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Poor reliability and reproducibility of 3 different radiographical classification systems for distal ulna fractures
Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Surgery, Orthopedics and Oncology. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Department of Hand and Plastic Surgery.
Region Östergötland, Center for Diagnostics, Department of Radiology in Motala.
Region Östergötland, Center for Diagnostics, Department of Radiology in Motala.
Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Surgery, Orthopedics and Oncology. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Department of Hand and Plastic Surgery.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4997-6835
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2022 (English)In: Acta Orthopaedica, ISSN 1745-3674, E-ISSN 1745-3682, Vol. 93, p. 438-443Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Background and purpose - Classification of fractures can be valuable for research purposes but also in clinical work. Especially with rare fractures, such as distal ulna fractures, a treatment algorithm based on a classification can be helpful. We compared 3 different classification systems of distal ulna fractures and investigated their reliability and reproducibility. Patients and methods - patients with 97 fractures of the distal ulna, excluding the ulnar styloid, were included. All fractures were independently classified by 3 observers according to the classification by Biyani, AO/OTA 2007, and AO/OTA 2018. The classification process was repeated after a minimum of 3 weeks. We used Kappa value analysis to determine inter- and intra-rater agreement.

Results - The inter-rater agreement of the AO/OTA 2007 classification was judged as fair,. 0.40, whereas the agreement of AO/OTA 2018 and Biyani was moderate at. 0.42 and 0.43 respectively. The intra-rater agreement was judged as moderate for all classifications. Interpretation - The differences between the classifications were small and the overall impression was that neither of them was good enough to be of substantial clinical value. The Biyani classification, being developed specifically for distal ulna fractures, was the easiest and most fitting for the fracture patterns seen in our material, but lacking options for fractures of the distal diaphysis. Standard radiographs were considered insufficient for an accurate classification. A better radiographic method combined with a revised classification might improve accuracy, reliability, and reproducibility.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Taylor & Francis , 2022. Vol. 93, p. 438-443
Keywords [en]
Classification, Fractures, Radiological imaging, Ulna, Wrist
National Category
Orthopaedics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-185054DOI: 10.2340/17453674.2022.2509ISI: 000790823500066PubMedID: 35438183OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-185054DiVA, id: diva2:1659283
Available from: 2022-05-19 Created: 2022-05-19 Last updated: 2024-01-10Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Ulnar fractures and ligament injuries of the wrist
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Ulnar fractures and ligament injuries of the wrist
2022 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Falling over on an outstretched hand with the wrist extended is a common accident that can cause a multitude of injuries in the wrist. Research has mainly focused on distal radius fractures while injuries of the distal ulna and adjacent ligaments have taken a back seat. If not treated adequately, these injuries may result in ulnar-sided wrist pain, sometimes referred to as the “black box” of hand surgery. The distal radio-ulnar joint (DRUJ) enables  forearm rotation where the radio-carpal unit rotates around the fixed ulna, stabilised most importantly by the triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC). Painless rotation and stability of the forearm under load is important for upper limb function. If full function is to be restored after wrist injury, it is important to treat not only injury to the radius but also those to the ulna and TFCC.

The aims of this thesis were to evaluate the long-term results of TFCC injury repair, and contribute to our knowledge on fractures of the distal ulna, their epidemiology, radiographic classification and results of treatment.

The long-term outcome of 47 patients with a foveal TFCC tear was evaluated by patient-rated wrist evaluation (PRWE) and radiography 20 years after open repair. The median PRWE score was 22.6 (7-48.5), and 34 % had had further surgery after the initial repair, half of these due to recurrence of DRUJ instability. Signs of osteoarthritis were seen in the radiocarpal joint in 17.5 % and in the DRUJ in 34 %. Higher PRWE scores were seen in patients with osteoarthritis or those who had undergone further surgery. Radio-carpal osteoarthritis was less frequently seen in patients who had undergone initial arthroscopy. This study highlights the importance of arthroscopy in identifying associated injuries. Twenty years after foveal TFCC tear repair patient reported outcomes were similar to those of distal radius fractures.

