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Improved Dividend Estimation from Intraday Quotes
Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Production Economics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Production Economics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3558-2579
Linköping University, Department of Mathematics, Applied Mathematics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9896-4438
2022 (English)In: Entropy, E-ISSN 1099-4300, Vol. 24, no 1, article id 95Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Liquid financial markets, such as the options market of the S&P 500 index, create vast amounts of data every day, i.e., so-called intraday data. However, this highly granular data is often reduced to single-time when used to estimate financial quantities. This under-utilization of the data may reduce the quality of the estimates. In this paper, we study the impacts on estimation quality when using intraday data to estimate dividends. The methodology is based on earlier linear regression (ordinary least squares) estimates, which have been adapted to intraday data. Further, the method is also generalized in two aspects. First, the dividends are expressed as present values of future dividends rather than dividend yields. Second, to account for heteroscedasticity, the estimation methodology was formulated as a weighted least squares, where the weights are determined from the market data. This method is compared with a traditional method on out-of-sample S&P 500 European options market data. The results show that estimations based on intraday data have, with statistical significance, a higher quality than the corresponding single-times estimates. Additionally, the two generalizations of the methodology are shown to improve the estimation quality further.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
MDPI , 2022. Vol. 24, no 1, article id 95
Keywords [en]
big data adaptation; dividend estimation; options markets; weighted least squares
National Category
Probability Theory and Statistics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-183070DOI: 10.3390/e24010095ISI: 000747171200001PubMedID: 35052121OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-183070DiVA, id: diva2:1640178
Available from: 2022-02-23 Created: 2022-02-23 Last updated: 2023-12-28
In thesis
1. Decomposing the Option Pricing Problem: Estimating the Causal Factors: Interest Rates, Dividends, and Risk-Neutral Probabilities
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Decomposing the Option Pricing Problem: Estimating the Causal Factors: Interest Rates, Dividends, and Risk-Neutral Probabilities
2022 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The financial markets have an essential role in society. Further, these markets are constantly evolving. Therefore, models and methods have to be developed and adapted to the new market conditions to be useful for decisions. This dissertation contributes to model and method developments by adapting them to new financial market functions by utilizing new possibilities within data and computation. The tools and techniques are from the field of financial engineering, including applied mathematics, computer science, and economic theory.

The financial markets are important and complex, with many different intertwined factors. In this dissertation, one part of the complicated system is studied: the pricing of equity index options. It is impossible to understand all the connections between the financial factors. However, it is possible to observe the effects of the factors, which are asset prices. The same causal factors determine the prices of different traded assets. Hence, it is possible to understand and estimate the factors by studying the asset prices. The theme studied in the dissertation is the estimation of the factors that affect the equity index options. The three causal factors estimated in the dissertation are the interest rates (time values), dividend payments, and risk-neutral probabilities expressed as model parameters.

The estimation of the causal factors is decomposed into separate inverse problems for interest rates and dividends, which are independent of the others, and a problem for the risk-neutral probabilities where the two other factors have been fixed. Further, the three causal factors are different, but the methods used to estimate them share the same idea. A financial relationship isolates one factor, and mathematical models are used to formulate an estimation problem (inverse problem). The estimation is performed on intraday data observed in the market. The dissertation contributes primarily to the development of three areas of financial engineering: model, data, and methodology, where the most focus has been on the last.

The model development is a novel way of modeling dividends as a term structure, complementing the traditional modeling approach that also is used in the dissertation. The term structure is similar to the typical modeling approach of interest rates. This new way of modeling allows more homogeneous modeling with the interest rates, which could improve option pricing. The data development is that the method in the dissertation is based on and adapted to high-frequent intraday data.

