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Distributed Massive MIMO: Random Access, Extreme Multiplexing and Synchronization
Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Communication Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9504-3975
2022 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The data traffic in wireless networks has grown tremendously over the past few decades and is ever-increasing. Moreover, there is an enormous demand for speed as well. Future wireless networks need to support three generic heterogeneous services: enhanced mobile broadband(eMBB), ultra-reliable low latency communication (URLLC) and massive machine type communication (mMTC). Massive MIMO has shown to be a promising technology to meet the demands and is now an integral part of 5G networks. 

To get high data rates, ultra densification of the network by deploying more base stations in the same geographical area is considered. This led to an increase in inter-cell interference which limits the capacity of the network. To mitigate the inter-cell interference, distributed MIMO is advocated. Cell-free massive MIMO is a promising technology to improve the capacity of the network. It leverages all the benefits from ultra densification, massive MIMO, and distributed MIMO technologies and operates without cell boundaries. 

In this thesis, we study random access, extreme multiplexing capabilities, and synchronization aspects of distributed massive MIMO. In Paper A studies the activity detection in grant-free random access for mMTC in cell-free massive MIMO network. An algorithm is proposed for activity detection based on maximum likelihood detection and the results show that the macro-diversity gain provided by the cell-free architecture improves the activity detection performance compared to co-located architecture when the coverage area is large. 

RadioWeaves technology is a new wireless infrastructure devised for indoor applications leveraging the benefits of massive MIMO and cell-free massive MIMO. In Paper B, we study the extreme multiplexing capabilities of RadioWeaves which can provide high data rates with very low power. We observe that the RadioWeaves deployment can spatially separate users much better than a conventional co-located deployment, which outweighs the losses caused by grating lobes and thus saves a lot on transmit power. 

Paper C studies the synchronization aspect of distributed massive MIMO. We propose a novel, over-the-air synchronization protocol, which we call as BeamSync, to synchronize all the different multi-antenna transmit panels. We also show that beamforming the synchronization signal in the dominant direction of the channel between the panels is optimal and the synchronization performance is significantly better than traditional beamforming techniques.  

Abstract [sv]

Efterfrågan på data ökar ständigt och kravet på hastighet har ökat enormt. Framtida trådlösa nätverk behöver stödja tre generiska heterogena tjänster: enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), ultra-reliable low latency communica-tion (URLLC) och massive machine type communication (mMTC). Massiv MIMO har visat sig vara en lovande teknik för att möta efterfrågan och är nu en integrerad del av 5G-nätverket.

För att få höga datahastigheter övervägs extrem förtätning av nätverket genom att distribuera fler basstationer i samma geografiska område. Detta leder till en ökning av intercellinterferens men systemets kapacitet begränsas av intercellinterferensen. För att mildra intercellinterferensen förespråkas distribuerad MIMO. Cellfri massiv MIMO utnyttjar alla fördelar från ultraförtätning, massiv MIMO och distribuerad MIMO-teknik och fungerar utan cellgränser.

I denna avhandling studerar vi random access, extrema multiplexerings möjligheter och synkroniseringsaspekter av distribuerad massiv MIMO. I Paper A studeras aktivitetsdetekteringen i grant-free random access för mMTC i cellfria massiv MIMO-nätverk. En algoritm föreslås för aktivitetsdetektering baserad på˚ maximum likelihood-metoden och resultaten visar att den makro-diversitetsvinst som tillhandahålls av den cellfria arkitekturen förbättrar aktivitetsdetekteringsprestandan jämfört med samlokaliserad arkitektur när täckningsområdet är stort.

RadioWeaves-teknologi är en ny trädlös infrastruktur utformad för inomhusapplikationer som utnyttjar fördelarna med massiv MIMO och cellfri massiv MIMO. I Paper B studerar vi den extrema multiplexeringsförmågan hos RadioWeaves som kan ge höga datahastigheter med mycket låg effekt. Vi observerar att RadioWeaves-arkitekturen kan rumsligt separera användare mycket bättre än en konventionell samlokaliserad arkitektur, som uppväger förlusterna orsakade av gitterlober och därmed sparar mycket på sändningseffekten.

