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Transformations towards Sustainable Food Systems: Pathways, Governance, and Actors in a Swedish and European Union Context
Linköping University, Department of Thematic Studies, Tema Environmental Change. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2184-6465
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)Alternative title
Tranformationer mot hållbara livsmedelssystem : Vägval, styrning och aktörer i Sverige och den Europeiska unionen (Swedish)
Abstract [en]

Food systems are central to global sustainability, while being complex systems where places and people are intertwined over large distances and at different scales. Transformations towards sustainable food systems have been called for in both research and policy, and Sweden and the European Union have declared high ambitions to act as global leaders in these transformations. While food production in Sweden and the European Union is often portrayed as largely sustainable in a global context, the region is highly dependent on food imports, with relatively large environmental footprints globally. This thesis aims to explore transformative pathways towards sustainability, with a particular focus on sustainable food systems, in a Swedish and European Union context. The thesis specifically studies the following research questions: (1) What constitutes transformations towards sustainability, and in particular sustainable food systems, from the perspectives of Swedish stakeholders, including food system practitioners, and European Union policy frameworks? (2) What roles, responsibilities, and agency do Swedish stakeholders, including food system practitioners and European Union policy frameworks, attribute to different actors? (3) How can interconnections and accountability in global food systems be understood and governed in light of societal transformations towards sustainability? (4) What are the implications for transformative pathways towards sustainability? The thesis builds on four papers that use focus group methodology (PI and PII), involving Swedish stakeholders, including food-system practitioners, analyses of European Green Deal policies (PII and PIII), and quantitative investigation of phosphorus fertiliser use in Brazilian soybean production and related biodiversity impacts (PIV). Four overarching conclusions are drawn from the findings: (I) Shared goals and consensus are emphasised as essential, while a diversity of transformative pathways and understandings of challenges and priorities needs to be recognised, with attention being paid to how specific choices might include and exclude pathways and actors. (II) Emerging shifts in how food is valued open up opportunities for transformative change in which the ‘true’ cost of food is acknowledged, alongside a recognition of non-economic values of food, which presupposes alignment at the practical, political, and personal levels. (III) The identified pathways comprise public accountability regimes, incentives for more sustainable consumption, regulations to reduce resource use and impacts of food production. (IV) The attribution of accountability to trading operators in the accountability regime proposed by the European Union highlights an extended focus from food production and consumption towards regulating flows and intermediate actors in food systems.

Abstract [sv]