The focus of the dissertation is the method. A general principle of the dissertation is that the methods are more data-driven than previous methods in the literature. This principle, combined with high-frequency data, has made it possible to weaken the necessary assumptions and generalize the estimation methods. The interest rates and traditional dividends are estimated with weighted least squares, where the weights are determined with a scheme that utilizes the high data frequency. These methods generalize and improve the ordinary least squares approach previously used in the literature. The novel modeling of the dividend term structure is a generalization of the dividend modeling and is accompanied by an estimation method. The method is based on formulating an optimization problem that combines repricing of market data and regularization. The former is based on the same high-frequency data, while the latter is based on historical data. Further-more, the risk-neutral probability factor estimation problem is formulated as a classic calibration problem, where model parameters are calibrated to fit the observed market data. The contribution of the dissertation is the algorithm used to solve the optimization problem. 

Abstract [sv]

De finansiella marknaderna spelar en viktig roll i samhället och påverkar livet för många. Marknaderna är likt samhället i ständig förändring, vilket skapar både utmaningar och förutsättningar för att metoder och modeller måste utvecklas och anpassas för att fortsätta vara till hjälp för beslutsfattare. Den här avhandlingen är ett bidrag till att utveckla modeller och metoder genom att dels anpassa dem till finansiella marknader, dels att använda nya möjligheter inom data och beräkningsmöjligheter.

De finansiella marknaderna är komplexa och många faktorer är sammanvävda och påverkar varandra. I denna avhandling studeras en del av detta komplexa system – prissättning för indexoptioner – med hjälp av finansiell ingenjörskonst, vilket huvudsakligen innefattar delar från tillämpad matematik, datavetenskap och ekonomisk teori.

Det är omöjligt att förstå alla samband mellan finansiella faktorer, men samtidigt är det möjligt att se effekterna av dem i form av priser på olika tillgångar. De marknadspriser som kvoteras och handlas bygger till viss del på samma kausala faktorer. Det är således möjligt att förstå och estimera faktorerna genom att studera marknadspriser. Estimeringen av dessa faktorer är det som utgör det genomgående temat i denna avhandling, vilket är att skatta kausala faktorer för aktieindexoptioner. De tre kausala faktorerna som studeras i avhandlingen är räntor (tidsvärden), utdelningar och riskneutrala sannolikheter.

De tre kausala faktorerna är olika men metoderna som användas för att estimera dem är likartade både konceptuellt och implementationsmässigt. En faktor isoleras genom att utnyttja finansiella samband, och en matematisk modell används för att formulera ett estimeringsproblem. Vidare, problemet löses med högfrekvent marknadsdata som har inhämtats från faktiska marknadspriser.

Avhandlingen bidrar främst med utveckling inom tre finansiella ingenjörskonstområden: modell-, metodutveckling och dataanvändning. En ny modell har utvecklats för att modellera utdelningar: modellera dem som en terminstruktur, i likhet med hur räntor brukar modelleras. En utdelningsterminstruktur möjliggör en mer homogen modellering, vilket skulle kunna förbättra prissättningen av finansiella instrument. Datautvecklingen är att avhandlingen i alla delar bygger på högfrekvent data. Datamängderna möjliggör de metodutvecklingar och -generaliseringar som presenteras i avhandlingen. Metoderna som används är datadrivna och kräver färre antaganden om datans egenskaper än tidigare metoder. All metodutveckling i avhandlingen kan kopplas till att formulera och lösa optimeringsproblem på nya sätt.  

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2022. p. 78
Series
Linköping Studies in Science and Technology. Dissertations, ISSN 0345-7524 ; 2243
National Category
Economics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-187756 (URN)10.3384/9789179294120 (DOI)9789179294113 (ISBN)9789179294120 (ISBN)
Public defence
2022-11-18, ACAS, A-building, Campus Valla, Linköping, 13:15 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

Updates:

2022-09-21 Thesis first published online.

2023-02-10 Front- and back cover changed in accordance with the printed thesis. The thesis was downloaded 143 times before this date. 

Available from: 2022-08-23 Created: 2022-08-23 Last updated: 2023-12-28Bibliographically approved

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Söderbäck, PontusBlomvall, JörgenSingull, Martin

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