Paper C studerar synkroniseringsaspekten av distribuerad massiv MIMO. Vi föreslår ett nytt, over-the-air synkroniseringsprotokoll, som vi kallar Beam-Sync, för att synkronisera alla olika sändningspaneler med flera antenner. Vi visar också˚ att strålformningen av synkroniseringssignalen i den dominerande riktningen av kanalen mellan panelerna är optimal och synkroniseringsprestandan är betydligt bättre än traditionella strålformningstekniker.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2022. , p. 42
Series
Linköping Studies in Science and Technology. Licentiate Thesis, ISSN 0280-7971 ; 1923
National Category
Communication Systems
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-182601DOI: 10.3384/9789179292218ISBN: 9789179292201 (print)ISBN: 9789179292218 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-182601DiVA, id: diva2:1633539
Presentation
2022-03-04, KEY1, Campus Valla, Linköping, 10:15 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2022-01-31 Created: 2022-01-31 Last updated: 2022-03-07Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Clustering-Based Activity Detection Algorithms for Grant-Free Random Access in Cell-Free Massive MIMO
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Clustering-Based Activity Detection Algorithms for Grant-Free Random Access in Cell-Free Massive MIMO
2021 (English)In: IEEE Transactions on Communications, ISSN 0090-6778, E-ISSN 1558-0857, Vol. 69, no 11, p. 7520-7530Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Future wireless networks need to support massive machine type communication (mMTC) where a massive number of devices accesses the network and massive MIMO is a promising enabling technology. Massive access schemes have been studied for co-located massive MIMO arrays. In this paper, we investigate the activity detection in grant-free random access for mMTC in cell-free massive MIMO networks using distributed arrays. Each active device transmits a non-orthogonal pilot sequence to the access points (APs) and the APs send the received signals to a central processing unit (CPU) for joint activity detection. The maximum likelihood device activity detection problem is formulated and algorithms for activity detection in cell-free massive MIMO are provided to solve it. The simulation results show that the macro diversity gain provided by the cell-free architecture improves the activity detection performance compared to co-located architecture when the coverage area is large.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2021
Keywords
Activity Detection, Grant-Free Random Access, Cell-Free massive MIMO, massive machine-type communications (mMTC), Internet-of-Things (IoT)
National Category
Communication Systems
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-179552 (URN)10.1109/TCOMM.2021.3102635 (DOI)000719563500032 ()2-s2.0-85112198086 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish Research Council
Note

Funding agencies: Unnikrishnan Kunnath Ganesan and Erik G. Larsson were supported in part by ELLIIT and in part by Swedish Research Council (VR). Emil Bjornson was supported by the Grant 2019-05068 from the Swedish Research Council. This article was presented at 21st IEEE International Workshop on Signal Processing Advances in Wireless Communications (SPAWC 2020) [1].

Available from: 2021-09-24 Created: 2021-09-24 Last updated: 2024-06-12Bibliographically approved
2. RadioWeaves for Extreme Spatial Multiplexing in Indoor Environments
Open this publication in new window or tab >>RadioWeaves for Extreme Spatial Multiplexing in Indoor Environments
2020 (English)In: 2020 54th Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems, and Computers, Pacific Grove, CA, USA, 2020, p. ¨1007-1011Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

With the advances in virtual and augmented reality, gaming applications, and entertainment, certain indoor scenarios will require vastly higher capacity than what can be delivered by 5G. In this paper, we focus on massive MIMO for indoor environments. We provide a case study of the distributed deployment of the antenna elements over the walls of a room and not restricting the antenna separation to be half the wavelength. This is a new paradigm of massive MIMO antenna deployment, introduced in [1] under the name RadioWeaves. We investigate different antenna deployment scenarios in line of sight communication. We observe that the RadioWeaves deployment can spatially separate users much better than a conventional co-located deployment, which outweighs the losses caused by grating lobes and thus saves a lot on transmit power. Through simulations, we show that the RadioWeaves technology can provide high rates to multiple users by spending very little power at the transmitter compared to a co-located deployment.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Pacific Grove, CA, USA: , 2020
Series
IEEE, ISSN 1058-6393, E-ISSN 2576-2303
National Category
Communication Systems
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-178180 (URN)10.1109/IEEECONF51394.2020.9443342 (DOI)000681731800194 ()978-0-7381-3126-9 (ISBN)978-1-6654-4707-2 (ISBN)
Conference
2020 54th Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems, and Computers, Pacific Grove, CA, USA, 1-4 Nov. 2020
Funder
ELLIIT - The Linköping‐Lund Initiative on IT and Mobile Communications
Note

Funding: ELLIIT; Swedish Research Council (VR)Swedish Research Council

Available from: 2021-08-11 Created: 2021-08-11 Last updated: 2024-06-12Bibliographically approved
3. BeamSync: Over-The-Air Carrier Synchronization in Distributed RadioWeaves
Open this publication in new window or tab >>BeamSync: Over-The-Air Carrier Synchronization in Distributed RadioWeaves
2021 (English)Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

In a distributed multi-antenna system, multiple geographically separated transmit nodes communicate simultaneously to a receive node. Synchronization of these nodes is essential to achieve a good performance at the receiver. RadioWeaves is a new paradigm of cell-free massive MIMO array deployment using distributed multi-antenna panels in indoor environments. In this paper, we study the carrier frequency synchronization problem in distributed RadioWeave panels. We propose a novel, over-the-air synchronization protocol, which we call as BeamSync, to synchronize all the different multi-antenna transmit panels. We also show that beamforming the synchronization signal in the dominant direction of the channel between the panels is optimal and the synchronization performance is significantly better than traditional beamforming techniques.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
IEEE, 2021
National Category
Telecommunications
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-182599 (URN)978-3-8007-5686-5 (ISBN)
Conference
25th International ITG Workshop on Smart Antennas (WSA 2021)
Available from: 2022-01-31 Created: 2022-01-31 Last updated: 2023-01-12

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Kunnath Ganesan, Unnikrishnan

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