Livsmedelssystemen är centrala för global hållbarhet. Det är komplexa system där platser och människor är sammanlänkade över stora geografiska avstånd och på olika skalor. Transformationer mot hållbara livsmedelssystem har efterfrågats inom både forskning och politik, och i linje med detta har Sverige och den Europeiska unionen deklarerat höga ambitioner om att ta en global ledarroll i dessa transformationer. Livsmedelsproduktionen i Sverige och den Europeiska unionen beskrivs ofta som hållbar i en global kontext, samtidigt som den i hög grad är beroende av livsmedelsimport med relativt stora miljöavtryck globalt. Denna avhandling syftar till att utforska transformativa vägar mot hållbarhet med särskilt fokus på hållbara livsmedelssystem från ett svenskt perspektiv och ett EU-perspektiv. Avhandlingen studerar specifikt följande forskningsfrågor: (1) Vad innebär transformationer mot hållbarhet, och i synnerhet hållbara livsmedelssystem, utifrån svenska intressenters, inklusive aktörer aktiva i livsmedelssystem, perspektiv, och inom Europeiska unionens politiska ramverk? (2) Vilka roller, ansvar och handlingsutrymme tillskriver svenska intressenter, inklusive aktörer aktiva i livsmedelssystem, och EU:s politiska ramverk, olika aktörer? (3) Hur kan sammankopplingar och ansvarsskyldighet i globala livsmedelssystem förstås och styras i ljuset av samhälleliga transformationer mot hållbarhet? (4) Vilka är konsekvenserna för transformativa vägar mot hållbarhet? Avhandlingen består av fyra artiklar som bygger på fokusgruppsintervjuer med svenska aktörer, inklusive aktörer aktiva i livsmedelssystem (PI och PII), analyser av dokument inom ramen för den Europeiska gröna given (PII och PIII), och kvantitativ analys av fosforanvändning i Brasiliansk sojabönsproduktion och relaterade effekter på biologisk mångfald (PIV). Av resultaten dras fyra övergripande slutsatser: (I) Gemensamma mål och konsensus framhålls som grundläggande, samtidigt som materialet pekar på en mångfald av transformativa vägar och förståelser av utmaningar och prioriteringar. Dessa behöver erkännas och det krävs en medvetenhet om vilka vägar och aktörer som inkluderas eller exkluderas. (II) Framväxande skiften kring hur mat värderas öppnar möjligheter till transformativa förändringar där den "verkliga" kostnaden för mat synliggörs, som även omfattar ett erkännande av matens icke-ekonomiska värden, vilket förutsätter att dessa lieras i de praktiska, politiska och personliga sfärerna och kan samverka i linje med varandra. (III) Identifierade vägar mot hållbara livsmedelssystem omfattar offentliga ’accountability regimer’, incitament för mer hållbar konsumtion och regleringar för att minska resursanvändning i och effekter av livsmedelsproduktion. (IV) Regleringen av handelsoperatörer i av EU föreslagna ’accountability’ regimer belyser ett utökat fokus från livsmedelsproduktion och -konsumtion till att reglera flöden och mellanliggande aktörer i livsmedelssystemen.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2023. , p. 87
Series
Linköping Studies in Arts and Sciences, ISSN 0282-9800 ; 851
Keywords [en]
The European Green Deal, Food policy, Focus groups, Food systems, Biodiversity, Accountability, Agency, Phosphorus, Soybean, Footprinting
Keywords [sv]
Den europeiska gröna given, Livsmedelspolitik, Fokusgrupper, Livsmedelssystem, Biodiversitet, Ansvarsskyldighet, Handlingsutrymme, Fosfor, Sojabönor, Fotavtryck
National Category
Economic Geography
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-191704DOI: 10.3384/9789180750936ISBN: 9789180750929 (print)ISBN: 9789180750936 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-191704DiVA, id: diva2:1735616
Public defence
2023-03-09, TEMCAS, Building T, Campus Valla, Linköping, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Mistra - The Swedish Foundation for Strategic Environmental Research, 2016/11 #5Available from: 2023-02-09 Created: 2023-02-09 Last updated: 2023-02-20Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Opportunities and Challenges for Meeting the UN 2030 Agenda in the Light of Global Change-A Case Study of Swedish Perspectives
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Opportunities and Challenges for Meeting the UN 2030 Agenda in the Light of Global Change-A Case Study of Swedish Perspectives
2019 (English)In: Sustainability, E-ISSN 2071-1050, Vol. 11, no 19, article id 5221Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This study explores how geopolitical aspects can affect actors sense of agency to achieve the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and its ambition to transform the world sustainably by studying the linkages between global change and the 2030 Agenda as described by Swedish change agents. Sweden has a self-declared ambition for leadership in the 2030 Agenda. The worlds high-income countries, including Sweden, have been given a specific responsibility to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. The results of this focus group study show that the geopolitical landscape encompasses a multitude of actors and roles whose relationships are filled with tension, creating dichotomies between them. The analysis indicates that Sweden is assessed to be dependent on functioning ecosystems, both locally and globally, as well as causing global environmental change. Two narratives have emerged: (i) the narrative of the 2030 Agenda, referring to deliberate societal transformations that can be controlled and steered, and that have a direction; and (ii) the narrative of geopolitics, indicating perceptions of emergent transformations that appear uncontrollable, drifting aimlessly towards an unknown future. These narratives might influence the understanding of societal transformations, and need to be considered in the facilitation of platforms for deliberative transformations or responses to emerging transformations.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
MDPI, 2019
Keywords
UN 2030 Agenda; sustainable development goals; sustainability; societal transformations; geopolitics; environmental change; Sweden; focus groups; sense-making
National Category
Peace and Conflict Studies Other Social Sciences not elsewhere specified
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-162076 (URN)10.3390/su11195221 (DOI)000493525500080 ()2-s2.0-85073590959 (Scopus ID)
Note

Funding Agencies|MISTRA-The Swedish Foundation for Strategic Environmental Research

