis of adherence to specific recommendations showed a significantly improved use of stratification of number of PT visits and patient educational interventions, frequent use of exercise was maintained, and use of non-evidence-based treatment and medical imaging decreased after implementation. The primary outcome, i.e. referral to specialist consultation, was low in both groups, with no between-group differences. After implementation of the BetterBack☺ MoC, no between-group differences in PROMs were seen except for greater satisfaction with LBP care, greater improvement in illness perception and better health-related quality of life, compared with routine care. However, when PTs’ care adhered to all five CPQI criteria, a greater improvement of most patient-reported outcomes was seen compared to patient care that did not adhere to all five CPQI criteria. 

Conclusions: The implementation of a best practice physiotherapy healthcare model (BetterBack☺ MoC) for LBP improved both clinician and patient outcomes. PTs increased use of guideline-adherent care, confidence and biopsychosocial orientation in managing LBP. Patients reported improved satisfaction, illness perception and health-related quality of life. The implementation did not decrease referral to specialist consultation from an initial low level; nor did it improve patients’ disability and pain more than routine care. However, when guideline-adherent care was fulfilled, most PROMs improved. It is therefore important to highlight the importance of guideline-based primary care for improving patient-reported LBP outcomes.

Abstract [sv]

Bakgrund: Ländryggssmärta (LS) förekommer i alla åldrar och behandling av fysioterapeut som första instans är vanligt. För närvarande saknas evidensbaserade nationella kliniska riktlinjer i Sverige. För att främja riktlinjeanvändning utvecklades och implementerades ett vårdprogram (BättreRygg☺) för att stödja behandling av LS i primärvård.

Övergripande syfte med denna avhandling var att utvärdera en mulifacetterad implementeringsstrategi och ett fysioterapeutiskt vårdprogram för ländryggsmärta.

Metoder: Avhandlingen är baserad på en metodologisk studie och tre experimentella studier med fysioterapeuter och patienter med LS. I första delarbetet användes en ”mixed method design” för att översätta, anpassa samt testa validitet och användarvänlighet av frågeformuläret Determinants of Implementation Behaviour Questionnaire (DIBQ). Denna anpassade version av DIBQ (DIBQ-t) användes i delarbete II för att utvärdera potentiella hinder/facilatorer under implementeringsprocessen tillsammans med utvärdering av fysioterapeuters självförtroende, attityder och uppfattningar vid bedömning och behandling av LS. I en stegvis klusterrandomiserad kontrollerad studie, delades fysioterapeuter och deras patienter från tre kluster in i en interventionsgrupp (efter implementering av vårdprogrammet BättreRygg☺) eller en kontrollgrupp (sedvanlig fysioterapeutisk vård). Andelen riktlinjebaserad vård jämfördes mellan grupperna (delarbete III). Denna utvärdering baserades på fysioterapeuters följsamhet till åtta riktlinje rekommendationer och tre kvalitets index. Det övergripande kvalitetsindexet innehöll de fem mest prioriterade rekommendationerna; ingen remittering till specialistvård; ingen remittering till medicinsk röntgen vid godartad LS; användning av undervisningsinterventioner; användning av träningsinterventioner; och ingen användning av icke evidensbaserad fysioterapi. Slutligen, i delarbete IV jämfördes patientrapporterade utfallsmått mellan intervention (patienter behandlade efter implementering av vårdprogrammet BättreRygg☺) och patienter som erhållit sedvanlig vård. En tilläggsanalys gjordes också i delarbete IV som jämförde patientrapporterade utfallsmått baserat på om fysioterapeuternas vård uppfyllde alla fem kriterierna för det övergripande kvalitetsindexet eller inte.

