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Deep Brain Stimulation Atlases in Movement Disorders: from Patient-Specific to Group Analysis
Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Biomedical Engineering. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3445-576X
2022 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an established method for symptom control in movement disorders such as Parkinson’s disease (PD) and essential tremor (ET). The treatment consists in delivering electrical stimulation in the deep brain via multi-contact electrodes. The potential for improving quality of life is important and the precision of the electrode implantation is crucial. Despite the success of the therapy, mechanisms of action of DBS are still an intense topic of study. One promising approach is to analyze the effect of stimulation relative to the anatomy. In the clinical process, the effect of stimulation on the symptoms is evaluated at different stages, sometimes during surgery (intraoperative) and systematically in the months following implantation (postoperative). This data can be combined with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) acquired as part of the clinical routine for individuals or groups of patients to create probabilistic stimulation maps (PSMs). The work in this thesis aimed at developing image and data processing workflows to analyze and visualize DBS outcome in the ventro-intermediate nucleus of the thalamus (Vim) and the Zona Incerta (Zi) which are the two typical ET targets. This was done first in a patient-specific manner, and then at a group level using data collected intra- and postoperatively. Computer electrical field modeling was used to estimate the extent of stimulation within brain tissue and to compare intraoperative and postoperative stimulation (Paper I). The simulation method was then applied to clinical data, combining quantitative tremor assessment collected using acceleration sensors during intraoperative testing in the Vim, to create patient-specific stimulation maps based on high resolution objective data (Paper II). Stimulation maps constitute a partial answer to the aim by providing a visual summary of individual patients’ stimulation tests that can be useful in the clinic. In order to summarize several patients’ data, neuroimaging workflows were developed, and a range of non-linear image registration tools were evaluated to create group-specific anatomical templates from MRI using data from 19 patients (Paper III). The normalization workflow was improved and the settings optimized, resulting in the creation of an anatomical atlas defining the outline of 58 structures of the deep brain (Paper IV). The normalization method was transferred to a second group of 77 patients with postoperative stimulation tests in Zi, and combined with patient specific electric field modeling to create PSMs. The influence of different methodological choices such as input data type and voxel clustering method on the resulting maps were investigated (Paper V). The deep brain atlas from the first group was then combined with electric field simulations and the acceleration-sensor-based quantitative tremor assessment. A stimulation atlas based on intraoperative test data in Vim was created (Paper VI) to evaluate of the potential of intraoperative test stimulation for PSM creation.

In conclusion, reproducible pipelines for the generation of group-specific brain templates and high precision PSMs were developed and applied to two different patient groups. The template created for one group resulted in a deep brain atlas defining 58 anatomical structures. The PSMs created for both groups combine group-specific MRI templates, patient-specific electric field simulation and symptom assessment for two common DBS targets that are challenging to locate. The PSMs have the potential to improve the understanding of the mechanisms of action, support clinical planning and aid follow-up by providing visualizations of the therapeutic effect of stimulation in relation to anatomy. In the future, the pipeline will be applied to more patients and diseases. The resulting PSMs will be integrated in a visualization tool for intuitive data exploration and used to predict programming settings.

Abstract [sv]

Djup hjärnstimulering (DBS) är en etablerad metod för behandling av symtom vid rörelsesjukdomar såsom Parkinsons sjukdom (PD) och essentiell tremor (ET). Behandlingen består av elektrisk stimulering av djupa hjärnstrukturer via små elektroder. Stimuleringens effekt på patientens symtom utvärderas kliniskt, ibland under operationen (intraoperativt) och systematiskt under månaderna efter implantationen (postoperativt). Data som samlas in vid dessa utvärderingar kan kombineras med magnetresonans (MR) bilder och simuleringar av elektriska fält runt DBS elektroderna. Detta kan utföras för enskilda patienter eller grupper av patienter, det senare för att skapa statistiska stimuleringskartor. Arbetet i denna avhandling syftar till att utveckla arbetsflöden för bild- och databehandling för att analysera och visualisera DBS-resultat. Två typiska målstrukturer för implantering av DBS elektroder har studerats, ventro-intermediate kärnan (Vim) i talamus och zona incerta (Zi).