Available from: 2019-11-19 Created: 2019-11-19 Last updated: 2025-10-17
2. Transformations towards sustainable food systems: contrasting Swedish practitioner perspectives with the European Commission’s Farm to Fork Strategy
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Transformations towards sustainable food systems: contrasting Swedish practitioner perspectives with the European Commission’s Farm to Fork Strategy
2022 (English)In: Sustainability Science, ISSN 1862-4065, E-ISSN 1862-4057, Vol. 17, p. 2411-2425Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This study explores features of food system transformations towards sustainability in the Farm to Fork Strategy in relation toperspectives of Swedish food system practitioners. Transformations towards sustainable food systems are essential to achievethe United Nations’ 2030 Agenda and the need for more sustainable food systems has been recognised in the European GreenDeal and its Farm to Fork Strategy. The Swedish ambition to act as a global leader in achieving the 2030 Agenda and theEuropean Commission’s aspiration for Europe to lead global food system transformations offer a critical opportunity to studytransformational processes and agents of change in a high-income region with externalised environmental and sustainabilityimpacts. Drawing on theories of complex systems transformations, this study identifies features of food system transformations,exploring places to intervene and examines the roles, responsibilities, and agency related to these changes. The resultsof this study provide three main conclusions highlighting (i) alignment of high-level policy and the perspectives of nationalpractitioners at the paradigm level, especially concerning how food is valued, which is a crucial first step for transformationalprocesses to come about (ii) a lack of clarity as well as diversity of pathways to transform food systems although commonobjectives are expressed, and (iii) governance mechanisms as enablers for a diversity of transformations. Moreover, theseprocesses must acknowledge the contextual and complex nature of food systems and the level of agency and power of actors.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Tokyo, Japan: Springer, 2022
Keywords
Food policy, Europe, Leverage points, Complex systems, Food production and consumption, Transformational leadership
National Category
Environmental Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-186436 (URN)10.1007/s11625-022-01174-3 (DOI)000815454100001 ()
Note

Funding: Linkoping University - MISTRA-The Swedish Foundation for Strategic Environmental Research

Available from: 2022-06-24 Created: 2022-06-24 Last updated: 2023-09-15Bibliographically approved
3. A spatially explicit approach to assessing commodity-driven fertilizer use and its impact on biodiversity
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A spatially explicit approach to assessing commodity-driven fertilizer use and its impact on biodiversity
2023 (English)In: Journal of Cleaner Production, ISSN 0959-6526, E-ISSN 1879-1786, Vol. 382, article id 135195Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Global demand for food, including rising consumption of meat and dairy products, is increasing pressure on the environment and natural resources, often in locations distant from points of consumption. To identify and quantify consumer driven impacts and the components of the supply chain where sustainability interventions will be most effective, spatially explicit consumption-linked indicators that encompass environmental risks are required. Large amounts of phosphorus fertilizers are used in Brazilian soybean cultivation, which potentially cause eutrophication and impact freshwater species. We use a sub-national trade model to develop a spatially explicit approach for assessing commodity-driven phosphorus fertilizer use and its potential impact on biodiversity linked to four key consumers. The use of phosphorus for embedded consumption per capita of Brazilian soybean in China, the EU, the UK, and Sweden are estimated at municipal level and combined with metrics that influence losses of phosphorus to create a normalised relative risk index. The relative risk index is presented in geospatial visualisations to explore geographical patterns of risk to freshwater biodiversity and make the link between consumer and producer countries less obscure. The results indicate high phosphorus-linked species risk in municipalities within Mato Grosso, Rio Grande do Sul, Paraná, and Goiás. Sweden and the UK generate the highest relative risk and the geographical patterns of risk differ between the investigated consuming countries, showing that smaller countries can have relatively large impacts at a spatially explicit scale. In the Amazon biome, risk of nutrient losses and biodiversity are relatively high, creating concerns as soybean production is expanding into the area. The results and methodological approach can contribute to understanding of accountability, agency, and increased transparency for the governance of global supply chains, necessary for enabling transformations towards sustainable food systems.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2023
Keywords
Soybean trade; Phosphorus fertilizers; Telecouplings; Eutrophication; Sustainable production and consumption; Supply chain policy
National Category
Environmental Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-190272 (URN)10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.135195 (DOI)000917227500008 ()2-s2.0-85142771254 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Mistra - The Swedish Foundation for Strategic Environmental Research
Note

Funding: Mistra - The Swedish Foundation For Strategic Environmental Research [2016/11]; UKRI Global Challenges Research Fund Trade, Development and the Environment Hub project [ES/S008160/1]; IKnowFood project - UK Global Food Security program [BB/N02060X/1]

Available from: 2022-11-30 Created: 2022-11-30 Last updated: 2023-02-21Bibliographically approved

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