Apart from fractures of the styloid process, distal ulna fractures are rare. All distal ulna fractures in the county of Östergötland 2010-2012 were identified. A total of 766 fractures were found (incidence 74/100 000 person-years), the majority of which were fractures of the ulnar styloid process(79%) usually caused by a fall from standing height. Most patients were female (76%), mean age at the time of injury was 63 years and 92 % had a concomitant distal radius fracture. Second after styloid fractures were fractures of the ulnar neck. A retrospective study of 96 patients with 97 fractures of the distal ulna (excluding the styloid) showed that 40 % were treated by internal fixation. The median PRWE score was 15, with significantly worse scores in patients with an internally fixed distal ulna fracture compared to patients not operated. When classifying these fractures according to AO/OTA 2018, transverse extra-articular fractures (2U3A2.3) had a significantly better outcome when not treated surgically, and these probably do not require internal fixation if the distal radius provides stability and alignment. 

All 97 fractures were classified by three independent observers according to three classification systems: Biyani, AO/OTA 2007, and AO/OTA 2018. Classification was repeated after a minimum of 3 weeks. Reliability and reproducibility were calculated. The reliability was judged as fair for AO/OTA 2007, and moderate for Biyani and AO/OTA 2018. The reproducibility was moderate for all three systems. These results together with the observers´ opinion that Biyani is an easier system to use, leads us to conclude that a slightly modified Biyani-system together with improved radiological techniques that provide more information about the fracture pattern, may well improve accuracy, reliability and reproducibility.

A better classification of distal ulna fractures could help us in the evaluation of new and existing treatments as well as providing the information necessary for designing treatment algorithm. After careful consideration, internal fixation is probably the treatment of choice for certain types of fracture, but this needs further investigation.

Abstract [sv]

Att ramla och ta emot sig med en utsträckt hand är en vanlig olycka som kan orsaka en mängd olika skador i handleden. Medan mycket fokus har legat på benbrott på nedre delen av strålbenet (radius) har intresset varit betydligt mindre för skador på nedre delen av armbågsbenet (ulna) och närliggande ligament. Skador på denna sida av handleden kan, om de inte behandlas rätt, resultera i s.k. ulnar handledssmärta. Denna kallas ibland för handkirurgins ”svarta låda” pga. den stora mängd potentiella orsaker. Rotation av underarmen kräver att leden mellan nedre delen av radius och ulna, DRUJ, fungerar adekvat så att radius och mellanhanden kan rotera runt den stabila ulna. De två underarmsbenen stabiliseras under denna rörelse framför allt av det triangulära ligamentkomplexet, TFCC. Smärtfri rotation och stabilitet i handleden vid belastning är viktigt för hela armens funktion. För att återskapa dessa förhållanden efter en skada är det viktigt att noggrant diagnosticera och behandla skador på både radius, ulna och TFCC.  

Syftet med denna avhandling var att utvärdera långtidsresultatet av opererade TFCC-skador och bidra med mer kunskap om frakturer i nedre delen av ulna; hur vanliga är de, hur ska de behandlas och kan röntgenologiska klassifikationer vara till någon nytta?  

I delarbete I utvärderades långtidsresultatet hos 47 patienter med en total TFCC-skada och medföljande instabilitet 20 år efter att de genomgått en kirurgisk reparation. Med hjälp av självskattningsinstrumentet PRWE, och nya röntgenundersökningar utvärderades hur patienterna upplevde funktion, smärta samt om de utvecklat artros. Patienterna upplevde funktion och smärta i den opererade handleden ungefär likt patienter som brutit handleden. En tredjedel hade behövt ytterligare kirurgi i handleden senare, men bara hälften av dessa pga. återkomst av instabilitet. Artrostecken sågs hos 17.5 % i leden mellan radius och handlovsbenen och hos 34 % i DRUJ. Patienter som utvecklat artros eller som genomgått ytterligare kirurgi hade ett sämre resultat. De patienter som genomgått en diagnostisk titthålsoperation som en del av den initiala operationen hade mer sällan utvecklat artros. Denna studie belyser vikten av titthålsoperationer för att kunna identifiera associerade skador så att man kan behandla alla skador adekvat från första början för att undvika att de leder till artrosutveckling samt att patienter som genomgått en reparation av TFCC har ett långtidsresultat jämförbart med efter de mer vanligt förkommande radiusfrakturerna.  