Modellering och simulering av elektriska fält användes för att jämföra storleken av stimuleringsvolymen baserad på intraoperativ testelektrod och postoperativ DBS elektrod (Papper I). Simuleringsmetoden tillämpades sedan på kliniska data och kombinerades med kvantitativ förbättring av tremor med hjälp av accelerometrar under intraoperativ testning i Vim, och patientspecifika stimuleringskartor skapades (Papper II). För att sammanfatta flera patienters data utvecklades ett arbetsflöde för normalisering av MR bilder. En rad verktyg för icke-linjär bildregistrering utvärderades för att skapa gruppspecifika anatomiska mallar från MR bilder med hjälp av data från 19 patienter (Papper III). Arbetsflödet för normalisering förbättrades och inställningarna optimerades, vilket resulterade i en anatomisk atlas som definierar konturerna av 58 strukturer i den djupa hjärnan (Papper IV). Normaliseringsmetoden överfördes till en större patientgrupp på 77 patienter med postoperativa stimuleringstester i Zi och kombinerades med patientspecifik modellering av elektriska fält för att skapa stimuleringskartor. Påverkan av metodologiska val, t.ex. typ av indata och klustermetod, på de resulterande kartorna undersöktes i Papper V. Den anatomiska atlasen från Papper III kombinerades sedan med simuleringar av elektriska fält och den kvantitativa tremorförbättningen. Detta resulterade i en stimuleringskarta baserad på intraoperativa testdata i Vim (Papper VI).

Sammanfattningsvis utvecklades arbetsflöden för generering av stimuleringskartor för två patientgrupper med DBS implantat. Stimuleringskartorna kombinerar MR-bilder, patientspecifik simulering av elektriska fält och symtombedömning för två vanliga DBS-mål som är svåra att lokalisera. Stimuleringskartorna har potential att förbättra förståelsen av DBS mekanismerna, stödja klinisk planering och underlätta uppföljning genom att visualisera stimuleringens terapeutiska effekt i förhållande till anatomin.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2022. , p. 97
Series
Linköping Studies in Science and Technology. Dissertations, ISSN 0345-7524 ; 2215
National Category
Clinical Medicine
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-184771DOI: 10.3384/9789179292546ISBN: 9789179292539 (print)ISBN: 9789179292546 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-184771DiVA, id: diva2:1655946
Public defence
2022-06-03, Berzeliussalen, Building 463, Campus US, Linköping, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

Funding agencies: This thesis was supported financially by the University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, School of Life Sciences, via the strategic PhD grant, the Swedish foundation for strategic research (SSFBD15-0032) and the Swedish Research Council (VR2016-03564).

Available from: 2022-05-04 Created: 2022-05-04 Last updated: 2022-05-04Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Electric Field Comparison between Microelectrode Recording and Deep Brain Stimulation Systems: A Simulation Study
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Electric Field Comparison between Microelectrode Recording and Deep Brain Stimulation Systems: A Simulation Study
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2018 (English)In: Brain Sciences, E-ISSN 2076-3425, Vol. 8, no 2, article id 28Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The success of deep brain stimulation (DBS) relies primarily on the localization of the implanted electrode. Its final position can be chosen based on the results of intraoperative microelectrode recording (MER) and stimulation tests. The optimal position often differs from the final one selected for chronic stimulation with the DBS electrode. The aim of the study was to investigate, using finite element method (FEM) modeling and simulations, whether lead design, electrical setup, and operating modes induce differences in electric field (EF) distribution and in consequence, the clinical outcome. Finite element models of a MER system and a chronic DBS lead were developed. Simulations of the EF were performed for homogenous and patient-specific brain models to evaluate the influence of grounding (guide tube vs. stimulator case), parallel MER leads, and non-active DBS contacts. Results showed that the EF is deformed depending on the distance between the guide tube and stimulating contact. Several parallel MER leads and the presence of the non-active DBS contacts influence the EF distribution. The DBS EF volume can cover the intraoperatively produced EF, but can also extend to other anatomical areas. In conclusion, EF deformations between stimulation tests and DBS should be taken into consideration as they can alter the clinical outcome

