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How to needle: A mixed methods study on choice of cannulation technique for arteriovenous fistula
Linköping University, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Diagnostics and Specialist Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Medicine Center, Department of Nephrology.
Linköping University, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Diagnostics and Specialist Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Medicine Center, Department of Nephrology.
Linköping University, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Diagnostics and Specialist Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Medicine Center, Department of Nephrology. Tallinn Univ Technol, Estonia.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3928-4157
2023 (English)In: Journal of Clinical Nursing, ISSN 0962-1067, E-ISSN 1365-2702, Vol. 32, no 15-16, p. 4559-4573Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Aims and objectives The aim of this study was to describe the basis for choosing a cannulation technique for arteriovenous fistula. Background Four cannulation techniques are relevant to cannulating an arteriovenous fistula: rope ladder, area puncture and buttonhole using blunt or sharp needles. The chosen technique may affect both the patency and number of complications. Design The study used a convergent mixed methods design and inductive approach. Methods A questionnaire and an inquiry of local guidelines were sent to nurses in all dialysis units in Sweden. Questionnaires were answered by nurses from 37 units, and 29 units included their local guidelines. The questionnaires were analysed using descriptive statistics and qualitative content analysis, and the guidelines were analysed using qualitative content analysis. The different analyses were combined in a final result. The study is based on GRAMMS guidelines. Results Local guidelines, patients and nurses own judgement, and consultation with colleagues were found to greatly influence the choice of cannulation technique. Buttonhole was the most preferred cannulation technique in the participating units and was favoured by nurses when choosing a cannulation technique. The process of choosing a cannulation technique was found to be influenced by the dedication to good cannulation technique and healthy arteriovenous fistulas, whether the technique is perceived as being easy to use and is expected to prevent complications and based on the experienced-based knowledge of each dialysis unit. Conclusions Choosing a cannulation technique is a process based on the nurse, local guidelines and the patient. Most dialysis nurses and units in Sweden consider buttonhole to be a good cannulation technique and use it as their standard technique. Relevance to clinical practice The results provide insight into why cannulation techniques are chosen differently in different units. The results also show the importance of evidence in making decisions on cannulation technique.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Wiley , 2023. Vol. 32, no 15-16, p. 4559-4573
Keywords [en]
area puncture; blunt needle; buttonhole; haemodialysis; nursing; rope ladder; sharp needle
National Category
Nursing
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-187411DOI: 10.1111/jocn.16454ISI: 000822647100001PubMedID: 35811391OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-187411DiVA, id: diva2:1689307
Note

Funding Agencies|Region Ostergotland; Swedish Research Council

Available from: 2022-08-22 Created: 2022-08-22 Last updated: 2025-10-14Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. The Art of Arteriovenous Fistula Cannulation: In a Complication Preventive Direction
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The Art of Arteriovenous Fistula Cannulation: In a Complication Preventive Direction
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Blood dialysis requires a functioning access to the bloodstream. The arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is the vascular access with the longest patency and lowest complication rate. Patients usually undergo blood dialysis treatment three times per week, necessitating over 300 cannulations over the course of a year. The use of a good cannulation technique can reduce the risk of needle-related complications and improve the patient experience. The five main cannulation techniques are ropeladder, area puncture, buttonhole with blunt needle, buttonhole with sharp needle, and multiple single cannulation technique; however, scarce data are available regarding the impacts of these different techniques. The overall aim of this thesis was to explore how the selected cannulation technique affects AVF development and the risk of complications.

In Study I, the Swedish Renal Registry (SRR) was used to examine the occurrence of complications with each cannulation technique. In Sweden, the most commonly used technique was buttonhole using sharp needles (55%), followed by buttonhole using blunt needles (29%), ropeladder (13%) and area puncture (3%). Buttonhole using blunt needles was associated with the lowest risk of complications—including stenosis, infiltrations, and cannulation difficulties. The incidence of infections did not differ between the different cannulation techniques.

For Studies II and III, data were collected using a questionnaire distributed to nurses in all dialysis units in Sweden. These units were also invited to participate by sending their local guidelines describing cannulation technique and AVF care. Data were analysed using mixed methods. Study II revealed that the cannulation technique was primarily chosen by the nurses, based on their own and their colleagues’ experience, as well as local guidelines and patient preferences. Study III described the cannulation technique as a five-step process, in which all parts influence the outcome.

Study IV was an observational study, in which ten patients with new AVFs were assessed during five sessions over one year. The AVFs were examined by ultrasound, the cannulating nurses were asked to describe cannulation-related parameters, and the patients were asked to describe cannulation-associated pain. The observations over time showed the development of buttonhole-related tunnel tracks, and an increasing thickness of the vessel wall behind the puncture sites. The patient-reported pain varied among individuals. However, patients cannulated using buttonhole with blunt needles described decreasing pain after the initial months, while this trend was not seen among patients cannulated using buttonhole with sharp needles.

Study V was a randomised crossover trial comparing the effects of two disinfectants: chlorhexidine 5 mg/ml and ethanol 70%. Twenty patients with AVFs were disinfected using both agents, on a total of four occasions, and the outcomes were compared in terms of the bacteria remaining in the normal skin flora (CFU/ml). Bacterial colonisation immediately after disinfection was more common in samples from skin treated with ethanol (10.8%), compared to with chlorhexidine (1.4%). Additionally, the bacterial counts of normal skin flora regrew faster after disinfection with ethanol when disinfection was preceded by arm washing with soap and water.

