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Old-age diversity is underrepresented in digital health research: findings from the evaluation of a mobile phone system for post-operative progress monitoring in Sweden
Linköping University, Department of Culture and Society, Division of Ageing and Social Change. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-6554-1559
Linköping University, Department of Culture and Society, Division of Social Work. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9369-1928
Linköping University, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Nursing Sciences and Reproductive Health. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
Linköping University, Department of Culture and Society, Division of Ageing and Social Change. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8697-1876
2023 (English)In: Ageing & Society, ISSN 0144-686X, E-ISSN 1469-1779, Vol. 43, no 10, p. 2264-2286Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Much research is conducted to evaluate digital-based solutions for health-care services, but little is known about how such evaluations acknowledge diversity in later life. This study helps fill this gap and analyses participation in the evaluation of a web-based mobile phone system for monitoring the post-operative progress of patients after day surgery. Participation is conceptualised as resulting from three processes: pre-screening, recruitment and self-selection. Based on field information and survey data, this study models (a) the (non-)participation in a sample of 498 individuals aged 60 and older that includes non-screened, non-recruited, decliners and participants in the evaluation, and (b) the individual decision to participate in a sample of 210 individuals aged 60 and older who were invited to take part in the evaluation. Increasing age enhances the likelihood of not being screened, not being recruited or declining the invitation. Those not recruited were most often ineligible because of technology-related barriers. Decliners and participants differed by age, gender, job, health status, digital skills, but not by social participation. Results suggest that highly specific groups of older people are more likely to be involved than others. Old-age diversity is not properly represented in digital health research, with implications for the inclusivity of new digital health technologies. This has implications for increased risks of old-age exclusion and exacerbation of social and digital inequalities in ageing societies.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Cambridge University Press , 2023. Vol. 43, no 10, p. 2264-2286
Keywords [en]
exclusion, inequalities, digital technologies, participation in research, health, digital communication
National Category
Gerontology, specialising in Medical and Health Sciences
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-180990DOI: 10.1017/S0144686X21001641ISI: 000742523300001OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-180990DiVA, id: diva2:1611021
Note

Funding agencies: Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare (FORTE) [2014-4100]

Available from: 2021-11-12 Created: 2021-11-12 Last updated: 2023-11-07Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. A Divided Old Age through Research on Digital Technologies
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A Divided Old Age through Research on Digital Technologies
2021 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Alternative title[sv]
En splittrad ålderdom genom forskning om digitala teknologier
Abstract [en]

This thesis aims at contributing to the understanding of digital inequalities among older people, by studying the involvement of older people in research on digital technologies. Some mechanisms driving old age digital inequalities are well known. For instance, people with lower social positions tend to have lower digital skills, to face technology accessibility and affordability issues, and, thus, to engage less with digital technologies compared to their counterparts. However, less attention has been paid to issues related to research and development of digital technologies, such as the involvement of older people in research evaluating new digital technologies. Previous studies indicate that participants and non-participants in research are different one another, with the former being younger, reporting higher educational levels, having better health status than the non-participants. This may bias research outcomes and lead to incorrect conclusions on the utility of digital technologies. The objective of this thesis is to investigate the link between the involvement of older people in digital technology evaluations and the research outcomes. Healthcare is used as exemplifying context in which digital technologies are used. In Study I, participation in digital health research is conceptualised, and a research tool for identifying and measuring selective participation is developed. In Study II and III, factors associated with participation in two digital health intervention studies are analysed. In Study IV, the impact of selective participation on the research outcomes of a digital health study is identified, measured, and corrected. Thesis findings show that participation of older people in digital health research is selective by age, gender, health status, job level, and digital skills, and can indicate a mechanism for digital inequalities. Selective participation biases research outcomes by overemphasising the intervention effects of the over-represented groups over those among the under-represented groups. It can cause an overestimation of the positive effects of digital health technologies due to the under-representation of those groups who do not benefit from the intervention. This promotes digital technologies which increase exclusion risks for some groups of older people and reinforce old age digital and social inequalities. Weighting procedures can be used for mitigating the impact of this mechanism on the research outcomes of intervention studies on digital technologies.

Abstract [sv]

Denna avhandling syftar till att bidra till förståelsen av digital ojämlikhet bland äldre genom att studera äldre människors deltagande i forskning om digital teknik. Vissa mekanismer som driver den digitala ojämlikheten bland äldre är välkända. Till exempel tenderar personer med lägre sociala positioner att ha lägre digitala färdigheter, stöta på problem med tekniktillgänglighet och kostnader, och därmed engagera sig mindre i digital teknik jämfört med personer med högre sociala positioner. Mindre uppmärksamhet har dock ägnats åt frågor som rör forskning och utveckling av digital teknik, t.ex. äldres deltagande i forskning som utvärderar ny digital teknik. Tidigare studier visar att deltagare och icke-deltagare i forskning är olika varandra: deltagarna är yngre, har högre utbildningsnivå och bättre hälsotillstånd än icke-deltagarna. Detta kan snedvrida forskningsresultaten och leda till felaktiga slutsatser om nyttan av digital teknik. Syftet med denna avhandling är att undersöka sambandet mellan äldre människors deltagande i digitala teknikutvärderingar och forskningsresultaten. Hälso-och sjukvård används som exemplifierande sammanhang. I Studie I konceptualiseras deltagandet i digital hälsoforskning och ett forskningsverktyg för att identifiera och mäta selektivt deltagande utvecklas. I Studie II och III analyseras faktorer som är förknippade med deltagande i två digitala hälsointerventionsstudier. I Studie IV identifieras, mäts och korrigeras effekterna av selektivt deltagande på forskningsresultaten från en digital hälsostudie. Avhandlingsresultatet visar att äldre människors deltagande i digital hälsoforskning är selektivt utifrån ålder, kön, hälsotillstånd, arbetsnivå och digitala färdigheter, och kan indikera en mekanism för digital ojämlikhet. Selektivt deltagande snedvrider forskningsresultaten genom att man överbetonar de överrepresenterade gruppernas interventionseffekter jämfört med de underrepresenterade. Det kan leda till en överskattning av de positiva effekterna av digital hälsoteknik på grund av underrepresentationen av de grupper som inte drar nytta av interventionen. Detta främjar därmed digital teknik som ökar risken för utestängning av vissa grupper av äldre och stärker den digitala och sociala ojämlikheten bland äldre. Viktningsförfaranden kan användas för att mildra effekterna av denna mekanism på forskningsresultaten av interventionsstudier på digital teknik.

