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Comparison of the Agatston score acquired with photon-counting detector CT and energy-integrating detector CT: ex vivo study of cadaveric hearts
Linköping University, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Diagnostics and Specialist Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Center for Diagnostics, Department of Radiology in Linköping. Linköping University, Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV).ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5309-0829
Linköping University, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Diagnostics and Specialist Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Center for Diagnostics, Department of Radiology in Linköping. Linköping University, Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV).ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5485-6769
Linköping University, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Diagnostics and Specialist Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Center for Diagnostics, Medical radiation physics. Linköping University, Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV). Region Östergötland, Center for Diagnostics, Department of Radiology in Norrköping.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6148-1053
Linköping University, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Diagnostics and Specialist Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Center for Diagnostics, Department of Radiology in Linköping. Linköping University, Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV).
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2022 (English)In: The International Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging, ISSN 1569-5794, E-ISSN 1875-8312, Vol. 38, no 5, p. 1145-1155Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The purpose of this study was to compare the correlation and agreement between AS derived from either an energy-integrating detector CT (EID-CT) or a photon-counting detector CT (PCD-CT). Reproducibility was also compared. In total, 26 calcified coronary lesions (from five cadaveric hearts) were identified for inclusion. The hearts were positioned in a chest phantom and scanned in both an EID-CT and a prototype PCD-CT. The EID-CT and PCD-CT acquisition and reconstruction parameters were matched. To evaluate the reproducibility, the phantom was manually repositioned, and an additional scan was performed using both methods. The EID-CT reconstructions were performed using the dedicated calcium score kernel Sa36. The PCD-CT reconstructions were performed with a vendor-recommended kernel (Qr36). Several monoenergetic energy levels (50-150 keV) were evaluated to find the closest match with the EID-CT scans. A semi-automatic evaluation of calcium score was performed on a post-processing multimodality workplace. The best match with Sa36 was PCD-CT Qr36 images, at a monoenergetic level of 72 keV. Statistical analyses showed excellent correlation and agreement. The correlation and agreement with regards to the Agatston score (AS) between the two methods, for each position as well as between the two positions for each method, were assessed with the Spearman s rank correlation. The correlation coefficient, rho, was 0.98 and 0.97 respectively 0.99 and 0.98. The corresponding agreements were investigated by means of Bland-Altman plots. High correlation and agreement was observed between the AS derived from the EID-CT and a PCD-CT. Both methods also demonstrated excellent reproducibility.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer , 2022. Vol. 38, no 5, p. 1145-1155
Keywords [en]
Photon counting detector CT; CT-angiography; Heart; Arteriosclerosis; Calcium; Coronary vessels
National Category
Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Medical Imaging
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-182359DOI: 10.1007/s10554-021-02494-8ISI: 000739258200001PubMedID: 34988781Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85122403893OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-182359DiVA, id: diva2:1629927
Note

Funding Agencies|Linkoping University; ALF Grants, Region Ostergotland [LIO 899441]

Available from: 2022-01-19 Created: 2022-01-19 Last updated: 2026-02-25Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Examination of Coronary Artery Disease with Computed Tomography: Stenosis Evaluation and Calcium Score
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Examination of Coronary Artery Disease with Computed Tomography: Stenosis Evaluation and Calcium Score
2024 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Computed tomography (CT) is increasingly utilized for evaluating patients with suspected coronary artery disease (CAD). Advancements in CT technology have the potential to enhance diagnostic accuracy and streamline clinical workflows for this patient group.

The overarching objective of this thesis was to investigate the role of CT in the assessment of CAD. Specifically, studies focused on evaluating emerging technologies: Stenosis evaluation with transluminal attenuation gradients (TAG) (study I), an AI-based calcium scoring CT (CSCT) software prototype (study II), photon-counting detector (PCD) CT for CSCT evaluations (study III) and a commercially available AI-based CSCT software was evaluated using a large dataset from the Swedish Cardiopulmonary bioImage Study (SCAPIS) (study IV).

Studies I and II evaluating TAG and the CSCT software prototype were based on clinical patient data, while the PCD-CT evaluation (study III) used CT data of cadaveric hearts and the commercially AI-based CSCT software was evaluated using data of SCAPIS study subjects (study IV). The performance of TAG was compared to invasive fractional flow reserve (FFR) measurements (study I), while CSCT AI-based softwares were benchmarked against semi-automated coronary artery calcification (CAC) scoring by human readers (study II and IV). In study III, the PCD-CT performance regarding CAC quantification was compared to results from energy-integrating detector (EID) CT.

TAG did not demonstrate any value for the evaluation of coronary artery stenosis degree (study I). A result that is in alignment with other studies in the field. The evaluations of CSCT software demonstrated strong correlations and excellent agreement with standard reference measures (studies II and IV), along with significant time-saving potential (study II). PCD-CT showed strong correlation and agreement with EID-CT for CSCT evaluations using the well-established Agatston score, indicating that these measurements can be converted to the forthcoming detector technology for CT (study III).

