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Can Early Environmental Enrichment Buffer Stress from Commercial Hatchery Processing in Laying Hens?
Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Biology. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Biology. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7608-7008
Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Biology. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5491-0649
2022 (English)In: Poultry, E-ISSN 2674-1164, Vol. 1, no 2, p. 125-137Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Under commercial conditions, laying hen chicks are exposed to a range of stressful events immediately after hatch. Here, we studied whether environmental enrichment was able to reduce the stress sensitivity of these chicks. A total of 50 hatchery chicks (HC) and 50 control chicks (CC) were raised in enriched pens (E), while 53 HC + 53 CC were raised in standard non-enriched floor pens (NE). HC weighed less on day one, but there was no effect of hatchery treatment at later ages. HC were more pessimistic in a cognitive judgement bias test and emitted more distress calls when socially isolated, indicating that hatchery stress affected behaviour and stress sensitivity. However, enrichment did not affect the behaviour in any of these tests. We found no effects of hatchery stress in a novel environment, but indications that enrichment may have increased fearfulness of HC. The sensitivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis was reduced in HC-E compared to HC-NE, indicating that enrichment buffered the physiological stress sensitivity in HC; however, the opposite pattern was found in CC. In conclusion, our results show complex and somewhat contradictory effects on the ability of enrichment to buffer the consequences of stress in commercial hatcheries.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
MDPI, 2022. Vol. 1, no 2, p. 125-137
Keywords [en]
hatchery stress; white leghorn; enrichment; corticosterone; behaviour; early stress
National Category
Biological Sciences
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-188040DOI: 10.3390/poultry1020011ISI: 001353115500001OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-188040DiVA, id: diva2:1692534
Funder
Swedish Research Council Formas, 2016-01728Swedish Research Council Formas, 2019-02084Available from: 2022-09-02 Created: 2022-09-02 Last updated: 2025-05-09
In thesis
1. Breaking the Shell of Stress: Buffering Early Stress in Commercially Hatched Laying Hens
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Breaking the Shell of Stress: Buffering Early Stress in Commercially Hatched Laying Hens
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Approximately eight billion laying hens currently support the global demand for eggs. To sustain this growing worldwide commercial demand, a continuous supply of laying hens in their peak production stage is required. These hens begin their lives in large-scale commercial hatcheries, where, as newly hatched chicks, they undergo a highly efficient industrial process. Shortly after hatching in large incubators, chicks are transferred onto a conveyor belt system that moves them through several stations, each handling a specific task: separation from the eggshell, sex-sorting, vaccination, and machine-packing for transportation to the rearing farm. This process has previously been shown to elicit a stress response with both short- and long-term effects on behaviour, physiology, and affective states, which could lead to future welfare issues. The primary focus of this thesis revolves around mitigating the stress chicks have incurred at the commercial hatchery upon hatching.

In paper I, we enriched chicks by providing them with a more complex environment and a stuffed mother hen on which the chicks were imprinted. Among hatchery-hatched chicks, those provided with enrichment exhibited a reduced stress response to a restraint; however, no other effects of enrichment were found. Overall, hatchery chicks showed more pessimism and higher stress levels when socially isolated, which is consistent with previous studies indicating that the commercial hatching conditions are stressful.

Similarly, in paper II, we investigated whether enriching the early environment with natural-like elements could buffer hatchery stress. Enriched chicks completed a spatial memory test more quickly while making less immediate errors, were more optimistic in a cognitive judgment bias test, and had fewer feather fault bars, which indicate lower levels of acute stress. We concluded that the provided naturalistic enrichment helped reduce early stress and improved welfare.

In paper III, we explored whether stimulating play behaviours in an arena with objects during the first weeks of life could buffer early stress sustained during the commercial hatching process. Play-stimulated chicks exhibited reduced fear in response to a novel object; however, contrary to our expectations, they also showed more pessimism in a cognitive bias test. No effects of play were observed in the other assays. Our results suggest that play stimulation can help chicks tackle future challenges, but its impact on emotional states requires further research.

In the final paper, paper IV, we examined how the commercial hatchery process affected stress events that occur at later stages in a laying hen’s life, such as transportation and introductions to novel environments and new social groups. Control chicks exhibited reduced tonic immobility durations following transportation. Comb temperatures of hatchery-hatched chicks indicated both stress-induced hyperthermia after a regrouping procedure and a stronger autonomic response to an acute stressor. This demonstrates the long-lasting effects of commercial hatching on the hens’ abilities to cope with routine events encountered in rearing environments.

In summary, these findings further illustrate the negative impact commercial hatching procedures have on both the stress response and welfare of laying hens, even affecting their ability to cope with stressors encountered later in life. Fortunately, enriching chicks’ lives with more complex environments and providing opportunities to enhance play can moderate stress sensitivity, reduce fearfulness, and improve positive affective states which in turn enhances welfare outcomes. Together, these papers bring support to the need to refine the early-life environments of hens to help buffer stress and in turn improve their long-term welfare.