Frakturer på nedre delen av ulna är relativt ovanliga. I delarbete II identifierades alla frakturer på nedre delen av ulna i Östergötland under åren 2010-2012. Under dessa år diagnosticerades 766 frakturer, vilket genererade en relativ förekomst på 74/100 000 person-år. Vanligast var frakturer i ulnas spetsiga utskott (styloiden, 79%) och den vanligaste skademekanismen var fall i samma plan där patienten tog emot sig med en utsträckt hand. Majoriteten av patienterna var kvinnor (76%) och medelåldern vid skadetillfället var 63 år. 92 % hade samtidigt en fraktur i nedre delen av radius. Näst efter styloidfrakturer var tvärfrakturer genom ulnas hals vanligast.  

När vi i delarbete III utvärderade resultatet hos 96 patienter med 97 ulnafrakturer (ej i styloiden) hade 40 % behandlats genom en operation. Patienterna upplevde resultatet likt de som drabbats av radiusfrakturer, men betydligt sämre resultat sågs hos patienter med frakturer som behandlats kirurgiskt jämfört med de som behandlats utan att ulna opererats. Då frakturerna delades upp efter röntgenologisk klassificering enligt AO/OTA 2018 tydliggjordes att tvärfrakturer hade ett betydligt bättre resultat då de behandlats utan operation av ulna och att dessa förmodligen inte skall opereras så länge som radius bidrar med stabilitet och riktning. De opererade patienterna hade oftare en felställd fraktur från början men det kunde inte bevisas att felställningen i sig gav det sämre resultatet.  

Samma 97 frakturer i nedre delen av ulna klassificerades sedan i delarbete IV av tre oberoende observatörer enligt tre olika röntgenologiska klassifikationssystem; Biyani, AO/OTA 2007 och AO/OTA 2018. Klassifikationsprocessen upprepades efter minst 3 veckor. Tillförlitlighet och reproducerbarhet bestämdes för de respektive systemen. Tillförlitligheten var låg för AO/OTA 2007 och måttlig för Biyani och AO/OTA 2018. Reproducerbarheten var måttlig för alla tre systemen. Observatörerna ansåg att Biyani var det mest lättanvända systemet men att bildmaterialet ofta inte var tillräckligt för att kunna klassificera frakturerna korrekt och att en hel del frakturer inte passade in i de befintliga systemen. Slutsatsen var att en modifiering av Biyani samt bildmaterial som bättre kartlägger fraktursystemet till exempel genom en datortomografi, skulle kunna ge en mer exakt klassifikation med förbättrad tillförlitlighet och reproducerbarhet.   

En förbättrad klassifikation av ulnafrakturer skulle kunna möjliggöra strukturerade utvärderingar av existerande och nya behandlingsmetoder samt utgöra basen vid utveckling av en behandlingsalgoritm för ulnafrakturer. Kirurgisk behandling är förmodligen det bästa för vissa frakturtyper, men för vilka kvarstår att utforska.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2022. p. 86
Series
Linköping University Medical Dissertations, ISSN 0345-0082 ; 1797
Keywords
Ulna, Fracture, Wrist, PRWE, Classification
National Category
Orthopaedics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-181707 (URN)10.3384/9789179291730 (DOI)9789179291723 (ISBN)9789179291730 (ISBN)
Public defence
2022-02-04, Berzeliussalen, building 463, Campus US, Linköping, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2021-12-23 Created: 2021-12-10 Last updated: 2024-01-10Bibliographically approved

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