Abstract [sv]

Datortomografisk koronarangiografi (DTKA) och utvärdering av kranskärlskalk (kalciumscore, DTKS) är väl etablerade metoder i den kliniska hanteringen av patienter med misstänkt kranskärlssjukdom. För att ytterligare förbättra diagnostiken, effektiviteten i den kliniska verksamheten och uppföljningsstrategier krävs fortsatt teknisk utveckling.

Syftet med denna avhandling var att fastställa värdet av nya tekniker för utvärdering av datortomografiundersökningar (DT) vid misstänkt kranskärlssjukdom. Den första studien fokuserade på utvärdering av stenoser i DTKA-bilder, två studier undersökte AI-baserade mjukvaror för bedömning av DTKS, och en studie granskade möjligheten att använda fotonräknar-DT (FRDT) för utvärdering av DTKS.

Den första studien utvärderade potentialen att förbättra bedömningen av kranskärlsstenoser med hjälp av den transluminala attenueringsgradienten (TAG). Teorin bakom TAG är att jodkontrastens fördelning längs kranskärlen återspeglar blodflödet, där signifikanta stenoser skulle resultera i större attenueringsförändringar jämfört med icke-signifikanta stenoser. TAG mättes både manuellt i den rutinmässiga postprocessingsmjukvaran för DTKA samt med en halvautomatisk specialiserad mjukvara. Resultaten jämfördes med tryckfallsmätningar över stenoser utförda i samband med invasiv koronarangiografi, som anses vara "gold standard" för utvärdering av kranskärlsstenoser. Studie II utvärderade en prototyp av en AI-baserad mjukvara för automatisk mätning av kalciumscore i DTKS-undersökningar. Även tiden för att generera resultaten registrerades, och dessa jämfördes med en standardreferens i form av en semi-automatisk kalciumscore-metod. Den tredje studien undersökte DTKS-resultat i bilder tagna med FRDT, en nyintroducerad detektorteknik som sannolikt kommer att bli standard i framtida DT-system, för att fastställa om denna teknik ger tillförlitliga resultat. Studie IV utvärderade en senare version av den AI-baserade mjukvara som tidigare undersökts i studie II. Här användes ett betydligt större dataset, bestående av DTKS-undersökningar utförda inom Swedish Cardiopulmonary bioImage Study (SCAPIS) i Linköping mellan 2015 och 2018.

TAG-mätningarna visade sig inte förbättra stenosbedömningen i DTKAundersökningar. Däremot visade AI-mjukvarorna en mycket god korrelation och överensstämmelse med standardmetoder för kalciumscore, och en tydlig tidsbesparande potential observerades i studie II. Utvärderingen av DTKS-bilder tagna med FRDT-system visade mycket god överensstämmelse med resultat från ett standard-DT-system.

Avhandlingen understryker vikten av teknisk utveckling inom DT för utredning av misstänkt kranskärlssjukdom. Resultaten kan bidra till förbättrad diagnostisk precision och effektivare utredningar, vilket i sin tur kan leda till en förbättrad hälsoekonomi.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2024. p. 121
Series
Linköping University Medical Dissertations, ISSN 0345-0082 ; 1939
National Category
Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Medical Imaging
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-209245 (URN)10.3384/9789180758093 (DOI)9789180758086 (ISBN)9789180758093 (ISBN)
Public defence
2024-12-10, Belladonna, Building 511, Campus US, Linköping, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2024-11-08 Created: 2024-11-08 Last updated: 2024-11-13Bibliographically approved
2. Assessment of Coronary Arteries with Photon Counting Detector Computed Tomography: Calcium Scoring and Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Assessment of Coronary Arteries with Photon Counting Detector Computed Tomography: Calcium Scoring and Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Computed tomography (CT) is widely used to evaluate patients with suspected coronary artery disease (CAD). Coronary artery calcifications (CAC) scoring, of which Agatston score is the most widely used, has been utilized since the 1990s for cardiovascular risk estimation in asymptomatic patients. An AS of 0 strongly correlates with a lack of cardiovascular events over the following 5 years. In stenosis grading, conventional coronary CT angiography (CCTA) has high negative predictive value (NPV) but may overestimate stenosis severity due to limited spatial resolution and blooming artifacts. Photon-counting detector CT (PCD-CT) offers higher spatial resolution, reduced noise, and spectral imaging capabilities that enable virtual monoenergetic images (VMI), virtual non-contrast (VNC), and virtual non-calcium reconstructions, potentially improving diagnostic accuracy.

This thesis aimed to evaluate the reliability, advantages, and limitations of PCD-CT compared with conventional energy-integrating detector CT (EID-CT) in the evaluation of coronary artery disease. In study I and II the correlation and agreement of Agatston score (AS), was evaluated between the two CT systems. In study II and IV the image quality was compared between the two CT systems. Study III investigated how reconstruction parameters affect different plaque component quantification with PCD-CT using ultra high-resolution mode. In study IV the measured grade of stenosis was compared between EID-CT, PCD-CT, using standard resolution mode (SR), with invasive coronary angiography as golden standard.