Abstract [sv]

Cirka åtta miljarder värphöns tillgodoser för närvarande den globala efterfrågan på ägg. För att upprätthålla den växande globala kommersiella efterfrågan krävs en kontinuerlig tillgång till värphöns i deras mest effektiva produktionsfas. Dessa hönor börjar sina liv i storskaliga kommersiella kläckerier, där de som nykläckta kycklingar genomgår en mycket effektiv industriell process. Strax efter de har kläckts i stora inkubatorer, flyttas kycklingarna till ett transportbandssystem som för dem genom flera stationer, där varje station har en specifik uppgift: separation från äggskalet, könssortering, vaccinering och maskinell förpackning för transport till uppfödningsanläggningen. Denna process har tidigare visat sig framkalla en stressreaktion med både kortsiktiga och långsiktiga effekter på beteende, fysiologi och affektiva tillstånd, vilket kan leda till framtida välfärdsproblem. Det primära fokuset i denna avhandling kretsar kring att mildra den stress som kycklingar har utsatts för vid kläckningen på det kommersiella kläckeriet.

I artikel I berikade vi kycklingarna genom att förse dem med en mer komplex miljö och en uppstoppad hönsmamma som kycklingarna präglades på. Bland kläckeri-kläckta kycklingar uppvisade de som fick berikning en minskad stressrespons på en fasthållning; inga andra effekter av berikning hittades dock. Sammantaget visade kläckerikycklingar mer pessimism och högre stressnivåer när de var socialt isolerade, vilket överensstämmer med tidigare studier som tyder på att de kommersiella kläckningsförhållandena är stressande.

På samma sätt undersökte vi i artikel II om berikning av den tidiga miljön med naturliknande element kunde buffra kläckningsstress. Berikade kycklingar slutförde en spatial minnesuppgift snabbare samtidigt som de gjorde mindre omedelbara fel, var mer optimistiska i ett kognitivt bedömningsbias-test och hade färre fjäderfel, vilket indikerar lägre nivåer av akut stress. Vi drog slutsatsen att den naturalistiska berikningen bidrog till att minska den tidiga stressen och förbättra välfärden.

I artikel III undersökte vi om stimulering av lekbeteenden i en arena med föremål under de första levnadsveckorna kunde buffra tidig stress som uppstod under den kommersiella kläckningsprocessen. Lekstimulerade kycklingar uppvisade minskad rädsla som svar på ett nytt objekt, men i motsats till våra förväntningar visade de också mer pessimism i ett kognitivt bias-test. Inga effekter av lek observerades i de andra analyserna. Våra resultat tyder på att lekstimulering kan hjälpa kycklingar att hantera framtida utmaningar, men dess inverkan på känslomässiga tillstånd kräver ytterligare forskning.

I den sista artikeln, artikel IV, undersökte vi hur den kommersiella kläckeriprocessen påverkade stresshändelser som inträffar i senare skeden av en värphönas liv, såsom transport och introduktion till nya miljöer och nya sociala grupper. Kontrollkycklingar uppvisade minskad varaktighet av tonisk immobilitet efter transport. Kamtemperaturen hos kläckta kycklingar indikerade både stressinducerad hypertermi efter en omgrupperingsprocedur och ett starkare autonomt svar på en akut stressfaktor. Detta visar på de långvariga effekterna av kommersiell kläckning på hönornas förmåga att hantera rutinmässiga händelser i uppfödningsmiljön.

Sammanfattningsvis illustrerar dessa resultat ytterligare den negativa inverkan som kommersiell kläckning har på både värphönsens stressrespons och välfärd, vilken till och med påverkar deras förmåga att hantera stressfaktorer som uppstår senare i livet. Lyckligtvis kan man genom att berika kycklingarnas liv med mer komplexa miljöer och ge dem möjlighet att leka mildra stresskänsligheten, minska rädslan och förbättra de positiva affektiva tillstånden, vilket i sin tur förbättrar välfärden. Tillsammans ger dessa artiklar stöd för behovet av att förbättra kycklingarnas miljöer tidigt i livet för att hjälpa till att buffra stress och i sin tur förbättra deras långsiktiga välfärd.

 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2025. p. 55
Series
Linköping Studies in Science and Technology. Dissertations, ISSN 0345-7524 ; 2447
National Category
Behavioral Sciences Biology Animal and Dairy Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-213522 (URN)10.3384/9789181180800 (DOI)9789181180794 (ISBN)9789181180800 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-06-13, Schrödinger (E324), Fysikhuset, Campus Valla, Linköping, 09:15
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2025-05-09 Created: 2025-05-09 Last updated: 2025-05-12Bibliographically approved

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Hedlund, LouiseVan Poucke, EnyaJensen, Per

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