The conclusion of the thesis is that cannulation technique should be described from a broader perspective than simply the technique used to insert the needle into the vessel. For example, descriptions of the cannulation process should include the utilised hygiene routines, since the disinfectant type and method may affect the outcome regarding infections. Buttonhole using blunt needles was the technique that was associated with the least number of complications, and the longest survival rate. However, the tunnel tracks and vessel wall at the needling site were affected over time. Patients’ perceptions of pain also varied over time, and widely differed among individuals. In Sweden, nurses selected the cannulation technique, with the aim of applying a good cannulation technique that is adjusted to the individual patient. At the same time, the main aim is that the majority should use the buttonhole technique.

Abstract [sv]

För att bloddialys ska vara möjlig behövs en fungerande tillgång till blodbanan. Den kärlaccess som har längst överlevnad och ger minst komplikationer är den arteriovenösa fisteln (AV-fistel). Vid bloddialys behandlas vanligtvis patienten tre gånger per vecka, detta innebär mer än 300 stick i AV-fisteln per år. För att minska risken för stickrelaterade komplikationer och förbättra patientens upplevelse behövs en god stickteknik. Det finns idag fem kända tekniker för att kanylera i AV-fistel: ropeladder, area puncture, buttonhole med trubbig nål, buttonhole med vass nål och multipel stickhålsteknik. Hur dessa tekniker påverkar AV-fisteln och risken för komplikationer är sparsamt beforskat och genomförandet baseras vanligen på beprövad erfarenhet.

Avhandlingens övergripande syfte var att undersöka hur valet av stickteknik i AV-fistlar påverkar dess utveckling och risken för komplikationer.

Studie I var en registerstudie. Svenskt NjurRegisters (SNR) accessdel användes och förekomsten av komplikationer vid respektive stickteknik undersöktes. Buttonhole med vass nål var den teknik som var vanligast i Sverige (55%) följt av buttonhole med trubbig nål (29%), ropeladder (13%) och area puncture (3%). Buttonhole med trubbig nål hade lägst risk för komplikationer. Tydligast var detta vid stenoser, perforationer och sticksvårigheter. Det sågs ingen skillnad i förekomst av infektioner vid de olika stickteknikerna.

Studie II och III baserades på datainsamling via en enkät som erbjöds sjuksköterskor på samtliga dialysenheter i Sverige. Enheterna erbjöds även att skicka in sina lokala styrande dokument som beskrev omhändertagande av AV-fistel och stickteknik. Materialet analyserades med mixed methods. Studie II undersökte vad valet av stickteknik baseras på. Det visade sig att det framförallt är sjuksköterskan som väljer stickteknik och detta val baseras på egna och kollegors erfarenhet, lokala riktlinjer och patientens preferenser. Studie III beskrev stickteknik som en process med fem olika delar där alla delar har betydelse för utfallet.

Studie IV var en observationsstudie där tio patienter med nya AV-fistlar följdes vid fem tillfällen under ett år. AV-fistlarna undersöktes med ultraljud samtidigt som kanylernade sjuksköterska fick beskriva stickrelaterade parametrar i ett protokoll. Patienterna fick även beskriva sin smärta i samband med stick. Studien visade hur stickkanaler (som används vid tekniken buttonhole) utvecklas över tid. Det framkom även att kärlväggen bakom stickställena ofta förtjockas. Patienterna beskrev sin smärta med stora individuella skillnader men hos de som blev stuckna med trubbiga nålar fanns en avtagande trend. De beskrev att det gjorde mindre ont efter de första inledande månaderna. Hos de patienter som stacks med buttonhole teknik med vassa nålar syntes inte denna trend.

Studie V var en randomiserad överkorsningsstudie där effekten av desinfektionsmedlen klorhexidinsprit 5 mg/ml och etanol 70 % jämfördes. Tjugo patienter med AV-fistel fick prova båda desinfektionsmedlen vid totalt fyra tillfällen. Utfallet mättes sedan i antalet kvarvarande bakterier i hudens normalflora (CFU/ml). Direkt efter desinfektion sågs bakterietillväxt på fler prov vid etanol (10,8%) än vid klorhexidinsprit (1,4%). Bakterieantalet i normalfloran växte även tillbaka fortare efter desinfektion med etanol då den kombinerats med armtvätt med tvål och vatten direkt före desinfektion.

Avhandlingens slutsats är att stickteknik bör beskrivas från ett bredare perspektiv än den stickteknik som används för att föra in nålen i kärlet. Beskrivning av de hygienrutiner som används bör t ex inkluderas då typ av desinfektionsmedel kan påverka utfallet för infektioner. Sticktekniken buttonhole med trubbig nål är den teknik som leder till minst antal komplikationer och har längst överlevnad. Stickkanalerna och kärlvägg vid stickområdet påverkas över tid. Så även upplevelsen av smärta. I Sverige är det sjuksköterskor som väljer stickteknik. Det görs med utgångspunkt att uppnå en god stickteknik som anpassas efter den enskilda patienten samtidigt som målet är att majoriteten ska använda buttonhole.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2025. p. 79
Series
Linköping University Medical Dissertations, ISSN 0345-0082 ; 1981
Keywords
Arteriovenous fistula, Buttonhole, Cannulation technique, Disinfection, Haemodialysis
National Category
Nursing
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-218726 (URN)10.3384/9789181181210 (DOI)9789181181203 (ISBN)9789181181210 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-11-21, Berzeliussalen, Building 463, Campus US, Linköping, 13:00 (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2025-10-14 Created: 2025-10-14 Last updated: 2025-10-15Bibliographically approved

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Fernström, AndersUhlin, Fredrik

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