Resultat: Ett anpassat, användarvänligt och valitt frågeformulär utvecklades, DIBQ-t, för att användas vid utvärdering av implementering av vårdprogram för LS i primärvård. Efter implementeringsworkshopen ökade fysioterapeuternas (n = 116) självförtroende samt en förändring av attityder och uppfattningar mot en mer biopsykosocial orientering kunde visas. Fysioterapeuterna hade höga förväntningar på vårdprogrammet som minskade efter praktiskt användande. Vid utvärdering av behandling för 500 patienter med LS framkom en mer frekvent användning av riktlinjebaserad vård efter implementering (n = 278) jämfört med kontrollgruppen som erhållit sedvanlig vård (n = 222). Det övergripande kvalitetsindexet med de fem prioriterade rekommendationerna uppfylldes hos 59% av alla patienter i interventionsgruppen jämfört med 26% i gruppen som fått sedvanlig vård. Analys av följsamheten till specifika rekommendationer visade en signifikant förbättrad användning av stratifiering av antal besök och patientundervisningsinterventioner, hög användning av träning bibehölls, och en minskning av icke evidensbaserad fysioterapi och medicinsk röntgen efter implementering. Det primära utfallsmåttet, remittering till specialistvård var låg i båda grupperna utan mellangruppsskillnad. Efter implementering av vårdprogrammet BättreRygg☺ fanns ingen mellangruppsskillnad avseende patientrapporterade utfallsmått förutom högre tillfredställelse med sin ryggvård, större förbättring av uppfattningar av ryggbesvär och förbättrad hälsorelaterad livskvalitet, jämfört med sedvanlig vård. När fysioterapeuternas vård innehöll alla fem rekommendationerna i det övergripande kvalitetsindexet, förbättrades de flesta patientrapporterade måtten mer jämfört med vård som inte innehöll de fem rekommendationerna.

Konklusioner: Implementering av ett fysioterapeutiskt vårdprogram (BättreRygg☺) för LS förbättrade både klinik- och patientrapporterade utfallsmått. Fysioterapeuterna ökade användningen av riktlinjebaserad vård, förbättrade självförtroende och biopsykosocial orientering vid bedömning och behandling av LS. Patienterna rapporterade förbättrad tillfredställelse, uppfattningar av ryggbesvär, och hälsorelaterad livskvalitet. Implementeringen minskade inte remittering till specialistvård från den initialt låga nivån och förbättrade inte patienternas funktion och smärta mer än sedvanlig vård. Däremot, förbättrades de flesta patientutfallsmått när vården var riktlinjebaserad. Det är därför viktigt att poängtera vikten av riktlinjebaserad primärvård för att förbättra patientrapporterade utfallsmått vid LS.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2021. , p. 101
Series
Linköping University Medical Dissertations, ISSN 0345-0082 ; 1783
National Category
Physiotherapy
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-179586DOI: 10.3384/diss.diva-179586ISBN: 9789179296391 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-179586DiVA, id: diva2:1597714
Public defence
2021-11-12, Berzeliussalen, Building 463, Campus US, Linköping, 09:00 (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Medical Research Council of Southeast Sweden (FORSS), 660371Region Östergötland, LIO-922501Region Östergötland, LIO-817751Swedish Research Council, 2017*01444Region Östergötland, LIO-938197Available from: 2021-09-28 Created: 2021-09-27 Last updated: 2025-02-11Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Adapting the determinants of implementation behavior questionnaire to evaluate implementation of a structured low back pain programme using mixed-methods
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Adapting the determinants of implementation behavior questionnaire to evaluate implementation of a structured low back pain programme using mixed-methods
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2021 (English)In: Health Science Reports, E-ISSN 2398-8835, Vol. 4, no 2, article id e266Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Background and Aims: Best-practice low back pain (LBP) primary care programmes have been developed based on evidence-based clinical guidelines and implemented in Sweden and Denmark. The theoretical domains framework (TDF) was utilized in the design of the implementation strategy. Based on the TDF domains, the Determinants of Implementation Behavior Questionnaire (DIBQ) has been developed to evaluate implementation determinants, but its feasibility and validity need to be tested and adapted to study specific contexts. This study aimed to tailor the DIBQ for evaluation of implementation for LBP primary care programmes. The objectives were to (a) translate the DIBQ into Swedish and Danish, (b) adapt the DIBQ into DIBQ-tailored (DIBQ-t) to study content validity, (c) test the DIBQ-t for feasibility, and (d) perform validity testing of DIBQ-t.