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
MDPI, 2018
Keywords
microelectrode recording (MER); finite element method (FEM); deep brain stimulation (DBS); brain model; Dice coefficient; patient-specific
National Category
Medical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-145112 (URN)10.3390/brainsci8020028 (DOI)000427646200009 ()
Available from: 2018-02-12 Created: 2018-02-12 Last updated: 2024-07-04
2. Stimulation maps: visualization of results of quantitative intraoperative testing for deep brain stimulation surgery
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Stimulation maps: visualization of results of quantitative intraoperative testing for deep brain stimulation surgery
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2020 (English)In: Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing, ISSN 0140-0118, E-ISSN 1741-0444, Vol. 58, no 4, p. 771-784Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an established therapy for movement disorders such as essential tremor (ET). Positioning of the DBS lead in the patients brain is crucial for effective treatment. Extensive evaluations of improvement and adverse effects of stimulation at different positions for various current amplitudes are performed intraoperatively. However, to choose the optimal position of the lead, the information has to be "mentally" visualized and analyzed. This paper introduces a new technique called "stimulation maps," which summarizes and visualizes the high amount of relevant data with the aim to assist in identifying the optimal DBS lead position. It combines three methods: outlines of the relevant anatomical structures, quantitative symptom evaluation, and patient-specific electric field simulations. Through this combination, each voxel in the stimulation region is assigned one value of symptom improvement, resulting in the division of stimulation region into areas with different improvement levels. This technique was applied retrospectively to five ET patients in the University Hospital in Clermont-Ferrand, France. Apart from identifying the optimal implant position, the resultant nine maps show that the highest improvement region is frequently in the posterior subthalamic area. The results demonstrate the utility of the stimulation maps in identifying the optimal implant position. Graphical abstract

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
SPRINGER HEIDELBERG, 2020
Keywords
Deep brain stimulation; Electric field simulations; Accelerometry; Data visualization; Essential tremor
National Category
Other Medical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-163711 (URN)10.1007/s11517-020-02130-y (DOI)000510293900002 ()32002754 (PubMedID)
Note

Funding Agencies|Swiss National Science FoundationSwiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) [CR3212_153370]; Germaine de Stael program of the Swiss Academy of Engineering Sciences; French Ministry of Health [2011-A00774-37]; Swedish Research CouncilSwedish Research Council [2016-03564]; Swedish Foundation for Strategic ResearchSwedish Foundation for Strategic Research [BD15-0032]

Available from: 2020-02-18 Created: 2020-02-18 Last updated: 2022-10-27
3. Anatomical brain structures normalization for deep brain stimulation in movement disorders
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Anatomical brain structures normalization for deep brain stimulation in movement disorders
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2020 (English)In: NeuroImage: Clinical, E-ISSN 2213-1582, Vol. 27, article id 102271Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) therapy requires extensive patient-specific planning prior to implantation to achieve optimal clinical outcomes. Collective analysis of patients brain images is promising in order to provide more systematic planning assistance. In this paper the design of a normalization pipeline using a group specific multi-modality iterative template creation process is presented. The focus was to compare the performance of a selection of freely available registration tools and select the best combination. The workflow was applied on 19 DBS patients with T1 and WAIR modality images available. Non-linear registrations were computed with ANTS, FNIRT and DRAMMS, using several settings from the literature. Registration accuracy was measured using single-expert labels of thalamic and subthalamic structures and their agreement across the group. The best performance was provided by ANTS using the High Variance settings published elsewhere. Neither FNIRT nor DRAMMS reached the level of performance of ANTS. The resulting normalized definition of anatomical structures were used to propose an atlas of the diencephalon region defining 58 structures using data from 19 patients.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
ELSEVIER SCI LTD, 2020
Keywords
Deep brain stimulation (DBS); Patient normalization; Template; Group analysis; Image registration; Thalamus; Atlas
National Category
Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Medical Imaging
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-169284 (URN)10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102271 (DOI)000561851600009 ()32446242 (PubMedID)
Note

