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Health Care Utilization among Young Adults in Primary and Emergency Health Care: The Need for Support, the Capacity to Support, and the Communication in between
Linköping University, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Community Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6584-4472
2022 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Swedish health care has set an aim of working towards ‘a good and integrated care’ with focus on patient-centred care in an effort to strengthen patient autonomy and improve accessibility. Problems with accessibility in earlier research have been associated with non-urgent complaints, especially at emergency departments (EDs). In addition, the use of EDs for non-urgent complaints has been connected to difficulties getting an appointment at primary health care centres (PHCs). Among non-urgent health care visits, young adults (age 18-29 years) are overrepresented. When studying health care utilization, the significance of health literacy permeates its different compounds, as associated with health care utilization.  

The overall aim of this thesis was to gain a deeper understanding of young adults’ health care utilization within EDs and PHCs by describing and exploring their use of health care in relation to perceived needs and prerequisites.    

The design of this thesis was primarily explorative. Data collection was performed using interviews and observations with young adults visiting selected primary and emergency health care units, doing focus groups with health care personnel working at selected health care units, and by performing text analysis of online health information web sites.  In addition, a retrospective and cross-sectional overview was designed using registry data and questionnaires to identify health care use in a Swedish context. Data were analysed using statistical analyses, grounded theory, and two kinds of content analyses.   

Results demonstrated that, in terms of doctor visits, young adults did not seek care to a greater extent than other age groups. As a young adult, the seeking of emergency care was characterized mainly by abdominal and chest pain, symptoms of short duration, and recommendations to seek care by a health care professional. Insufficient and/or problematic health literacy was found in more than one-third of the young adults seeking health care and was associated with anxiety about symptoms, lower reliance on health care, and seeking care for psychological symptoms. When exploring young adults’ health care utilization, the sense of being taken seriously emerged as their main concern. Further-more, the seeking of health care should be considered a process rather than isolated visits where external influences, clarity of symptoms, behavioural approaches, health care know-how, and enabling self-management were important factors in understanding health care utilization. For health care personnel, the question of non-urgent care among young adults was a question of the distribution of responsibility; young adults were considered to put too much responsibility on health care to get healthy. The young adults had great concerns, were unable to wait, demonstrated other needs for communication, and were influenced by external information. The perception of young adults’ health care utilization was also associated with difficulties within the health care set-ting. Contributing factors were that each health care unit was just a small part of an enormous health care system, having to deal with tough priorities and to work with different ethical dilemmas. Nonetheless, health care personnel felt comfortable meeting young adults based on experience, either their own or by asking others. When scrutinizing external influence, online health information was found to be foremost basic, helping the reader in narrowing down possible diagnoses. However, a modified dimension was also present, in which the reader had to balance alternatives, making it difficult for young adults to come to a decisive conclusion on what to do with symptoms.  

The findings from this thesis demonstrate that it is the interactions between young adults and health care that enable factors for future patient empowerment and for health literacy to emerge and develop, thereby enabling future self-care. By acknowledging young adults primarily as newcomers to adult health care in need of support rather than part of a relatively healthy group, seeking care for non-urgent problems could possibly alter alternative attitudes and prejudices. Emphasizing adjustments within each health care meeting has the chance to empower and still achieve the goal of effective health care. 

Abstract [sv]

Svensk sjukvård har satt som mål att främja en god och nära vård genom att förändra processer så att patienten blir i centrum för sin vård med primärvården som nav. Detta är en del i arbetet med att stärka patientens egenmakt, förbättra tillgången på vård och bygga en effektiv sjukvård.   

Tillgängligheten till sjukvården har länge ansetts som ett bekymmer både nationellt och internationellt. Tidigare forskning, framförallt inom akutsjukvården, har kopplat ihop svårigheter med tillgänglighet till hög andel vårdkonsumtion inom akutsjukvård för icke akuta besvär. Detta har i sin tur kopplats till svårigheter att få en läkartid inom primärvården. Forskning som fokuserat på orsaker till den höga vårdkonsumtionen av icke akuta besvär har sett att unga vuxna, 18-29 år, är överrepresenterade. Utifrån att vårdkonsumtion studeras är hälsolitteracitet ett central begrepp då forskning har visat att hälsolitteracitet är kopplat till vårdkonsumtion.   

Syftet med avhandlingen var att försöka få en fördjupad förståelse kring unga vuxnas vårdkonsumtion i första linjens vård genom att beskriva, undersöka och förklara deras användning av sjukvården i förhållande till upplevda behov och förutsättningar.   

Avhandlingen är främst av utforskande karaktär där intervjuer, observationer och textanalyser står i fokus som datainsamlingsmetoder. Därtill har en kartläggning genomförts med hjälp av register och enkäter för en överblick av vårdkonsumtionen bland unga vuxna, dels i jämförelse med andra åldersgrupper men också vid ett specifikt tillfälle. Analyser genomfördes med hjälp av statistiska analyser, grundad teori och två versioner av innehållsanalys.   