Methods: We used a mixed-methods design. First, forward translation of the DIBQ, then adaptation into DIBQ-t using qualitative face validity and quantitative content validity was done. Finally, to determine feasibility and construct validity using confirmatory factor analyses, we used data from DIBQ-t collected after the programmes' 2-day course.

Results: The final DIBQ-t included 28 items describing 10 of the original 18 DIBQ domains and was considered feasible. A total of 598 clinicians out of 609 responded to the DIBQ-t, with only 2‰ of the items missing. The confirmatory factor analyses showed a good fit after removing two items with the lowest domain loading. The DIBQ-t maintained linkage to all domains within the Behavioral Change Wheel. The clinicians' expectations, according to the DIBQ-t, indicate facilitating determinants outweighing barriers at the initiation of implementation processes.

Conclusions: The study resulted in a feasible and valid version of a questionnaire for evaluating clinicians' expectations regarding implementation determinants of best-practice LBP primary care programmes.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
John Wiley & Sons, 2021
Keywords
health services research, implementation, low Back pain, primary care, theoretical domains framework
National Category
Physiotherapy
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-175575 (URN)10.1002/hsr2.266 (DOI)000668839100035 ()33842696 (PubMedID)
Note

Funding: Swedish Research CouncilSwedish Research CouncilEuropean Commission [2017*01444]; Research Council in Southeast Sweden [FORSS*660371]

Available from: 2021-05-10 Created: 2021-05-10 Last updated: 2025-02-11Bibliographically approved
2. Confidence, attitudes, beliefs and determinants of implementation behaviours among physiotherapists towards clinical management of low back pain before and after implementation of the BetterBack model of care
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Confidence, attitudes, beliefs and determinants of implementation behaviours among physiotherapists towards clinical management of low back pain before and after implementation of the BetterBack model of care
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2020 (English)In: BMC Health Services Research, E-ISSN 1472-6963, Vol. 20, no 1, article id 443Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Implementing clinical guidelines is challenging. To facilitate uptake, we developed a model of care (BetterBack Model of Care) and an implementation strategy to support management of low back pain in primary care. The aim of this study was to evaluate physiotherapists´ confidence, attitudes and beliefs in managing patients with low back pain before and after a multifaceted implementation of the BetterBack Model of Care. A further aim was to evaluate determinants of implementation behaviours among physiotherapists.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
BioMed Central (BMC), 2020
National Category
Health Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-165802 (URN)10.1186/s12913-020-05197-3 (DOI)000536771400002 ()32430047 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85084964467 (Scopus ID)
Note

This work was supported by the Research Council in Southeast Sweden (grant number FORSS*660371), Swedish Research Council (grant number 2017*01444) and Region of Östergötland (grant number LIO-817751, LIO-922501. 

Available from: 2020-05-25 Created: 2020-05-25 Last updated: 2025-04-04Bibliographically approved
3. Improved adherence to clinical guidelines for low back pain after implementation of the BetterBack model of care: A stepped cluster randomized controlled trial within a hybrid type 2 trial
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Improved adherence to clinical guidelines for low back pain after implementation of the BetterBack model of care: A stepped cluster randomized controlled trial within a hybrid type 2 trial
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2023 (English)In: Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, ISSN 0959-3985, E-ISSN 1532-5040, Vol. 39, no 7, p. 1376-1390Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

BACKGROUND The BetterBack model of care (MoC) for low back pain (LBP) was recently developed in Swedish physiotherapy (PT) primary care.OBJECTIVE To evaluate if PTs’ adherence to LBP clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) improves after implementation of the BetterBack MoC (intervention).

METHODS This was a stepped, single-blinded cluster randomized controlled trial. Patients nested in the three clusters were allocated to routine care (n = 222) or intervention (n = 278). The primary outcome was referral to specialist consultation. This was among five best practice recommendations divided into an assessment quality index (no referral to specialist consultation and no medical imaging) and a treatment quality index (use of educational interventions; use of exercise interventions; no use of non-evidence-based physiotherapy). For overall adherence, patients had to be treated with all five recommendations fulfilled. Logistic regression was used for between-group comparisons.