Funding Agencies|Swedish Foundation for Strategic ResearchSwedish Foundation for Strategic Research [SSF BD15-0032]; Swedish Research CouncilSwedish Research Council [VR 2016-03564]; University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland (FHNW)

Available from: 2020-09-12 Created: 2020-09-12 Last updated: 2024-01-17
4. Atlas Optimization for Deep Brain Stimulation
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Atlas Optimization for Deep Brain Stimulation
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2021 (English)In: 8th European Medical and Biological Engineering Conference / [ed] Jarm T., Cvetkoska A., Mahnic-Kalamiza S., Miklavcic D., Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH , 2021, p. 130-142Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Electrical stimulation of the deep parts of the brain is the standard answer for patients subject to drug-refractory movement disorders. Collective analysis of data collected during surgeries are crucial in order to provide more systematic planning assistance and understanding the physiological mechanisms of action. To that end, the process of normalizing anatomies captured with Magnetic Resonance imaging across patients is a key component. In this work, we present the optimization of a workflow designed to create group-specific anatomical templates: a group template is refined iteratively using the results of successive non-linear image registrations with refinement steps in the in the basal-ganglia area. All non-linear registrations were executed using the Advanced Normalization Tools (ANTs) and the quality of the normalization was measured using spacial overlap of anatomical structures manually delineated during the planning of the surgery. The parameters of the workflow evaluated were: the use of multiple modalities sequentially or together during each registration to the template, the number of iterations in the template creation and the fine settings of the non-linear registration tool. Using the T1 and white matter attenuated inverse recovery modalities (WAIR) together produced the best results, especially in the center of the brain. The optimal numbers of iterations of the template creation were higher than those from the literature and our previous works. Finally, the setting of the non-linear registration tool that improved results the most was the activation of the registration with the native voxel sizes of images, as opposed to down-sampled version of the images. The normalization process was optimized over our previous study and allowed to obtain the best possible anatomical normalization of this specific group of patient. It will be used to summarize and analyze peri-operative measurements during test stimulation. The aim is that the conclusions obtained from this analysis will be useful for assistance during the planning of new surgeries. © 2021, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2021
Series
IFMBE Proceedings, ISSN 1680-0737, E-ISSN 1433-9277 ; 80
Keywords
Atlas, Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS), Movement disorders, Optimisation, Patient normalization, Registration, Biochemical engineering, Image enhancement, Magnetic resonance imaging, Surgery, Anatomical structures, Deep brain stimulation, Electrical stimulations, Multiple modalities, Normalization process, Number of iterations, Physiological mechanisms, Systematic planning, Surgical equipment
National Category
Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Medical Imaging
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-173721 (URN)10.1007/978-3-030-64610-3_16 (DOI)001327090600016 ()2-s2.0-85097629073 (Scopus ID)9783030646097 (ISBN)9783030646103 (ISBN)
Conference
8th European Medical and Biological Engineering Conference, EMBEC 2020, 29 November 2020 through 3 December 2020
Note

Funding agencies: Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (SSF BD15-0032), Swedish Research Council (VR 2016-03564), and the University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland (FHNW).

Available from: 2021-03-23 Created: 2021-03-23 Last updated: 2024-11-28Bibliographically approved

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