Resultat från kartläggningen visade att unga vuxna inte söker mer vård än andra åldersgrupper vad gäller andel läkarbesök. Att söka sig till akutsjukvården var förknippat med att ha magsmärtor och bröstsmärtor, haft kortare tid med symptom samt i större utsträckning blivit rekommenderad att söka vård av sjukvårdspersonal. Otillräcklig och/eller problematisk hälsolitteracitet återfanns hos en tredjedel av de sökande unga vuxna och var associerat med oro kring symptom, lägre förtroende för sjukvården och att söka för psykiska besvär. Resultat från att ha utforskat användningen av första linjens vård bland unga vuxna visade på att en känsla av att ha blivit tagen på allvar var av högsta angelägenhet. Vidare framkom att vårdkonsumtion bland unga vuxna bör ses som en process istället för enskilda besök. En process som påverkas av extern influens, symptoms tydlighet, individuella egenskaper, sjukvårdskunskap och möjliggörandet av egenvård.

Dessa faktorer mynnar ut i sjukvårdserfarenheter, goda eller negativa, som den unga vuxna tar med sig in i nästa sjukvårdsbesök. Från sjukvårdspersonals håll ansågs unga vuxnas överrepresentation av icke akut vård vara en fråga om ansvarsfördelning. Unga vuxna ansågs överföra allt för mycket ansvar på att bli friska på sjukvården. Resultat från att ha utforskat hälso- och sjukvårdsinformation på internet, som del av den externa influensen, visade att information som ges är främst grundläggande och hjälpsam för läsaren att kunna tratta ner antal möjliga diagnoser. Emellertid består informationen också av en modifierad dimension som tvingar läsaren att balansera mellan flera möjliga alternativ vilket gör det svårt att i slutänden komma fram till ett övertygande beslut om vad som behöver göras.   

Resultat från avhandlingen visar på att det är i interaktionen mellan unga vuxna och sjukvården som egenmakt och hälsolitteracitet kan stärkas och växa hos individen och därigenom möjliggöra framtida egenvård. Genom att se unga vuxna som främst nykomlingar till den vuxna sjukvården hellre än en åldersgrupp som är relativt frisk, kan andra attityder och annan förförståelse byggas upp kring icke akuta besvär. Flertal möjligheter framkommer i avhandlingen där små justeringar i mötet med unga vuxna kan stärka egenmakt och samtidigt hålla målet om en effektiv hälso- och sjukvård.     

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2022. , p. 61
Series
Linköping University Medical Dissertations, ISSN 0345-0082 ; 1827
Keywords [en]
Young adult, Health care utilization, Health literacy, Empowerment, Integrated care
National Category
Health Care Service and Management, Health Policy and Services and Health Economy
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-189650DOI: 10.3384/9789179294649ISBN: 9789179294632 (print)ISBN: 9789179294649 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-189650DiVA, id: diva2:1707596
Public defence
2022-12-02, Berzeliussalen, Building 463, Campus US, Linköping, 09:00 (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Medical Research Council of Southeast Sweden (FORSS)Region Östergötland
Note

2022-11-01: ISBN (PDF) has been added in the E-version.

Available from: 2022-11-01 Created: 2022-11-01 Last updated: 2022-11-01Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Healthcare utilisation and health literacy among young adults seeking care in Sweden: findings from a cross-sectional and retrospective study with questionnaire and registry-based data
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Healthcare utilisation and health literacy among young adults seeking care in Sweden: findings from a cross-sectional and retrospective study with questionnaire and registry-based data
2019 (English)In: Primary Health Care Research and Development, ISSN 1463-4236, E-ISSN 1477-1128, Vol. 20, article id PII S1463423619000859Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Aim: The objective of this study was to examine young adults healthcare utilisation and its possible association with health literacy. Background: Many countries struggle with insufficient accessibility at emergency departments (EDs) and primary healthcare centres (PHCs). Young adults, aged 20-29 years old, account for a substantial number of unnecessary doctor visits where health literacy could be an explanatory factor. Method: This study incorporated a combined retrospective and cross-sectional study design with analysis of registry data, including all registered outpatient doctor visits between 2004 and 2014 (n = 1 086 432), and strategic sample questionnaire data (n = 207), focusing on socio-demographics, symptoms and information-seeking behaviour. Mean differences between first-year and last-year doctor visits for each age group were calculated using registry data. Fischers exact test was applied to questionnaire data to analyse group differences between ED and PHC visitors as well as between patients with sufficient health literacy and insufficient health literacy. Binary logistic regression was used to investigate covariation. Findings: Healthcare utilisation has increased among young adults during the past decade, however, not comparatively more than for other age groups. ED patients (n = 49) compared to PHC patients (n = 158) were more likely to seek treatment for gastrointestinal symptoms (P = 0.001), had shorter duration of symptoms (P = 0.001) and sought care more often on the recommendation of a healthcare professional (P = 0.001). Insufficient/problematic health literacy among young adults was associated with having lower reliance on the healthcare system (P = 0.03) and with a greater likelihood of seeking treatment for psychiatric symptoms (P = 0.002). Conclusion: Young adults do not account for the increase in healthcare utilisation during the last decade to a greater extent than other age groups. Young adults reliance on the healthcare system is associated with health literacy, an indicator potentially important for consideration when studying health literacy and its relationship to more effective use of healthcare services.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, 2019
Keywords
cross-sectional study; emergency department; healthcare utilisation; health literacy; primary healthcare; registry study; Sweden; young adults
National Category
Public Health, Global Health and Social Medicine
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-162893 (URN)10.1017/S1463423619000859 (DOI)000501265500001 ()31813392 (PubMedID)
Note

