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A tunable quantum random number generator based on a fiber-optical Sagnac interferometer
Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8734-2833
Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4295-7364
Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8234-424X
2022 (English)In: Journal of Optics, ISSN 2040-8978, E-ISSN 2040-8986, Vol. 24, no 6, article id 064010Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Quantum random number generators (QRNGs) are based on naturally random measurementresults performed on individual quantum systems. Here, we demonstrate a branching-pathphotonic QRNG implemented using a Sagnac interferometer with a tunable splitting ratio. Thefine-tuning of the splitting ratio allows us to maximize the entropy of the generated sequence ofrandom numbers and effectively compensate for tolerances in the components. By producingsingle-photons from attenuated telecom laser pulses, and employing commercially-availablecomponents we are able to generate a sequence of more than 2 gigabytes of random numberswith an average entropy of 7.99 bits/byte directly from the raw measured data. Furthermore, oursequence passes randomness tests from both the NIST and Dieharder statistical test suites, thuscertifying its randomness. Our scheme shows an alternative design of QRNGs based on thedynamic adjustment of the uniformity of the produced random sequence, which is relevant forthe construction of modern generators that rely on independent real-time testing of itsperformance.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Bristol, United Kingdom: Institute of Physics Publishing (IOPP), 2022. Vol. 24, no 6, article id 064010
Keywords [en]
quantum random number generation, tunable beamsplitter, fiber-optic Sagnac interferometer
National Category
Atom and Molecular Physics and Optics Probability Theory and Statistics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-184813DOI: 10.1088/2040-8986/ac68f4ISI: 000791571600001OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-184813DiVA, id: diva2:1656618
Note

Funding: CENIIT Linkoping University; Swedish Research Council [VR 2017-04470]; QuantERA grant SECRET [VR 2019-00392]; Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation through the Wallenberg Center for Quantum Technology (WACQT)

Available from: 2022-05-06 Created: 2022-05-06 Last updated: 2025-08-11Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Engineering Resilient Quantum Randomness
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Engineering Resilient Quantum Randomness
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Random numbers are a necessary resource in many fields of computer science and natural sciences. They are used in a wide range of applications, including simulations, statistical sampling, gaming, and cryptography. Traditional randomness in computing is often generated by pseudo-random number generators (PRNGs), which are software algorithms that produce sequences of numbers that appear random but are actually deterministic. If enough of the internal state of the PRNG is known, any future output can be predicted. This is particularly problematic in cryptographic applications, where the security of the system relies on the unpredictability on randomly generated passwords and keys. In cryptography, it is also important that the random numbers are private, meaning that they must not be known by a possible attacker. The concept of privacy is best illustrated by an attack scenario where an adversary has pre-programmed the random number generator to generate a (for the adversary) known sequence. The sequence can then appear to be random, even though it is not private, as information about the sequence exists both with the legitimate user and with the attacker.

Quantum mechanics provides a fundamentally different approach to randomness generation, as it allows us to generate truly random numbers based on the inherent uncertainty when measuring quantum states. Quantum random number generators (QRNGs) exploit the probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics to produce random numbers that are not predictable, regardless of how much knowledge one has about the generator. The theoretical frameworks within quantum mechanics also offer the possibility to implement modern protocols that can certify the generated numbers to be private, ensuring that the QRNGs are secure against potential adversaries.

In this thesis, we present contributions to the field of photonic quantum random number generation, focusing on alternative implementations of measurement-device-independent (MDI) protocols. These protocols aim to eliminate potential vulnerabilities associated with the measurement devices used in QRNGs. We show that fiber-optic interferometers are a suitable platform for preparing quantum states for MDI-QRNGs, and we demonstrate the use of Sagnac interferometers as state preparation devices. We also explore novel platforms such as perovskite light-emitting diodes for quantum information processing tasks.

By combining experimental innovation with modern theoretical frameworks, this thesis presents a series of advancements that push the boundaries of quantum random number generation. It demonstrates that high-quality, certifiable, and private randomness can be generated using accessible and scalable technologies, paving the way for secure crypto-graphic hardware that is resilient to both classical and quantum adversaries.

Abstract [sv]

Slumptal är en nödvändig resurs för många områden inom datavetenskapen och naturvetenskapen. De används för en mängd olika ändamål, såsom simuleringar, statistiska urval, spel och kryptografi. Traditionellt genereras slump i datorer ofta av pseudo-slumptalsgeneratorer (PRNG) vilka är mjukvarualgoritmer som producerar sekvenser av tal som verkar slump-mässiga men som i själva verket är deterministiska. Om tillräckligt mycket av det interna tillståndet i PRNG:n är känt kan framtida utdata förutsägas. Detta är särskilt problematiskt i kryptografiska tillämpningar, där systemets säkerhet är beroende av oförutsägbarheten hos slumpmässigt genererade lösenord och nycklar. Inom kryptografi är det också viktigt att de slumpmässiga talen är privata, vilket innebär att de inte får vara kända av en eventuell angripare. Konceptet privathet illustreras bäst av ett attackscenario där en angripare har förprogrammerat slumptalsgeneratorn att generera en (för angriparen) känd sekvens. Sekvensen kan då verka slumpmässig, även om den inte är privat, eftersom information om sekvensen finns både hos den legitima användaren och hos angriparen.

Kvantmekaniken möjliggör ett fundamentalt annorlunda tillvägagångssätt för generering av slumpmässiga tal, eftersom det baserat på den inneboende osäkerheten i kvantmekaniska mätningar går att generera äkta slumptal. Kvantslumptalsgeneratorer (QRNG) utnyttjar den probabilistiska naturen hos kvantmekanik för att producera slumpmässiga tal som inte är förutsägbara, oavsett hur mycket vetskap man har om generatorn. De teoretiska ramverken inom kvantmekaniken ger också möjligheten att implementera moderna protokoll som kan certifiera att de genererade talen är privata, vilket säkerställer att QRNG:n är säker mot potentiella angripare.

I denna avhandling presenterar vi bidrag till området fotoniska kvantslumptalsgeneratorer, med fokus på alternativa implementeringar av measurement-device-independent-protokoll (MDI-protokoll). Dessa protokoll syftar till att eliminera potentiella sårbarheter som är förknippade med mätapparaten som används i QRNG:n. Vi visar att fiberoptiska interferometrar är en lämplig plattform för att bereda kvanttillstånd för MDI-QRNG:er, och vi demonstrerar användandet av Sagnac-interferometrar som tillståndsberedningsenheter. Vi utforskar också nya plattformar såsom perovskitlysdioder för att utföra behandling av kvantinformation.

Genom att kombinera experimentell innovation med moderna teoretiska metoder presenterar denna avhandling en serie framsteg som utmanar gränserna för kvantslumptalsgenerering. Avhandlingen visar att högkvalitativ, certifierbar och privat slump kan genereras med hjälp av tillgänglig och skalbar teknik, vilket banar väg för säker kryptografisk hårdvara som är motståndskraftig mot såväl klassiska angrepp som kvantangripare.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2025. p. 154
Series
Linköping Studies in Science and Technology. Dissertations, ISSN 0345-7524 ; 2468
National Category
Condensed Matter Physics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-216271 (URN)10.3384/9789181182057 (DOI)9789181182040 (ISBN)9789181182057 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-09-19, Ada Lovelace, B-building, Campus Valla, Linköping, 13:15 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2025-08-11 Created: 2025-08-11 Last updated: 2025-08-11Bibliographically approved

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Argillander, JoakimAlarcon, AlvaroXavier, Guilherme B.

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