Study I used data of cadaveric hearts, study II and IV, were based on clinical patient data, while study III used data of SCAPIS (Swedish CArdioPulmonary bioImage Study) study subjects.

The first study showed that the AS, measured on cadaveric hearts, correlated excellently between PCD-CT and EID-CT with high reproducibility, confirming the comparability of the two methods for calcium quantification. The study of AS included in study II confirmed this result. The second study demonstrated that both systems provide high image quality in CCTAs, but that PCD-CT offers sharper calcium delineation as well as lower radiation dose and contrast volume with preserved image quality. The third study showed that in CCTA, reconstruction parameters influence the measured volume of coronary plaques. The fourth study showed that PCD-CT, when using a standard-resolution scan mode, provides diagnostic accuracy equivalent to EID-CT for coronary stenosis assessment, but with superior image quality.

In summary, the thesis demonstrates that PCD-CT provides image quality and quantitative diagnostic results that match or surpass those of conventional CT in the diagnosis of CAD, with potential for improved image sharpness, dose reduction, and more reliable plaque characterization. The studies also highlight the need for careful parameter optimization in CCTA acquisition and reconstruction protocols to improve CAD evaluation as well as segmentation-based plaque analysis tools in PCD-CT.

Abstract [sv]

Datortomografi (DT/CT) används i stor utsträckning för att utvärdera patienter med misstänkt kranskärlssjukdom (CAD). Konventionell kranskärls-DT- angiografi (CCTA) har ett högt negativt prediktivt värde men kan överskatta graden av stenos på grund av begränsad spatial upplösning och så kallade blooming-artefakter. Fotonräknande detektor-CT (PCD-CT) erbjuder högre spatial upplösning, minskat brus och spektrala avbildningsmöjligheter som möjliggör rekonstruktion av virtuella monokromatiska bilder (VMI), virtuella icke-kontrastbilder (VNC) och virtuella icke-kalkbilder, vilket kan förbättra den diagnostiska säkerheten.

Syftet med denna avhandling är att utvärdera tillförlitlighet, fördelar och begränsningar med PCD-CT jämfört med konventionell energi-integrerande detektor-DT (EID-CT) för kranskärlsdiagnostik.

I studie I och II utvärderades korrelation och överensstämmelse av Agatston score (AS), den vanligaste kalciumscore metoden, mellan de två DT-systemen. I studie II och IV jämfördes bildkvalitet mellan systemen. I studie III undersöktes hur rekonstruktionsparametrar påverkar kvantifiering av olika plackkomponenter med PCD-CT i ultrahögupplöst läge (UHR). I studie IV jämfördes graderingen av stenoser mellan EID-CT och PCD-CT, i standardupplösning, med invasiv kranskärlsangiografi som referensmetod. Studie II och IV, kliniska observationsstudier, baserades på kliniska patientdata, medan data från kadaverhjärtan användes i studie I och data från SCAPIS-deltagare i studie III, även dessa studier är observationsstudier. Den första studien visade att AS, uppmätt på kadaverhjärtan, överensstämde utmärkt mellan PCD-CT och EID-CT med hög reproducerbarhet, vilket bekräftar metodernas jämförbarhet för kalcium-scoremätning. Utvärderingen av AS i studie II bekräftade detta resultat. Den andra studien visade att båda systemen ger hög bildkvalitet vid CCTA, men att PCD-CT ger skarpare kalkavgränsning. PCD-CT ger möjlighet att använda lägre stråldos och kontrastmängd. Den tredje studien visade att val av rekonstruktion ”kernel” främst påverkar volymen av icke-förkalkade plackkomponenter, medan snitt tjockleken påverkar volymen av förkalkade plackkomponenter. Den fjärde, jämförande, studien visade att PCD-CT i standardupplösning ger lika hög diagnostisk noggrannhet som EID-CT vid bedömning av kranskärlsstenoser, men med bättre bildkvalitet.

Sammanfattningsvis visar avhandlingen att PCD-CT ger bildkvalitativa- och kvantitativa resultat som motsvarar eller överträffar konventionell DT vid diagnostik av kranskärlssjukdom, med potential för förbättrad bildskärpa, dosreduktion och mer tillförlitlig plackkarakterisering. Studierna betonar också behovet av noggrant val av parametrar för att förbättra CCTA-protokoll för bildtagning och rekonstruktion samt optimering av segmenteringsbaserade verktyg för plackanalys vid PCD-CT.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2026. p. 85
Series
Linköping University Medical Dissertations, ISSN 0345-0082 ; 2010
Keywords
Computed Tomography, Photon Counting Detector CT, Calcium scoring, Agatston Score, Coronary CT Angiography, Stenos grading, Plaque caracterzation
National Category
Radiology and Medical Imaging
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-221518 (URN)10.3384/9789181183061 (DOI)9789181183054 (ISBN)9789181183061 (ISBN)
Public defence
2026-04-17, Belladonna, Building 511, Campus US, Linköping, 13:00
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2026-02-25 Created: 2026-02-25 Last updated: 2026-02-25Bibliographically approved

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