Funding Agencies|County Council of Ostergotland [LIO-541121, LIO-531871]; Medical Research Council of Southeast Sweden [FORSS-512171]

Available from: 2020-01-02 Created: 2020-01-02 Last updated: 2025-02-20
2. Young adults needs when seeking first-line healthcare: A grounded theory design
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Young adults needs when seeking first-line healthcare: A grounded theory design
Show others...
2022 (English)In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 17, no 2, article id e0263963Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Background Healthcare outpatient visits have increased in recent years, and young adults are often given as an explanatory factor for many avoidable visits. Objective The objective of this study was to explore how young adults perceive seeking first-line healthcare. Design and setting The study utilized a grounded theory design with data collection at primary healthcare centres and emergency departments in southeast Sweden. Method Data were collected during individual interviews and patient observations with subsequent interviews during the years 2017-2018. The analysis was performed using grounded theory. Results The main concern when young adults are seeking healthcare is that their worries are taken seriously. It is a four-part process: becoming aware of, verifying, communicating, and receiving an opinion about ones symptoms. The process includes external factors, clarity of symptoms, behavioural approaches, healthcare know-how, enabling self-management, and prior healthcare experience(s). When communicating symptoms, the clearer the symptoms, the less there needs to be communicated. When symptoms are unclear, the importance of different behavioural approaches and healthcare know-how increases. When receiving a medical opinion about symptoms, young adults want to learn how to self-manage their symptoms. Depending on previous healthcare experience, the healthcare visit can either harm or help the patient in their healthcare-seeking process. Conclusion This study reflects several insights in the healthcare-seeking process from a young adult perspective. Based on the results, we suggest that healthcare providers focus on the final step in the healthcare-seeking process when giving their medical opinion about symptoms. Having extra minutes to give support for future self-care regardless of diagnosis could increase positive healthcare experiences and increase future self-care among young adults.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Public Library of Science, 2022
National Category
Nursing
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-185856 (URN)10.1371/journal.pone.0263963 (DOI)000802227200024 ()35167607 (PubMedID)
Note

Funding Agencies|PYU [RO-720671]; Region Ostergotland LV [FORSS-749601]; Medical Research Council of Southeast Sweden ET [RO-534061]; Region Ostergotland

Available from: 2022-06-13 Created: 2022-06-13 Last updated: 2022-11-01
3. Young adults healthcare utilisation and healthcare needs: Perceptions and experiences of healthcare providers
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Young adults healthcare utilisation and healthcare needs: Perceptions and experiences of healthcare providers
Show others...
2022 (English)In: Health Expectations, ISSN 1369-6513, E-ISSN 1369-7625, Vol. 25, no 1, p. 245-253Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Background Health care in many countries entails long waiting times. Avoidable healthcare visits by young adults have been identified as one probable cause. Objective The aim of this study was to explore healthcare providers experiences and opinions about young adults healthcare utilisation in the first line of care. Method This study used latent qualitative conventional content analysis with focus groups. Four healthcare units participated: two primary healthcare centres and two emergency departments. This study included 36 participants, with 4-7 participants in each group, and a total of 21 registered nurses and 15 doctors. All interviews followed an interview guide. Results Data were divided into eight categories, which all contained the implicit theme of distribution of responsibility between the healthcare provider and the healthcare user. Young adult healthcare consumers were considered to be highly influenced by external resources, often greatly concerned with small/vague symptoms they had difficulty explaining and unable to wait with. The healthcare providers role was much perceived as being part of a healthcare structure-a large organisation with multiple units-and having to meet different priorities while also considering ethical dilemmas, though feeling supported by experience. Conclusion Healthcare personnel view young adults as transferring too much of the responsibility of staying healthy to the healthcare system. The results of this study show that the discussion of young adults unnecessarily seeking health care includes an underlying discussion of scarcity of resources. Patient or Public Contribution The conduct of this study is based on interviews with young adult patients about their experiences of seeking healthcare.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Wiley, 2022
Keywords
content analysis; healthcare providers; healthcare utilisation; self-care; young adults
National Category
Health Care Service and Management, Health Policy and Services and Health Economy
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-180503 (URN)10.1111/hex.13370 (DOI)000704807400001 ()34624154 (PubMedID)
Note

Funding Agencies|Region Ostergotland [LIO-720671]; Forskningsradet i Sydostra Sverige [FORSS-749601]

Available from: 2021-10-25 Created: 2021-10-25 Last updated: 2023-05-04

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