RESULTS The proportion of patients receiving referral to specialist consultation during the PT treatment period was low in both groups with no between-group differences. However, patients in the intervention group showed significantly higher assessment quality index, treatment quality index and overall adherence compared to routine care. Adherence to the separate recommendations showed improved stratified number of visits, use of exercise was maintained high, patient educational intervention increased and use of non-evidence-based physiotherapy decreased. A reduction of medical imaging during the physiotherapy treatment period was also observed.

CONCLUSIONS The adoption of CPGs could be substantially improved by introducing a MoC through PT training and supportive materials.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Taylor & Francis, 2023
Keywords
Clinical practice guideline; physiotherapy; low back pain; primary health car; adherence
National Category
Physiotherapy
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-183492 (URN)10.1080/09593985.2022.2040669 (DOI)000762588700001 ()35230212 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85125919915 (Scopus ID)
Note

Funding: Region of Östergötland [LIO-817751, LIO-938197, LIO-922501]; Research Council in Southest Sweden [660371]; Swedish Research Council [2017-01444].

Available from: 2022-03-10 Created: 2022-03-10 Last updated: 2025-02-11Bibliographically approved
4. Effectiveness and Quality of Implementing a Best Practice Model of Care for Low Back Pain (BetterBack) Compared with Routine Care in Physiotherapy: A Hybrid Type 2 Trial
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Effectiveness and Quality of Implementing a Best Practice Model of Care for Low Back Pain (BetterBack) Compared with Routine Care in Physiotherapy: A Hybrid Type 2 Trial
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2021 (English)In: Journal of Clinical Medicine, E-ISSN 2077-0383, Vol. 10, no 6, p. 1230-Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Low back pain (LBP) occurs in all ages and first-line treatment by physiotherapists is common. The main aim of the current study was to evaluate the effectiveness of implementing a best practice model of care for LBP (intervention group—BetterBackJ MoC) compared to routine physiotherapy care (control group) regarding longitudinal patient reported outcomes. The BetterBackJ MoC contains clinical guideline recommendations and support tools to facilitate clinician adherence to guidelines. A secondary exploratory aim was to compare patient outcomes based on the fidelity of fulfilling a clinical practice quality index regarding physiotherapist care. A stepped cluster randomized design nested patients with LBP in the three clusters which were allocated to control (n = 203) or intervention (n = 264). Patient reported measures were collected at baseline, 3, 6 and 12 months and analyzed with mixed model regression. The primary outcome was between-group changes from baseline to 3 months for pain intensity and disability. Implementation of the BetterBackJ MoC did not show any between-group differences in the primary outcomes compared with routine care. However, the intervention group showed significantly higher satisfaction at 3 months and clinically meaningful greater improvement in LBP illness perception at 3 months and quality of life at 3 and 6 months but not in patient enablement and global impression of change compared with the control group. Physiotherapists’ care that adhered to all clinical practice quality indices resulted in an improvement of most patient reported outcomes with a clinically meaningful greater improved LBP illness perception at 3 month and quality of life at 3 and 6 months, significantly greater improvement in LBP illness perception, pain and satisfaction at 3 and 6 months and significantly better enablement at all time points as well as better global improvement outcomes at 3 months compared with non-adherent care. This highlights the importance of clinical guideline based primary care for improving patient reported LBP outcomes.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
MDPI, 2021
Keywords
low back pain; practice guideline; primary health care; treatment outcome; cluster randomized controlled trial; implementation; rehabilitation; physiotherapy
National Category
Clinical Medicine Physiotherapy
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-174212 (URN)10.3390/jcm10061230 (DOI)000651995500001 ()
Note

Funding: Research Council in Southeast Sweden [FORSS*660371]; Swedish Research CouncilSwedish Research CouncilEuropean Commission [2017*01444]; Region of Ostergotland [LIO-817751, LIO-922501, LIO-938197]

Available from: 2021-03-16 Created: 2021-03-16 Last updated: 2025-02-11Bibliographically approved

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