Abstract [it]

Questa tesi ha l’obiettivo di contribuire alla comprensione delle disuguaglianze digitali tra gli anziani attraverso lo studio del coinvolgimento degli stessi nella ricerca sulle tecnologie. Alcuni dei meccanismi che generano disuguaglianze digitali in età anziana sono ben noti. Ad esempio, persone con più basse posizioni sociali tendono a mostrare minori capacità digitali, ad riscontrare problemi di accessibilità pratica ed economica e pertanto ad utilizzare meno le tecnologie digitali rispetto alla loro controparte sociale più avvantaggiata. Tuttavia, meno attenzione è stata rivolta a questioni legate alla ricerca e allo sviluppo delle tecnologie digitali e al loro ruolo di queste fasi nel determinare disuguaglianze digitali. Una delle questioni sottoinvestigate è ad esempio il coinvolgimento delle persone anziane nella ricerca che si occupa di valutare nuove tecnologie digitali. Precedenti studi indicano che coloro che partecipano e coloro che non partecipano alla ricerca differiscono tra di loro. I primi sono tipicamente più giovani, riportano livelli più alti di istruzione, mostrano migliori livelli di stato di salute, rispetto ai secondi. Queste discrepanze tra partecipanti e non partecipanti potrebbero generare una distorsione dei risultati della ricerca (bias) e condurre a conclusioni scientifiche errate che si applicherebbero solo a specifici gruppi di anziani. L’obiettivo di questa tesi è di investigare il legame che esiste tra il coinvolgimento delle persone anziane nelle valutazioni di nuove tecnologie digitali e i risultati che si ottengono da quest’ultime. L’ambito sanitario è utilizzato in questa ricerca come contesto esemplificativo in cui vengono impiegate tecnologie digitali. Nello Studio I, viene concetttualizzata la partecipazione alla ricerca sulla salute digitale e viene sviluppato uno strumento di ricerca per l’identificazione e la misurazione della partecipazione selettiva. Nello Studio II e III, vengono analizzati i fattori associati alla partecipazione in due interventi che valutano tecnologie digitali per la salute. Nello Studio IV, viene identificato, misurato e corretto l’impatto della partecipazione selettiva sui risultati di uno studio sulle tecnologie digitali per la salute. I risultati di questa tesi indicano che la partecipazione delle persone anziane alla ricerca sulla salute digitale è selettiva per età, genere, stato di salute, livello lavorativo e competenze digitali, e che può essere un meccanismo che alimenta disuguaglianze digitali. La partecipazione selettiva distorce i risultati delle valutazioni emfatiizzando gli effetti degli interventi tra i gruppi che sono sovrarappresentati e sminuendo gli effetti tra i gruppi sottorappresentati. Questo può causare una sovrastima degli effetti positive delle tecnoloogie digitali per la salute dovuta alla sottorappresentazione di quei gruppi che non traggono benefici dall’intervento. Questo promuove tecnologie digitali che aumentano i rischi di esclusione e le disuguaglianze digitali e sociali. Procedure dette di ‘weighting’ possono essere usate per mitigare l’impatto di questo meccanismo sui risultati delle ricerche sulla salute digitale. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2021. p. 90
Series
Linköping Studies in Arts and Sciences, ISSN 0282-9800 ; 814
Keywords
Digital inequalities, Involvement in research, Biased outcomes, Old age exclusion, Old age social inequalities, Disuguaglianze digitali, Coinvolgimento nella ricerca, Risultati distorti (bias), Esclusione in età anziana, Disuguaglianze sociali in età anziana, Digital ojämlikhet, Forskningsdeltagande, Snedvridna resultat, Exkludering av äldre, Social ojämlikhet bland äldre
National Category
Other Social Sciences not elsewhere specified
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-178298 (URN)10.3384/9789179290467 (DOI)9789179290320 (ISBN)9789179290467 (ISBN)
Public defence
2021-10-18, Online through Zoom (contact marjaana.kinnunen@liu.se) and K1, Kåkenhus, Campus Norrköping, Norrköping, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Forte, Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and WelfareSwedish Research Council
Available from: 2021-09-23 Created: 2021-08-30 Last updated: 2021-11-12Bibliographically approved

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Poli, AriannaKelfve, SusanneBerg, KatarinaMotel-Klingebiel, Andreas

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